父母对体罚的态度与其体罚行为的关系

目的:探讨父母对体罚的态度与其体罚行为之间的关系.方法:从山东省潍坊、枣庄等四个城市选取396名父母.以体罚态度问卷(ATPP)的中文修订版测量父母对待体罚的态度,以假设故事情境测量父母的体罚行为.结果:①父亲比母亲更赞同和认可体罚这一管教方式;父亲对三类违规(谨慎、道德和社会习俗违规)儿童所实施的体罚行为显著多于母亲.②父母对谨慎违规儿童的体罚最多,对道德违规儿童的体罚次之,对社会习俗违规儿童的体罚最少.③父母对体罚的态度与他们对故事中三类违规儿童所实施的体罚行为之间均存在显著正相关.结论:父母对体罚的态度与其对不同违规儿童所实施的体罚行为之间存在密切联系.     

中专学生童年期非接触性体罚经历及其对心理健康的影响

目的：了解中专学生童年期非身体接触性体罚的发生情况，探讨童年期非身体接触体罚经历的影响因素及其对学生心理健康的影响。方法：采用自填式问卷，对某中专2年级484名学生就儿童期非身体接触体罚经历进行不记名调查。结果：总的看来，59．9％的学生16岁前曾经历过至少1次体罚。儿童期体罚的前三个主要来源依次是教师(53．1％)、母亲(16．7％)和父亲(14．5％)。儿童期经历l0次及以上体罚的学生，SCL-90量表中的躯体症状、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病性症状等因子分明显高于没有儿童期体罚经历的学生。结论：本研究提示，在我国儿童期体罚问题常见，儿童期的体罚经历与中专学生心理健康问题明显相关。应重视学校家庭儿童体罚的于预研究，制止对儿童不正当的体罚行为。     

小学儿童父母体罚的基本特点

目的:考察我国小学儿童遭受父母体罚的基本特点。方法:采用Straus编制的亲子冲突解决策略量表测查938名小学儿童的父母。结果:63.2%的小学儿童父母在近半年内对孩子实施过体罚,实施体罚的平均次数约为8次;我国父母使用最普遍的体罚方式依次是用手打孩子的屁股,打孩子的手、胳膊或腿,打孩子的脸、头或揪孩子的耳朵,体罚孩子最多的身体部位依次为屁股,手和胳膊;父母对男孩实施轻度体罚和严厉体罚的普遍性及实施严厉体罚的频繁性均显著均高于女孩;父母对一、二、三年级儿童实施轻度体罚和严厉体罚的普遍性显著高于对四、五、六年级儿童的体罚;低中社经地位家庭中的父母对儿童实施轻度体罚和严厉体罚的普遍性及实施严厉体罚的频繁性均显著高于高社经地位家庭的父母。结论:在我国,父母体罚的普遍性和频繁性均较高,且其发生情况与儿童的性别,年龄和家庭的社经地位有关。     

体罚对特殊儿童影响的调查

目的 体罚已经成为特殊儿童康复训练中常见的干预方法,这是一种不良的现象。通过问卷调查探讨体罚对特殊儿童各方面的影响。方法 采用随机抽样法,选择2018年6~10月在我院进行康复训练的150名特殊儿童的家长作为调查对象,以中文修订版体罚态度问卷（ATPP）调查儿童父母对待体罚的态度,以自制调查问卷调查父母对体罚行为的认知及体罚行为实施情况。结果 ①本次共发放问卷150份,回收问卷143份,有效问卷123份,回收率95.33%,有效率82.00%;②有效问卷中父亲作答52份,母亲作答71份,其中父亲体罚态度得分（66.97±16.08）分,母亲体罚态度得分为（54.76±20.95）分;③20.32%的家长了解体罚,64.22%的家长都用过体罚,57.72%的家长认为体罚有用,34.95%的家长认为孩子会模仿体罚行为,26.82%的家长认为体罚会上瘾,29.26%的家长认为体罚会影响亲子关系,84.55%的家长在体罚时夹杂个人情绪。结论 绝大多数父母赞同体罚行为,体罚会使实施体罚者上瘾,同时会影响儿童与家长之间的关系,也会影响儿童身心健康发展。应该呼吁家长慎用或禁用体罚,不断探索新的解决儿童不良行为的方法。     

The Role of Depression and Dissociation in the Link Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Later Parental Practices

ABSTRACT

Research has yielded contradictory results on the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later parental functioning. This study was undertaken to specify the link between childhood sexual abuse and maternal parenting, while taking into account mothers' childhood physical and emotional traumas and current depressive and dissociative symptoms. Data were collected through self-report measures completed by 93 French-speaking Canadian mothers of children aged 6 to 11 years referred to Youth Protection Services. Parental behaviors examined included involvement with the child, use of positive reinforcement, lack of monitoring and supervision of the child, inconsistency in applying discipline, and use of corporal punishment. Mothers' perception of the quality of the relationship with her child was also assessed. In addition, history of abuse and neglect, depression and dissociation were respectively measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule Simplified, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. The short-form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale was used to control for respondent bias aimed at minimizing their problems. Mothers' current depressive symptoms were not found to predict any of the parental dimensions measured. Results from multiple hierarchical regressions pointed to dissociative symptoms as the key predictor of parental practices and attitudes. More specifically, dissociative symptoms predicted the use of positive reinforcement, lack of monitoring and supervision of the child, inconsistency in applying discipline, and use of corporal punishment. Dissociation also mediated the association between childhood maltreatment (physical and emotional abuse and neglect) and inconsistency in applying discipline. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Maternal depression and psychiatric outcomes in adolescent offspring: a 13-year longitudinal study

BACKGROUND: Maternal postnatal depression (PND) has been associated with adverse outcomes in young children, but an association with longer-term psychiatric disorder has not been demonstrated. We present the preliminary findings of a 13-year longitudinal study. METHODS: In the course of a prospective longitudinal study, we examined DSM-IV Axis I disorders in 13-year-old adolescents who had (n=53) or had not (n=41) been exposed to maternal PND. We also detailed the occurrence of depression in mothers throughout the 13-year follow-up period. RESULTS: Maternal PND was associated with higher rates of affective disorders in adolescent offspring. However, mothers who developed PND were also substantially more likely than those who did not to experience depression subsequently, a fact that contributed to the development of depressive disorder in offspring. Maternal PND was associated with increased risk for depression in adolescent offspring only if there had also been later episodes of maternal depression. In contrast, anxiety disorders in offspring were elevated in the maternal PND group regardless of the occurrence of subsequent maternal depression. LIMITATIONS: Due to the modest sample size and consequently limited power, findings must be regarded as preliminary. CONCLUSIONS: The particular association between early maternal depression and anxiety disorders in offspring was consistent with theories that emphasise the primacy of early environmental exposures. This position was not supported with respect to offspring depressive disorder, where overall duration of maternal depression was a significant factor. PND was associated with recurrent episodes of depression in the majority of cases, underlining the need for monitoring of this population beyond the postnatal period.     

Associations Between Child Sleep Problems and Maternal Mental Health in Children with ADHD

ABSTRACT

Objective/Background: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience more sleep problems than typically developing children. In addition, higher rates of depression are experienced by mothers of children with ADHD compared to mothers of children without ADHD. This study aimed to determine whether particular sleep problems in children with ADHD are associated with specific maternal mental health difficulties.

Participants: Female caregivers of 379 children with ADHD (5–13 years) participated. The child’s ADHD diagnosis was reconfirmed during recruitment by caregivers completing the ADHD Rating Scale-IV.

Method: Caregivers reported on their mental health using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and their child’s sleep using the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Unadjusted and adjusted regression analyzes were undertaken.

Results: In the adjusted analyzes, there were small significant associations between most aspects of child sleep (i.e. Bedtime Resistance, Night Waking, Parasomnias, Sleep Duration, Daytime Sleepiness and Total Sleep Problems) and maternal Anxiety and Stress, with the exception of Sleep-Onset Delay. Bedtime Resistance, Sleep Duration, Daytime Sleepiness and Total Sleep Problems also had small significant associations with maternal Depression. Sleep Anxiety had a small significant association with maternal Anxiety only.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates important connections between many child sleep problems and particular aspects of maternal mental health, suggesting adaptations to behavioral sleep interventions for children and mental health interventions for parents to take a family approach may be beneficial. Future research should consider the longitudinal associations between child sleep and parent mental health in an effort to inform future intervention approaches.     

Observations of early triadic family interactions: boundary disturbances in the family predict symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in middle childhood

This article argues for the importance of focusing explicitly on the construct of boundary disturbances in families to understand the development of depressive, anxious, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in middle childhood. Grounded in family systems theory, this study examined traditional parent-child antecedents of childhood depression and anxiety (hostile, controlling, and disengaged interactions) in the context of the entire family as well as enmeshed patterns, whereby one parent drew in the child by turning to the child for caregiving or intimacy and excluded the spouse, and balanced patterns, whereby all family members expressed vulnerabilities and asserted their needs or desires. Mostly White, middle-class mothers, fathers, and children were observed at home interacting on a series of everyday tasks when the children were 24 months old, and mothers and teachers rated children's symptoms of anxiety, depression, somatic problems, and ADHD at age 7. Regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for maternal depression and the effects of other family patterns, enmeshed family patterns forecast children's depressive symptoms; controlling and disengaged interactions predicted anxious and depressive symptoms; and hostility forecast ADHD and somatic complaints. Intriguing gender differences emerged. As predicted, whereas boys who experienced enmeshed family patterns more often developed symptoms of ADHD, girls who experienced enmeshed family interactions later showed symptoms of depression.     

Parent Stress and Coping in Relation to Child ADHD Severity and Associated Child Disruptive Behavior Problems

Examined parent role distress and coping in relation to childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in mothers and fathers of 66 children age 7 to 11 (42 boys, 24 girls; mean age = 10.2). Parents of children with ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes expressed more role dissatisfaction than parents of control children. Parents of ADHD combined and inattentive type children did not differ significantly in levels of distress. For mothers, child inattention and oppositional-conduct problems but not hyperactivity contributed uniquely to role distress (dissatisfaction related to parenting or parenting performance). For fathers, parenting role distress was associated uniquely with child oppositional or aggressive behaviors but not with ADHD symptom severity. Parent coping by more use of positive reframing (thinking about problems as challenges that might be overcome) was associated with higher role satisfaction for both mothers and fathers. Community supports were associated with higher distress for mothers only.     

Effect of Maternal Anxiety on Parenting Stress of Fathers of Children With ADHD

BackgroundHyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increase parenting stress and familial conflict. Among parent-related factors, maternal mental health has been studied in-depth, but studies on paternal factors in this context are scarce. This cross-sectional study was conducted of children with ADHD and their parents in South Korea. We investigated the relationships between ADHD symptom severity of children and the mental health of their mothers and fathers.MethodsThe study included 70 children with ADHD and their 140 married heterosexual parents (70 fathers and 70 mothers). Children completed the Child Depression Inventory and State-Anxiety Inventory for children, and their parents completed the Korean ADHD rating scale-IV, Adult ADHD self-report scale, State-Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Parental Stress Scale.ResultsThere was a significant positive correlation between children’s ADHD symptoms and maternal anxiety symptom severity, whereby more severe ADHD symptoms were associated with more severe maternal anxiety symptoms. There was also a significant positive correlation between maternal anxiety symptom severity and paternal parenting stress severity, whereby more severe maternal anxiety was associated with more severe paternal parenting stress. A mediation model showed that paternal parenting stress severity was not directly related to children’s ADHD symptoms, but the severity of maternal anxiety mediated this relationship.ConclusionThe present study found the importance of mental health in mothers of children with ADHD and the interrelatedness of mental health within families. Future assessments and treatment of children with ADHD should include both the children and their parents.     

Depressed mothers coming to primary care: maternal reports of problems with their children

BACKGROUND: Studies of depressed mothers have generally been conducted in psychiatric settings with non-minority, middle-class women. Primary care has an increasing role in early detection and treatment, especially for the poor who have less access to specialized mental health services. Data on the relationship between maternal depression and problems in the offspring in a primary care context could help physicians to more effectively identify children in need of psychiatric help. METHODS: All mothers aged 25 to 55 from a systematic sample of consecutive adults (response rate, 80%) in an urban general medicine practice were screened using the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Mothers who screened positive for major depression (n=85); other psychiatric disorders, but not major depression (n=67); or no psychiatric disorders (n=191) were compared on their children's history of emotional problems, unmet need for mental health treatment, parent-child discord, maternal functional status and mental health treatment. RESULTS: Compared to non-psychiatric controls, depressed mothers reported a three-times greater risk of serious emotional problems in their children (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-6.1); a four-times greater risk of having their children's problems left untreated (95% CI, 2.3-8.2), and a 10-times greater risk of having poor mother-child relations within the past month (95% CI, 3.9-29.4). Depressed mothers reported more functional disability, more psychiatric treatment and more problems in their offspring than mothers with non-depressive psychiatric disorders. Although a majority of mothers (regardless of psychiatric status) believed that counseling (96%) or medication (84%) should be offered to those with serious emotional problems, only about half (49%) of the depressed mothers had received mental health treatment in the past month. LIMITATIONS: Children were not assessed directly. CONCLUSIONS: The children of low-income depressed women at a general medicine practice were reported to have a greatly increased risk for emotional problems. Many mothers had not received treatment for their own emotional problems. By enquiring about the emotional health of children of adult primary care patients, primary care providers have an opportunity to promote early detection and to facilitate appropriate treatment for both the mothers and their children.     

Relation among marital conflict,child coping,and child adjustment

The goal of this study was to simultaneously examine maternal attributions, affect, and parenting in mothers of children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using a multimethod approach (vignettes, confederate child video clips, and video clips of mother's own child). Of the participants, 23 were 7- to 12-year-old children (19 boys, 4 girls) with ADHD and their mothers, and 29 were 7- to 12-year-old comparison children (21 boys, 8 girls) and their mothers. Results indicated that mothers of children with ADHD attributed inattentive-impulsive behavior to less controllable and intentional factors and reported more negative affect and power assertive parenting in response to it than comparison mothers. They also attributed this behavior to more internal factors than comparison mothers but only when viewing their own children and to more global/stable factors but only when viewing their own children or a confederate child. Interestingly, mothers of children with ADHD reported more positive parenting in response to prosocial behavior while attributing this behavior to less controllable and global/stable factors than comparison mothers; compliance also was seen as less controllable, global/stable, and intentional by mothers of children with ADHD.     

Do maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms exacerbate or ameliorate the negative effect of child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms on parenting?

The impact of similarity in parent and child characteristics on the quality of parenting is underresearched. The current study examined the interaction between mother and child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms on parenting. Two hypotheses were tested: the similarity-fit hypothesis, which predicted that parent and child similarity will improve parenting, and the similarity-misfit hypothesis, which predicted the opposite. Study 1 examined the associations between maternal and child ADHD symptoms and child-specific rearing attitudes of 95 mothers with school-aged children. In Study 2 this analysis was extended to more objective observer-rated mother-child interaction and maternal expressed emotion in 192 mothers of preschool children. Child ADHD symptoms were associated with negative maternal comments and maternal ADHD symptoms with negative expressed emotion. In both studies maternal ADHD symptoms appeared to ameliorate the effects of child ADHD symptoms on negative parenting. Parental response to children with high ADHD symptoms was more positive and affectionate when the mother also had high ADHD symptoms. The results support the similarity-fit hypothesis and highlight the importance of considering both child and maternal ADHD symptoms in studies of parenting.     

父母体罚发生的生态背景概述

父母体罚是指父母通过引起儿童身体的不舒适感或疼痛来阻止儿童重复某种行为、纠正儿童的行为或教育儿童。父母和儿童处在从直接环境(如家庭)到间接环境(如宽泛的文化)的几个环境的中心或嵌套于其中,父母体罚会受到生态环境中多种因素的影响。本文以Gershoff的理论为基础较系统地探讨了父母体罚发生的生态背景(由内而外):即时的亲子互动背景、稳定的个体与关系背景和宏观的社会文化背景。最后,指出了各层系统相互作用共同影响父母体罚的发生以及加强我国父母体罚研究等有待于进一步探讨的问题。     

Maternal determinants of pediatric preventive care utilization among blacks and whites

OBJECTIVE: We assessed maternal characteristics that were predictive of preventive care utilization among children 0-5 years and compared black-white differences in preventive care usage. METHOD: We used the 1996-2000 series of public use files from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Receipt of preventive care was defined as up-to-date immunization coverage of the child and at least one dental visit during the year. RESULTS: A total of 10,525 children were analyzed consisting of 2,090 blacks (19.9%) and 8,435 whites (80.1%). Black mothers were in general older and less educated. Black households were larger in size and contained a greater number of children. Black mothers earned, on average, much less than their white counterparts even though they tended to be more frequently employed than whites. Despite similar levels of insurance coverage for both racial groups, the overwhelming majority of white mothers were privately insured (73.2%), in contrast to only about half of blacks with private insurance coverage [54.3% (p < 0.0001)]. Overall, the level of pediatric preventive services utilization was a paltry 15.4%. Children of black mothers were significantly less likely to receive preventive care than whites (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.64-0.94). Other determinants of preventive care use were maternal age, insurance coverage, education and family size. Older, educated mothers with insurance coverage and reduced family size were more likely to have their children immunized and have dental visits. CONCLUSION: Maternal characteristics are important markers that indicate the risk for underutilization of pediatric preventive care. A particularly important finding with policy implication is the observation that maternal insurance coverage enhances pediatric preventive care use. Health policy planners may consider parallel insurance coverage of both the child and the mother in order to enhance receipt of preventive health services by the child.     

Role of maternal depression in perceptions of child maladjustment

We investigated (a) the relation of maternal depression to perceptions of externalizing and internalizing disorders in children and (b) quality of communication in a mother-child interaction task as a function of maternal depression and perceptions of the child. 64 children of unipolar or bipolar mothers, chronic medically ill or normal mothers were studied; clinical diagnoses, children's reports, and teachers' ratings served as objective criteria of children's maladjustment. Maternal depression defined by current symptomatology on the Beck Depression Inventory and by psychiatric status was not associated with misperceptions of psychopathology. Maternal depression interacted with children's actual behaviors to predict mothers' perceptions: nondepressed mothers were less accurate reporters of problems in children than were depressed mothers. Depressed mothers who perceived maladjustment in their disturbed children made more negative comments in interactions that did nondepressed mothers of disturbed children. The apparent mutual impact of mothers' and children's maladjustment requires fuller exploration in offspring studies.     

ADOLESCENT MOTHERHOOD AND CAPITAL: INTERACTION EFFECTS OF RACE/ETHNICITY ON HARSH PARENTING

This study used large, longitudinal data to examine the moderating effects of race and ethnicity of mothers on the associations between (a) adolescent motherhood, (b) human, social, and cultural capital factors, and (c) harsh parenting. The study sample included adolescent mothers who were 19 years old or younger (n = 379) and adult mothers 26 years old or older (n = 881). Of these, about 31% were White, 48% Black, and 21% Hispanic. The Parent to Child version of the Conflict Tactics Scales was used as a proxy for maternal harsh parenting when their children were 3 years old. Results indicated that adolescent motherhood and different capital factors contributed to the prediction of maternal harsh parenting for each racial/ethnic group. The findings suggest the importance of differentiating strategies for preventing adolescent motherhood and for reducing the likelihood of harsh parenting among different racial/ethnic groups of mothers.     

Continuity and discontinuity of attachment patterns: a short-term longitudinal pilot study using a sample of late-adopted children and their adoptive mothers

This study analysed the attachment patterns of 28 late-adopted children (placed when they were between four and seven years of age) and their adoptive mothers. The change in the children's internal working models (IWMs) within seven to eight months of their placement was evaluated. In addition, we wanted to observe the influence of a secure-autonomous maternal state of mind in facilitating the change in the children's IWMs and the possible associations between the maternal IWMs and the children's IWMs in the adoptive dyads. The separation-reunion procedure (SRP) was used for the late-adopted children in order to assess their attachment behavioural patterns, and the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST) was used to evaluate their attachment narrative patterns. The adoptive mothers completed the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) in order to classify their state of mind with regard to attachment. The results showed a significant change in the attachment behavioural patterns of late-adopted children, from insecure to secure (p = .002). Furthermore, the children who presented this change were predominantly placed with secure-autonomous adoptive mothers (p = .047), although the link between the adoptive mothers' representations of their attachment history and their adopted children's completed narratives was not significant. In conclusion, it seems possible to revise the attachment behaviour of late-adopted children but, for about one-third of children, the adverse history will persist at a narrative/representational level.