Air microflora of university cafeteria

The numbers of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and moulds were obtained by sedimentation method. The investigation included six areas, which have been separated on the ground of their function: 1. washing and peeling of potatoes and vegetables, 2. initial treatment of raw materials, 3. washing up of kitchen utensils, 4. cooking of meals, 5. serving of meals, 6. dining room. The samples of air were collected in 32 investigation points in the morning (8-8(30)) and in the afternoon (15-15(30)). Twelve series of measurements were carried out and in general 768 of air samples were tested. The results show that numbers of bacteria, moulds and yeasts were variable and received respectively 75-4550, 0-4565 and 0-290 cfu/m3. Analysis of variance proved that differences between mean number of microorganisms in the air were significant in dependence on the kind of place, time of a day and series of measurements. In the morning the highest microbiological contamination characterized the air of "washing and peeling" area. In the afternoon the number of all groups of microorganisms in the air of 1 and 2 areas was reduced. In the other places the amount of bacteria and yeasts increased, but mean number of moulds was reduced. Respectively 3% and almost 20% of air tested samples not answered for bacteria and fungi numbers recommended to kitchen areas. Filamentous fungi were represented mainly by Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp.     

Microbiological quality of muesli samples purchased in retail network

The estimation of microbiological quality of muesli samples was the aim of this investigation. The study included 40 samples which represented various consignments of muesli, produced in 2002 year. Total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and moulds, and also occurrence of pathogenic bacteria, coliforms and enterococci were determined. The systematic units of muesli fungal flora have been identified. It was stated that microbiological quality of all tested muesli was good. No pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) was detected and also coliforms and enterococci titre was correct (> 0.1 g). A majority of samples characterized low contamination levels of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and fungi, and their total number did not exceed, suitably 10(3) and 10(2) cfu/g. The mesophilic aerobic bacteria were mainly represented by vegetative forms. The average share of these bacteria spores in total number of bacteria received 30%. The Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. were regular elements of muesli fungal flora.     

High level of recovery of fungi from water and dialysate in haemodialysis units

The counts of yeasts and filamentous fungi were investigated in the municipal water supplies of haemodialysis centres, in the treated water and the dialysate from all 85 haemodialysis units in Greece, in order to estimate their occurrence, their correlation with contamination indicator bacteria and other influencing factors. Filamentous fungi and yeasts were isolated from 69 (81.2%) and from three (3.5%) feed water samples, from 74 (87.1%) and seven (8.2%) treated water samples and from 66 (77.7%) and 11 (12.9%) dialysate samples respectively. Aspergillus spp and Penicillium spp were the most frequent moulds, while Candida spp were the prevailing yeasts. The occurrence of yeasts was significantly higher in dialysate than in tap water samples. Counts of filamentous fungi in all 255 samples were significantly correlated with the counts of total heterotrophic bacteria and enterococci, whereas the counts of yeasts were correlated with faecal coliforms, total heterotrophic bacteria, as well as enterococci, Pseudomonas spp and total coliforms, while no correlation was detected with the age of either haemodialysis units, the age of water treatment system, the number of artificial kidney machines or the components of the water purification system. High recovery of fungi from haemodialysis aqueous environments implies a potential risk for haemodialysis patients and indicates the need for continuous maintenance and monitoring.     

Microbiological quality of minimally processed vegetable salads

The microbiological condition of minimally processed vegetable salads (7-days durability) purchased in the retail network of Szczecin has been assessed. The study included 14 kinds of salads manufactured by two producers. The total count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and their spores, aid-forming bacteria (lactobacilli), titre of coliforms, occurrence of pathogenic bacteria and counts of moulds and yeast were determined. No pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Proteus) was detected in all salads. However contamination by saprophytic microorganisms was high in salads of both producers. Total count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria was higher than recommended level (> 10(5) cfu/g) in majority of salads. The high quantities of yeast (> 10(3) jtk/g) and lactobacilli (10(3)-10(5) fu/g) were also stated. The titre of coliforms was reduced (down to 0.01-0.0001 g). The count of moulds did not exceed 100 cfu/g in a most of samples. Moulds occurring in tested samples were represented mainly by Penicillium sp.     

杭州景点泉水霉菌污染现状及其成因分析

[目的]了解杭州景点天然泉水霉菌污染状况，探讨其卫生学意义。[方法]在6个景点采集泉水水样，用GB-4789-1994和GB5750-1985检测霉菌及水质。[结果]天然泉水普遍受霉菌污染，霉菌数为O～580cfu／ml；平水期、枯水期霉菌数大于丰水期。用漂精片消毒处理有很好的效果，霉菌杀灭率达100％；霉菌菌相分析显示，污染泉水的霉菌种类较多，且检出产毒菌株；水中细菌总数、大肠菌群、浑浊度、耗氧量及硝酸盐氮含量，与霉菌含量的相关系数似无规律性。[结论]泉水的霉菌污染主要来自土壤和空气，其次为取水器具和取用者的不良卫生习惯。     

市售蜂蜜中污染微生物的调查分析

[目的]对市售54批次蜂蜜中的微生物污染情况进行调查分析.[方法]依据食品安全国家标准对蜂蜜中菌落总数、霉菌计数和嗜渗酵母计数进行检测和判定,通过形态学、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱、大亚基单元核糖体RNA基因序列对不合格样品中的细菌和真菌进行鉴定和分析.[结果]共3批次蜂蜜微生物超标,其中菌落总数超标1批次,检出...     

A two-year study of microbiological indoor air quality in a new apartment

Concentrations and types of bacteria and fungi in the air and on surfaces were measured in a new, one-bedroom apartment before occupancy and at 3-mo intervals thereafter for 2 y. Air samples were collected with a single-stage impactor at two locations in the kitchen, living room, bedroom, bathroom, and outdoors. Even though damp surfaces supported large populations of bacteria and yeasts, the air concentrations in the kitchen and bathroom were similar to those in other rooms. No changes in concentrations or types of microbiological contamination were observed between the first and second years of occupancy, but elevated outdoor humidity, lower air temperature, and winds from the northeast were associated with higher bacterial and fungal air concentrations. The median air concentrations of bacteria were 98 cfu/m3 (95% confidence interval 26-372 cfu/m3) indoors and 101 cfu/m3 (28-364 cfu/m3) outdoors. The median air concentrations of fungi were 198 cfu/m3 (58-673 cfu/m3) indoors and 362 cfu/m3 (113-1158 cfu/m3) outdoors. This information established useful baseline data against which measurements in neighboring complaint residences could be compared.     

The role of open-air inhalatoria in the air quality improvement in spa towns

Objectives

The present study was aimed at evaluating microbiological contamination of air in Ciechocinek and Inowroc?aw — Polish lowland spa towns. Additionally, the impact of open-air inhalatoria on the quality of air was evaluated.

Material and Methods

Air samples were collected seasonally in the urban areas, in the recreation areas and in the vicinity of inhalatoria in both towns using impaction. The numbers of mesophilic bacteria, staphylococci, hemolytic bacteria and actinomycetes were determined on media according to the Polish Standard PN-86/Z-04111/02. The number of moulds was determined on media according to the Polish Standard PN-86/Z-04111/03.

Results

While the highest numbers of microorganisms were noted at the sites located in the urban areas, the lowest numbers were noted in the vicinity of the open-air inhalatoria. In all the investigated air samples the values of bioaerosol concentrations were below the recommended TLVs (≤ 5000 CFU×m^?3 for both bacteria and fungi in outdoor environments). Location of the sampling site was invariably a decisive factor in determining the number of microorganisms in the air.

Conclusions

The aerosol which is formed in the open-air inhalatoria has a positive influence on microbiological air quality. Owing to a unique microclimate and low air contamination, Ciechocinek and Inowroc?aw comply with all necessary requirements set for health resorts specializing in treating upper respiratory tract infections.     

重庆市城区空气微生物污染及评价

目的：了解重庆市城区空气微生物污染状况，方法：1999年11月13日－12月13日在重庆市城区某采样点距地面1．5m高度采空气样，每天3次，连续30d，采用中国科学院生态中心推荐使用的空气微生物评价标准评价空气微生物污染状况，结果：空气细菌和霉菌计数分别为76－21758cfu/m^3和1538－4179cfu/m^3，分别占空气微生物总数的63．8％和36．2％，霉菌包括马丁霉菌（20．4％）和耐高渗透压霉菌（15．8％），细菌、马丁霉菌和耐高压霉菌的优势菌株分别为芽孢杆菌（52．4％），曲霉菌（19．0％），和青霉菌（32．6％），细菌中97．1％和G＋，空气样本中细菌、马丁霉菌和耐高渗透压霉菌含量达污染级别及以上的分别为45．6％，72．1％和63．3％，结论：重庆市城区空气微生物污染较重，尤其是空气霉菌的污染应引起重视。     

2007年海淀区部分酒店集中空调通风系统微生物检测分析

目的了解北京市海淀区酒店集中空调通风系统送风微生物污染状况。方法于2007年4月～10月监测了海淀区14家酒店的集中空调通风系统,分别对空调送风中空气细菌总数,真菌总数和β-溶血性链球菌、冷却水中嗜肺军团菌、风管内表面细菌总数和真菌总数进行检测。结果送风中空气细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为60.0%、92.0%、100%;风管内表面细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为97.4%、90.9%;冷却水中嗜肺军团菌合格率为41.6%。结论海淀区部分酒店集中空调通风系统送风中空气细菌总数合格率较低,冷却水中嗜肺军团菌污染情况较为严重,应加强集中空调系统的清洗消毒和卫生监督管理。     

深圳市罗湖区医院、宾馆集中式空调系统卫生学评价

目的了解深圳市罗湖区医院及宾馆集中空调通风系统的卫生状况,探索有效的卫生管理对策。方法于2009～2010年随机抽取深圳市罗湖区6家宾馆及2家医院集中空调通风系统的卫生管理状况进行调查,检测新风量、冷却水军团菌、送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、采集风管内表面积尘和空调送风进行微生物检测。结果 6家宾馆送风中PM10、细菌总数、真菌总数和β-溶血性链球菌的合格率分别为81.2%、82.9%、51.4%、100.0%;2家医院送风中PM10、细菌总数、真菌总数和β-溶血性链球菌的合格率分别为46.8%、33.3%、53.3%、100.0%。医院和宾馆在PM10(χ2=19.4 P=0.000 1)和真菌总数(P=0.001 9)上合格率不同,差异有统计学意义。6家宾馆冷却水军团菌的检出率为20.0%,冷凝水嗜肺军团菌的检出率为0;2家医院冷却水、冷凝水军团菌的检出率为0。结论深圳市罗湖区医院及宾馆集中空调通风系统存在一定程度的污染,并且医院的污染比宾馆更严重。因此,应该加强空调系统的运行管理,提高空调环境卫生状况,促进人群健康。     

嘉兴市城区空气微生物污染状况调查

目的 观察嘉兴市城区空气微生物污染状况。方法 于2002年9月30日-10月29日在嘉兴市中心某采样点进行为期30天的空气采样，每天3次，采样高度为距地面1.5m处。用中国科学院生态中心推荐使用的空气微生物评价标准评价空气微生物污染状况。结果 空气细菌和霉菌计数分别为568-4630cfu/m^3和507-5347cfu/m^3，分别占空气微生物总数的47．4％和52．6％。霉菌包括耐高渗透压霉菌(37.9％)和马丁霉菌(14.7％)。细菌的优势菌株为芽胞杆菌(37.6％)和葡萄球菌(36．4％)，耐高渗透压霉菌和马丁霉菌的优势菌株均为青霉属(62．5％、61％)。细菌以G^ 菌为主(占77．8％)。空气样本中，耐高渗透压霉菌和马丁霉菌含量达污染级以上分别为66．7％和20％。结论 嘉兴市城区空气微生物污染尤其是霉菌的污染较重。     

Airborne microbial contents in two types of swine confinement buildings in Quebec

Airborne microorganisms were isolated with a sampler in two types of swine confinement buildings (farrowing units and fattening units). Respirable (particles less than 5 microns) and total dust fractions were obtained. Samplings were repeated every 2 weeks for a total of 6 samplings per unit between January and April. The predominant microorganisms isolated were bacteria (up to 1.25 x 10(6) CFU/m3) with an important fraction in the respirable size range (up to 0.5 x 10(6) CFU/m3). Only small quantities of gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and molds were found. Identification of the colonies isolated revealed a great diversity of microorganisms present in the air of the different buildings. Enterobacter agglomerans, Moraxella, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Pseudomonas were the most frequently identified bacteria. Scopulariopsis, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Candida were the most numerous fungi. Faenia rectivirgula, the causative agent of farmer's lung, was not a major contaminant. The results show some differences in airborne microbial contamination between farrowing and fattening units; the distinction, however, is not clear-cut and was observed only for the total bacteria. The level of airborne microbial contamination in swine units does not significantly vary as a function of the outside temperature. Some species of bacteria and fungi isolated in this study are known to induce extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Other fungi are known to be potentially pathogenic for man. The air of swine confinement buildings is highly contaminated with bacteria, yeasts, and molds at a level up to 1200 time higher than so-called "normal air."     

Diversity of Salmonella spp. and fungi in northern Greek rivers and their correlation to fecal pollution indicators

The prevalence and diversity of Salmonella spp., filamentous fungi, and yeasts and their correlation with fecal pollution indicators (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, enterococci) and total heterotrophic bacteria counts were investigated in 95 water samples from the northern Greek rivers Aliakmon and Axios. Salmonella spp. were isolated in 27.4% of the samples and a total of 19 serotypes were identified. The frequency of Salmonella isolation was higher in the Axios (36.8%) than in the Aliakmon (21.0%) river. Significantly (P<0.001) more Salmonella spp. were recovered during warm (41.4%) than cold (5.4%) months. Salmonella-positive samples showed significantly higher counts of total heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms. Filamentous fungi were isolated from 98.9% and yeasts from 17.9% of the samples with respective mean counts of 2.36 x 10(3) and 1.28 x 10(2)cfu/100mL. Totals of 23 genera of filamentous fungi and 3 genera of yeasts were identified. The most frequent filamentous fungi were Penicillium and Aspergillus, while Candida was the most prevalent yeast. A significant (P<0.001) positive correlation of the fecal pollution indicators was demonstrated only for filamentous fungi. The results of this study indicate that these rivers may be potential pathways for human and other animal contamination with Salmonella spp., filamentous fungi, and yeasts, which contribute to the pollution of marine waters and the surrounding environment.     

Aspects of manufacture, composition and safety of orubisi: a traditional alcoholic beverage in the north-western region of Tanzania

The processing technology and characteristics of orubisi/amarwa, an opaque beer commonly consumed in Kagera region in the north-western part of Tanzania is described in detail. The protein content of orubisi increased from 2.0 to 2.7% after 120 hours of fermentation. The maximum alcohol content of orubisi as determined by specific gravity method was 2.5%. The alcohol profile of orubisi analysed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was found to contain ethanol and iso-butanol. The test for methanol was negative. Orubisi was characterised as product with relatively high acidity ranging from 0.35-0.89 g/100 ml and a final pH of 3.7. The levels of fermentable sugars--sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose--were 0.5, 0.7, 1.8 and 0.6 g/100 ml after 120 hours of fermentation, respectively. High microbial counts were encountered in orubisi. The viable counts included yeasts: 2.0 x 10(7) cfu/ml, moulds 7.4 x 10(6) cfu/ml, coliforms 1.18 x 10(2) cfu/ml, lactic acid bacteria 6.5 x 10(7) cfu/ml and total aerobic count 2.95 x 10(7) cfu/ml. Based on these results, orubisi poses a serious danger to public health due to the presence of high numbers of total count and coliforms. In order to improve the safety of orubisi the pasteurisation step is recommended in the process of preparing orubisi. Hygienic handling of the final product is necessary in order to avoid contamination before consumption. The presence of trace amount of iso-butanol can lead to irritation of mucous membranes and depression of central nervous system.     

不同类型坑道空气真菌厌氧菌污染调查

目的通过51条不同类型坑道空气微生物监测，为坑道安全保障提供依据。方法用撞击法和沉降法监测空气细菌总数、真菌数、链球菌及厌氧菌数。结果1．空气细菌总数及链球菌数基本正常。2．半密闭型坑道空气真菌数最高，通道及房间中位数分别为5950cfu／m^3及9500cfu／m^3。3．密闭型坑道通道空气厌氧菌数分别是半密闭型及通风型通道的4．2倍及3．8倍。结论坑道空气中含有大量真菌及厌氧菌，对进驻人员健康有一定威胁。     

Microbiologic evaluation of instant soup concentrates

The microbiological condition of instant soup powders purchased in retail network has been assessed. The study included 37 instant soups (8 types) manufactured by four Polish companies. The microbiological quality of a majority of soup powders fulfilled the requirements of the standard. No pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus) were detected, nor were there any spores of sulphitereducing anaerobic bacteria found. However, some samples of powders, mainly from one manufacturer, did have an excessive total number of bacteria (> 10(5) cfu/g) and a reduced (down to 0.01 g) level of coliform count. Aerobic bacteria occurring in powders were of vegetative and spore forms and exhibited the activity of amylo-, lipo- and proteolytic exoenzymes. The quantity of moulds did not exceed 100 cfu/g in a majority of samples. They were mainly represented by Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp. and Cladosporium sp.     

深圳市酒店集中空调通风系统污染状况

目的 了解深圳市酒店集中空调通风系统的卫生状况,更好地控制空调环境污染.方法 于2006年对深圳市22家三星级以上酒店集中空调通风系统的卫生管理状况进行调查,检测风管内表面积尘量、送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、冷却水军团菌,采集风管内表面积尘和空调送风进行微生物检测.结果 22家酒店风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数和真菌总数的合格率分别为94.76%,95.71%,91.90%,送风中PM10、细菌总数和真菌总数的合格率分别为42.54%,94.76%,84.29%,冷却水军团菌的检出率为57.50%.结论 深圳市酒店集中空调通风系统存在一定程度的污染,加强空调系统的运行管理是提高空调环境卫生状况、保障人群健康的重要措施.     

Sanitary evaluation of water taken from the water supply used by the inhabitants of Łódź

The aim of the work was the microbiological evaluation of water taken from the popular water intakes used by the inhabitants in ?ód?. The examination of water was performance directly after sampling, after 48 hours of the storage at temperature 0-4 degrees C and also after the storage at the room temperature. The microbiological examinations of water in the aspect of detection of majority of microbes were conducted using membrane filtration method. Among 13 evaluated samples 11 were qualified to direct consumption. After 48 hour storage at 0-4 degrees C temperatures and at the room temperature an increase of bacterial contamination was observed--especially bacteria growing at temperature 22 degrees C and the higher. The presence of fungi was detected in the evaluated water. In 3 samples the mould count was exceeded 1.5 x 10(2) cfu/ml. During the storage of water the increase of fungi population was not observed.     

2012年北京市丰台区公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

目的调查分析2012年北京市丰台区公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况,探讨其影响因素并为卫生管理提供技术支持。方法依据《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》,检测集中空调送风中细菌总数、真菌、β-溶血性链球菌及PM10,风管内表面细菌总数、真菌总数、积尘量,冷却（凝）水中嗜肺军团菌。结果丰台区集中空调通风系统送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、PM10合格率分别为61.42%、88.89%、100.00%、90.91%,风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为100.00%、100.00%、99.20%,冷却（凝）水中嗜肺军团菌合格率为98.20%,血清分型以LP1型为主。集中空调送风中细菌总数存在着明显的季节性差异（χ^2=12.338,P〈0.01）,而送风中真菌、PM10未见明显的季节性差异（χ^2=3.155,P〉0.05;χ^2=6.976,P〉0.05）。不同类型集中空调送风中细菌总数、真菌未见明显差异（χ^2=5.782,P〉0.05;χ^2=2.653,P〉0.05）。结论细菌总数、真菌总数、PM10是丰台区集中空调送风卫生质量的主要影响因素,应加强集中空调管理,定期清洗消毒,并主动开展卫生委托监测。