Familial chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

Twenty-seven patients with characteristic, mostly bilateral, fundus lesions of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and a progressive course, and 80 of their relatives, mainly siblings, were examined. Ophthalmologic examination included assessment of visual acuity, Amsler grid testing, ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography. The fundus findings were classified as normal fundus, multiple areas of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy or chronic CSC: RPE atrophy with leakage of fluorescein. In 14 (52%) of the 27 families, 1 or more relatives were affected. Thirty-five (44%) of the 80 investigated relatives had fundus lesions: 22 had chronic CSC in one eye, 20 of these had chronic CSC or RPE atrophy in the fellow eye. Thirteen relatives had RPE atrophy in one or both eyes. The mode of inheritance could not be established.     

Transpupillary thermotherapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

Purpose To determine whether transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) causes resolution of neurosensory detachment associated with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).Methods The study was a prospective interventional pilot study. All patients underwent Snellen visual acuity measurement (converted to LogMAR for analysis), slitlamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination, colour fundus photography, fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Follow-up was scheduled at 1, 2 and 3 months. Success was defined as resolution of neurosensory detachment on OCT at 3 months, and failure as persistence of the same. The primary outcome measure was resolution of OCT-measured neurosensory detachment and secondary outcome measure was change in visual acuity at the end of 3 months.Results Fourteen eyes of 13 patients were included in the study. Twelve patients were male. The left eye was affected in seven of 14 eyes. The patients' mean age was 42.7±4.5 years (range 38–54 years). TTT parameters were as follows: power 156±47.8 mW; spot size 2.2±1.1 mm; duration 39.6±7.5 s. Following treatment, complete resolution of neurosensory detachment on OCT was seen in nine eyes (64.3%) at month 1 (P=0.004) and 11 eyes (78.6%) at months 2 and 3 (P=0.001). Three eyes (21.4%) had persistent subretinal fluid at month 3. Eight eyes (52.7%) had ≥3 lines of improvement (two eyes: five lines and six eyes three lines) at the final visit.Conclusion Transpupillary thermotherapy could be a therapeutic option in patients with chronic CSCR.     

Photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

PURPOSE: To determine whether photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: Sixteen eyes with chronic CSC and macular detachment documented by optical coherence tomography (OCT) received PDT guided by indocyanine green (ICG) angiography according to the parameters outlined in the TAP Study. One or more laser spots were applied to the areas of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability that corresponded to retinal pigment epithelium decompensation. Patients were observed for 6 to 12 months. Two PDT sessions 1 month apart were performed on 2 eyes. Examinations included visual acuity measurement, fundus biomicroscopy, fluorescein and ICG angiography, and OCT. RESULTS: Macular exudation resolved completely in 13 eyes (81%) and partially regressed in 3. Choriocapillaris hypoperfusion was shown by ICG angiography for several months at the site of PDT application. Visual acuity improved 1 to 4 lines in 11 eyes and was unchanged in 5 eyes. CONCLUSIONS: ICG-guided PDT performed according to the parameters outlined by the TAP Study seems effective for treating chronic CSC. Further studies are needed to verify treatment safety and the time and rate of recurrences.     

Photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treating chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods: We describe a non‐randomized, multicentre, interventional case series. A total of 82 eyes of 72 patients with chronic CSC were treated by conventional PDT. LogMAR best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (ETDRS charts) and central foveal thickness (CFT) measured by optical coherence tomography before and after PDT, number of PDT treatments and complications were used as outcome indicators. Results: Mean follow‐up was 12 ± 10 months and mean age was 46 ± 10 years. Mean logMAR BCVA changed from 0.53 (standard deviation [SD] 0.43) before PDT to 0.38 (SD 0.41) at 3 months and 0.48 (SD 0.50) at 6 months (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.007, respectively, Student’s t‐test for paired data). Mean BCVA at the end of follow‐up was 0.37 (SD 0.45; p < 0.0001 from baseline). Macular detachment was resolved and subretinal fluid (SRF) disappeared in all cases. Central foveal thickness decreased from 325 μm (SD 95), to 229 μm (SD 70) at 1 month after PDT, 206 μm (SD 68) at 3 months, and 202 μm (SD 76) at 6 months (all p < 0.0001, Student’s t‐test for paired data). No cases developed severe visual loss or complications derived from PDT. Reactive retinal pigment epithelium hypertrophy appeared in nine cases after PDT. Conclusions: Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin may be useful in chronic CSC for improving BCVA and reducing SRF and CFT. Randomized studies with longer follow‐up are needed to assess the real role of this treatment in chronic CSC.     

经瞳孔温热疗法治疗慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变

目的探讨经瞳孔温热疗法（TTT）治疗慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变（CSC）的临床疗效。方法采用半导体810红外激光对经荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）和光相干断层扫描（OCT）确诊的CSC患者22例（24只眼）进行治疗,初诊时平均视力为0.4&#177;0.25。治疗后随诊1、2、6个月时的视力,并行眼底检查、FFA及OCT检查。术后2个月渗漏和视网膜下液均消失者即为治疗成功,反之则认为失败。结果通过TTT治疗,OCT示视网膜神经上皮下积液完全吸收、FFA示脉络膜渗漏消失者随诊1个月时为17只眼（70.83%）;随诊2个月时为21只眼（87.50%）;随诊6个月时为23只眼（95.83%）;1只眼在随诊6个月时积液持续未吸收。随诊6个月时14只眼（58.33%）视力提高3行或3行以上。结论TTT治疗CSC安全且有一定疗效,可能通过缩短病程而影响其视力预后。     

Diagnosis and interventions for central serous chorioretinopathy: review and update

Most acute cases of central serous chorioretinopathy resolve spontaneously with minimal visual impairment. The small percentage of eyes developing chronic or recurrent disease that do warrant treatment is often difficult to control. Emergent investigations and treatments have added to the established options available to manage these cases. Optical coherence tomography has proved valuable for both imaging subtle fundoscopic findings and monitoring disease progression. Fluorescein angiography aids identification of pigment epithelial leaks and targets the use of argon laser treatment if outside the fovea. Fluorescein angiography also assists differentiation from other choroidal pathologies such as choroidal neovascularization and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Where the diagnosis is uncertain, indocyanine green angiography can demonstrate classic midphase hyperpermeability. This is also useful to guide the application of photodynamic therapy. Newer treatments such as intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor are as yet unproven.     

Corticosteroids usage and central serous chorioretinopathy: a meta-analysis

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology - This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether usage of corticosteroids was associated with an increased risk of central...     

半剂量光动力疗法治疗慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变

目的 观察半剂量维替泊芬光动力疗法(PDT)治疗慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(CSC)的疗效.方法 慢性CSC患者27例32只眼纳入研究.男性22例,女性5例;年龄31～63岁,平均年龄45.0岁;病程6～32个月,平均病程16.2个月.所有患者均行最小视角对数(logMAR)视力表最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、直接检眼镜眼底检查,荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)、吲哚青绿血管造影(ICGA)和光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查.IogMAR BCVA 1.6～0.1.局限性神经上皮脱离者28只眼;合并色素上皮脱离(PED)者4只眼.中心视网膜厚度184～465μm,平均视网膜厚度318.6 μm.患者知情并答署同意书后行半剂量维替泊芬PDT治疗.治疗后每3个月复查,观察患眼BCVA、视网膜下液吸收情况及视网膜厚度变化.结果 末次随访时,OCT检查显示.局限性神经上皮脱离者28只眼中,视网膜下液吸收、视网膜完全平伏者25只眼,占89.3%;视网膜下液部分吸收、视网膜未完全平伏者3只眼,占10.7%.合并PED的4只眼中,视网膜下液吸收、视网膜完全平伏者2只眼,占50.0%;视网膜下液部分吸收、视网膜未完伞平伏者2只眼,占50.0%.视网膜完全平伏的27只眼,治疗前平均视网膜厚度为(321.4±88.2)μm,治疗后为(150.4±22.3)μm.治疗前后平均视网膜厚度比较,差异有统计学意义(t=9.09,P＜0.05);治疗前平均logMAR BCVA为0.68±0.09,治疗后平均logMAR BCVA为0.44±0.07,其中logMAR BCVA低于0.32者12只眼.治疗前后BCVA比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.65,P＜0.05).相关性分析结果显示,视网膜完全平伏者治疗后BCVA与视网膜厚度呈显著正相关(t=0.96,P＜0.01).末次随访时,视网膜完全平伏者未见病变复发,亦未见与治疗相关的并发症.结论 半剂量维替泊芬PDT治疗慢性CSC安全有效,特别是不合并PED者.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the clinical effect of half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Methods Thirty-two eyes of 27 patients (22 males and 5 females)with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, diagnosed by best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of logMAR, direct ophthalmoscope, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and optical coherence tomography, were enrolled. The age was ranged from 31 to 63 years old,with a mean of 45 years. The course of the disease was ranged from 6 to 32 months, with a mean of 16.2months. The logMAR BCVA was 1.6-0.1. The serous neuroepithelium detachment was found in 28 eyes,and serous neuroepithelium detachment combined with retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) was found in 4 eyes. The central retinal thickness was ranged from 184 to 465 μm, with a mean of 318.6 μm.All of the patients were treated with half dose PDT according to the methods in literatures. The above examinations were performed every 3 months after the treatment to observe the BCVA, subretinal fluid and retinal thickness. Results OCT showed that subretinal fluid were absorbed completely and retina remained attached in 25 of 28 eyes (89.3%) and 2 of 4 eyes (50.0%) with PED, while subretinal fluid were absorbed partly and retina attached incompletely in 3 of 28 eyes (10.7%) and 2 of 4 eyes (50.0%) with PED at the last visit. Twenty-seven eyes with retina remained attached, the mean central retinal thickness (CRT)decreased from (321.4±88.2) to (150.4±22.3) μm (t=9.09, P＜0.05); the mean logMAR BCVA improved from 0.68±0.09 to 0.44±0.07 0 = 2.65, P＜0.05). Among those, logMAR BCVA within 0. 32 were found in 12 eyes. There was a significant positive association between the CRT and BCVA (r=0. 96, P＜0. 01). No recurrence or side effect was observed at the last visit. Conclusion Half-dose PDT is a safe and effective approach for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, especially for those without PED.     

Oral clopidogrel for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: A short-term preliminary study

PurposeTo report the efficacy of oral clopidogrel for treatment of chronic and recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).MethodsThis is a retrospective uncontrolled case series. Fourteen eyes in 14 patients with the clinical and angiographic findings of chronic and recurrent CSC were enrolled. Clinical data including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), durations of symptoms, central retinal thickness (CRT) and macular volume measured on optical coherence tomography (OCT) were collected at baseline. Oral clopidogrel 75 mg daily was administrated at least for 2 weeks until the serous detachment resolved or no satisfactory result was obtained. OCT was performed monthly until the end of follow-up in all patients. Fluorescein angiography was repeated during the follow-up period in nine patients.ResultsThere were eight eyes with chronic CSC and six with recurrent CSC. After clopidogrel treatment for mean 8.07 weeks (range, 2–24 weeks), the BCVA improved or stabilized in 12 of 14 eyes (85.7%) at the end of follow-up. Nine eyes (64.3%) attained a complete resolution of serous detachment, and four (28.6%) had improvement in subretinal fluid reabsorption on OCT. The CRT and macular volume were significantly decreased compared with baseline (234.14 ± 62.46 μm vs. 355.64 ± 108.05 μm, and 7.145 ± 0.618 μL vs. 7.916 ± 1.056 μL, respectively, p < 0.001). Seven eyes (77.78%) showed decreased numbers of leaking point as well as decreased intensity of dye leakage on repeated fluorescein angiography and one eye (11.11%) had a complete resolution in previous dye leakage. Five eyes received additional treatments (four eyes with laser photocoagulation and one eye with photodynamic therapy) during or after the clopidogrel therapy. In the subgroup of patients without additional treatments, the difference of CRT and macular volume was still statistically significant.ConclusionClopidogrel seems to be effective in the treatment of chronic CSC in this study. Its antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory actions may improve the choroidal congestion and facilitate the reabsorption of subretinal fluid.     

半量光动力疗法治疗慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的疗效分析

目的 探讨半剂量维替泊芬光动力疗法治疗慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的安全性和疗效.方法 结合患者病史和眼底检查、眼底荧光血管造影(FFA)及吲哚菁绿造影(ICGA)检查,诊断为慢性CSC的连续病例24例25只眼,以ICG为指导确定光斑大小和位置,采用1/2剂量维替泊芬PDT治疗.术后随访6～12个月.术前后进行最佳矫正视力(ETDRS视力表)、FFA、ICGA和OCT检查.结果 术后6个月时,最佳矫正视力平均提高(20.6±8.7)个字母(0～32个字母).视力稳定者(0～4个字母)2只眼,占8％;视力提高5～9个字母1只眼,占4％,视力提高10～19个字母8只眼,占32％,视力提高20个字母以上14只眼,占56％,无一只眼视力下降.所有患者诉眼前暗影减轻,视物变形改善.荧光血管造影显示,荧光素渗漏消失22只眼,占88％;渗漏减轻3只眼,占12％;无渗漏加重者.ICG示脉络膜血管通透性下降.OCT显示中央视网膜厚度由术前的(323.55±50.55)μm下降至(168.37±25.35) μm.术后未发现与PDT相关的并发症.结论 1/2剂量维替泊芬联合PDT治疗慢性CSC安全,具有良好疗效,但其长期安全性和有效性还有待于进一步对照研究来证实.     

Intravitreous injection of bevacizumab for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

Background/PurposeTo evaluate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab on subretinal fluid absorption in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective case series study. Patients with CSCR symptoms for > 3 months and who received intravitreal injection of bevacizumab were included. Ocular examinations were carried out at baseline and every follow-up visit, including visual acuity, fundus examination, and optic coherence tomography.ResultsTwelve eyes in 12 patients were included in this study. One month after injection, three of the 12 patients who had increased central macular thickness were considered nonresponders. Nine of the 12 patients who had decreased central macular thickness were considered to have responded to intravitreal bevacizumab injection. The response rate was 75%. In the response group, the mean central macular thickness significantly decreased, from 306.7 ± 77.8 μm to 204.3 ± 59.3 μm (p = 0.001) at 1 month. The mean Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (logMAR) visual acuity was significantly improved from 0.72 ± 0.35 to 0.50 ± 0.28 (p = 0.008). Six of these nine patients had stable conditions lasting > 6 months. Three of them had recurrence.ConclusionIntravitreal bevacizumab injections improved subretinal fluid absorption in some patients with CSCR. It could be an alternative therapy for patients with CSCR, especially when they are not suitable for other treatments.     

Low-fluence photodynamic therapy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

ObjectiveTo evaluate safety and efficacy of low-fluence photodynamic therapy (LFPDT) with verteporfin in patients affected with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CCSC), in terms of visual acuity (VA) and macular morphology measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT).MethodsA retrospective, non-randomized and interventionist analysis was performed on 16 eyes in 15 patients with CCSC treated with LFPDT. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) with ETDRS optotypes and central foveal thickness (CFT) in OCT were evaluated as outcome measures.ResultsThe mean follow-up was 10.8 months. The mean BCVA improved from 58.12 to 68.68 ETDRS letters, and CFT decreased from 280.5 to 172.18 microns, with subretinal fluid resolution in 14 eyes (87.5%), two of them after a second LFTPD. No complications related to treatment were recorded.ConclusionsLFPDT with verteporfin can be useful in CCSC to stabilise or improve BCVA, reabsorb subretinal fluid and reduce CFT. Randomised studies with a longer follow-up are required to assure the role of this treatment and to optimise parameters for higher efficacy and safety in CCSC patients.     

Cystoid macular degeneration in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

PURPOSE: To describe the optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography findings in the macula of eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and reduced central vision. METHODS: Using OCT, clinical examination, and fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography, the authors examined eight eyes of seven patients with CSC, an attached macula, and reduced central vision of 20/200 or worse. All had a history of chronic CSC with resolution of the subretinal fluid in the macular area and poor vision. RESULTS: Patient ages ranged from 55 to 82 years (mean, 66 years). All eight eyes had some parafoveal, patchy RPE atrophy with corresponding transmission hyperfluorescence (window defect) on fluorescein angiography. Five eyes also had a window defect in the foveal area. With OCT, the foveal area revealed variable areas of cystoid change and atrophy in seven of the eight eyes. In four of these eyes, the cystoid changes were not seen on clinical examination or fluorescein angiography. The seven eyes with cystoid changes imaged with OCT had no intraretinal leakage of fluorescein in the foveal region. The authors categorized these eyes as having cystoid macular degeneration (CMD). One other eye had foveal thinning or atrophy without cystoid changes. CONCLUSIONS: Intraretinal cystoid spaces without intraretinal leakage, or CMD, was a common finding in eyes with chronic CSC and reduced central vision after resolution of subretinal fluid. OCT was useful to establish the presence of CMD and foveal atrophy, even when these changes were not clearly evident on clinical examination or fluorescein angiography. Chronic foveal detachment and antecedent intraretinal leakage were proposed to be the mechanisms for the development of the changes. CMD in conjunction with foveal atrophy was an important clinical finding to account for the poor visual outcome in patients with CSC.