原花青素生物活性的研究进展

原花青素（Proanthocyanidins,PC）是一大类多酚类化合物的总称,在酸性介质中加热可产生花青素（cyanidins）。原花青素在植物界中广泛存在,对它的研究已有几十年的历史,近年来国外对多种植物尤其是葡萄中的各种原花青素进行了广泛深入研究,证实了其具有优越的抗氧化活性、酶抑制活性、血管保护活性、抗炎活性、抗辐射及抗肿瘤活性等,并在药品、保健品和化妆品中得到广泛应用,是极具发展前景的天然植物提取物。     

葡萄籽原花青素生物药理活性的研究进展

原花青素(proanthocyanidins或procyanidins,PC)是天然植物中广泛存在的一大类多酚类化合物的总称,属于植物多酚类物质.原花青素广泛存在于葡萄,苹果,可可豆,山楂,花生,银杏,花旗松,罗汉柏,白桦树,刺葵,番荔枝,野草莓等植物中,其中以葡萄籽中含量最为丰富.葡萄籽原花青素(grape seed proanthocyanidins,GSP)是由不同数量的儿茶素和(或)表儿茶素聚合而成,其中最简单的是儿茶素与表儿茶素形成的二聚体,此外还有三聚体、四聚体……十聚体等.二到四聚体称为低聚体原花青素( oligomeric proanthocyanidins,OPC),五以上聚体称为高聚体.     

葡萄籽原花青素的研究进展

葡萄籽原花青素是一种聚多酚类混合物,葡萄籽原花青素有着极强的抗氧化及清除自由基活性,还有抗心血管疾病、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、抗疲劳、抗病毒等作用。本文对葡萄籽原花青素的药理作用、食用安全性及开发应用的研究进展做一综述。     

花青素类天然色素的光降解比较

目的 从天然产物中提取黑米、苋菜红、葡萄红这三种花青素类色素，并比较它们的光稳定性。方法 在统一的环境条件下，使用相同的辐射光源、照度，在近似相同的初始吸光度值下，对这三种色素的光稳定性进行比较研究。结果 花青素类天然色素在白炽灯下较为稳定，而在高压汞灯照射下，光降解速度明显加快。随着照度的增大，花青素类色素的光降解速率也增大，但光降解速率常数的改变和照度之间不存在线性对应关系。结论 黑米天然色素的光稳定性优于苋菜红和葡萄红天然色素。     

葡萄原花青素含量测定方法的研究进展

查阅文献,主要就紫外分光光度法、铁盐催化比色法、原子吸收法、电化学方法、高效液相法、毛细管电泳法测定葡萄原花青素含量的研究近况予以综述.     

原花青素：具有广阔发展前景的植物药

原花青素是植物王国中广泛存在的多酚化合物，３０多年来，人们对上百种植物的原花青素，尤其对葡萄原花青素进行了深入研究，发现了多种药理活性。其优越的抗氧化剂活性，抗弹性酶活性和血管活性使之成为在治疗眼科疾病，改善外周微循环等领域中深受公众青睐和具有广阔发展前景的植物药。     

葡萄属植物化学成分与生物活性

葡萄属植物中含有鞣质、芪类、萜类、黄酮等活性成分,原花青素和白藜芦醇等主要化合物具有抗氧化、清除自由基、抗动脉硬化、抗血栓、抗胃溃疡、抗菌、抗癌等多种生物活性。     

局灶性脑缺血后大鼠的ET和CGRP含量的改变及原花青素的干预作用

目的探讨原花青素对局灶性脑缺血大鼠的保护作用。方法选用健康SD大鼠,雌雄各半,随机分为假手术组、缺血对照组、原花青素50 mg/kg组、100 mg/kg组、200mg/kg组共5组。24小时后进行神经功能评分,并断头取脑,制备组织匀浆,检测内皮素(ET)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)含量。结果原花青素50mg/kg和100 mg/kg组ET含量分别为(1.12±1.27)ng/g和(1.65±1.80)ng/g,与缺血对照组(1.80±1.41)ng/g比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);原花青素50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg组CGRP含量分别为(5.81±1.41)ng/g、(4.22±1.21)ng/g,与缺血对照组(3.47±1.05)ng/g比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论原花青素对缺血性脑损伤具有保护作用,其保护作用机制可能与抑制ET释放及促进CGRP释放有关。最佳剂量为50 mg/kg。     

夏黑葡萄花青素在D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠心肌细胞抗氧化和清除自由基中的作用

目的研究夏黑葡萄花青素在D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠心肌细胞抗氧化和清除自由基中的作用。方法选取40只健康2月龄的ICR小鼠,在皮下注射D-半乳糖后建立小鼠衰老模型,雌雄各20只,采用随机数表法将其分为4组,每组10只。使用不同浓度的夏黑葡萄花青素对小鼠进行灌胃处理,低剂量组为50 mg/(kg·d)、中剂量组为75 mg/(kg·d)、高剂量组为100 mg/(kg·d),皮下注射剂量为300 mg/(kg·d)灭菌D-半乳糖溶液的衰老小鼠模型组设为对照组。连续灌胃1个月后,检测小鼠血清中抗氧化物质[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)]的水平,判定清除自由基水平。结果对照组血清SOD水平低于低、中、高剂量组,随着剂量的增加,SOD水平逐渐升高,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。对照组血清MDA和GSH-Px水平均高于低、中、高剂量组,随着剂量的增加,MDA和GSH-Px水平逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。夏黑葡萄花青素和维生素C对自由基的清除能力随着浓度的增加而增强,夏黑葡萄花青素清除DPPH自由基能力强于维生素C,维生素C清除超氧阴离子及羟基自由基的能力强于夏黑葡萄花青素,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论夏黑葡萄花青素对衰老小鼠有抗氧化能力,可以显著清除衰老小鼠心肌中的自由基,对小鼠衰老的心肌细胞有保护作用。     

原花青素在对乙酰氨基酚诱导的急性肝损伤中的保护作用及机制

目的:研究原花青素在对乙酰氨基酚诱导的急性肝损伤中的保护作用及机制。方法:将昆明种小鼠随机分为6组,每组8只。分别为PBS正常对照组、对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP)模型组、原花青素(100 mg/kg)药物对照组和原花青素药物预处理组(低剂量[10 mg/kg],中剂量[50 mg/kg]和高剂量组[100 mg/kg])。检测各组小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)和肝匀浆中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的变化,并采用HE染色观察各组病理形态的改变,Western blot法测定各组SOD蛋白的表达。结果:原花青素中、高剂量药物预处理组与APAP模型组比较,ALT(F=555.20,P=0.000)、AST(F=168.51,P=0.000)、MDA(F=155.15,P=0.000)明显降低,SOD(F=291.84,P=0.000)明显升高。病理观察发现,APAP模型组肝组织结构破坏,肝细胞水样变性,中央静脉淤血。原花青素中、高剂量药物预处理组则肝小叶结构清晰,细胞变性轻微,无明显淤血。Western blot结果发现,APAP模型组中SOD蛋白表达被抑制,而原花青素中、高剂量药物预处理组则表达增加。结论:原花青素在对乙酰氨基酚诱导的急性肝损伤中有保护作用,其机制与药物抗氧化应激作用有关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.