可回收防反流食管支架治疗贲门失弛缓症18例临床观察

贲门失弛缓症是一种原发性食管神经肌肉病变所致的以下食管括约肌（LES）松弛障碍为特点的动力障碍性疾病，主要病理表现为LES区食管壁增厚，压力增高。治疗方法以气囊扩张为主，扩张治疗虽可短期内缓解吞咽困难症状，但患者复发率很高，且易导致穿孔、出血及食管损伤等并发症。我院2003年6月至2005年9月采用可回收防反流食管支架治疗贲门失弛缓症18例，取得满意疗效，现报告如下。     

食管测压在评估气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效中的作用

背景：贲门失弛缓症是原发性食管运动功能障碍性疾病，气囊扩张术是目前治疗本病的主要方法之一。目的：探讨食管压力测定在评估气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效中的作用。方法：予21例贲门失弛缓症患者内镜下气囊扩张术，治疗前后行食管压力检测，分析食管下括约肌（LES）和食管体部各参数的变化。结果：扩张后，21例患者的吞咽困难和反流症状消失。与扩张前相比，扩张后LES长度无显著差异，LES静息压和LES残余压显著降低（P〈0．01），LES松弛率显著升高（P〈0．05）。扩张后食管体部同步收缩波和吞咽蠕动波消失的发生率较扩张前无显著差异，继发性收缩波和食管体部静息压高于胃内静息压的发生率较扩张前显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论：气囊扩张术能显著提高LES松弛率，降低LES静息压、LES残余压、食管体部静息压和继发性蠕动波的发生率，迅速缓解患者症状。食管压力测定对评估气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效具有重要意义。     

内镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症20例疗效观察

将40例贲门失弛缓症患者随机分为扩张组及对照组各20例,扩张组行胃镜下气囊扩张术;对照组于胃镜下注射A型肉毒素.观察两组治疗后食管括约肌压力（LESP）和症状缓解情况.结果两组治疗后LESP均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.01）,扩张组降低较对照组明显（P＜0.01）;两组临床症状均有缓解,扩张组显效率（80%）及总有效率（100%）均显著高于对照组（25%,85%）,P＜0.05.认为气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效确切,但需严格选择适应证.     

Rigiflex气囊扩张治疗贲门失驰缓症复发患者的临床应用价值

目的探讨Rigiflex气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症复发患者的疗效及安全性。方法2000至2012年泰山医学院附属医院27例首次气囊扩张治疗术后复发的贲门失弛缓症患者再次应用直径为3.5 cm的Rigiflex气囊扩张治疗（Rigiflex气囊组）,治疗后1、3、6、12、24、36个月随访患者临床症状积分、食管钡透检查、并发症情况等,并与43例首次接受3.2 cm直径哑铃型气囊扩张治疗患者（哑铃型气囊组）进行对照。Rigiflex气囊组与哑铃型气囊组患者治疗有效率比较采用χ^2检验。Rigiflex气囊组与哑铃型气囊组患者治疗前、后贲门口直径、5 min存留钡柱高度比较采用t检验。结果 Rigiflex气囊组患者治疗后6、12、24、36个月的治疗有效率分别为81.5%、77.8%、70.4%、51.9%,均高于哑铃型气囊组患者的65.1%、39.5%、27.9%、18.6%,且差异均有统计学意义（χ^2值分别为2.18、93.77、12.12、8.51,均P〈0.05）。Rigiflex气囊组患者治疗后1、3、6、12、24、36个月贲门口直径均大于哑铃型气囊组患者,5 min存留钡柱高度均低于哑铃型气囊扩张组患者,且差异均有统计学意义（贲门口直径：t值分别为2.96、14.69、20.96、17.24、9.70、8.09;5 min存留钡柱高度：t值分别为2.77、3.85、4.96、6.25、7.78、6.38;P〈0.05或0.01）。2组患者均未发现食管大出血及穿孔等并发症发生。结论选择3.5 cm直径的大口径Rigiflex气囊序贯扩张治疗复发的贲门失缓症患者长期疗效显著,效价比突出,治疗安全性高。     

内镜超声引导下肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症临床疗效观察

目的探讨超声胃镜引导下肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效。方法45例贲门失弛缓症患者，分为球囊扩张、肉毒杆菌毒素注射及Heller手术3组，观察治疗前、治疗后6个月和12个月患者临床症状计分和钡餐检查中食管宽度。结果3组患者治疗后吞咽困难、胸痛和反流症状的计分以及食管钡餐检查食管最大宽度均明显低于治疗前（P〈0．05），且3组间临床症状改善程度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但扩张组和Heller手术组各有1例发生食管穿孔并发症，肉毒杆菌毒素组无并发症发生，患者耐受良好。结论超声胃镜引导下肉毒杆菌毒素注射是治疗贲门失弛缓症安全、有效的方法。     

改良型可回收金属支架治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效的初步评价

目的 初步探讨改良型可回收金属支架治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效及安全性.方法 30例确诊为贲门失弛缓症患者随机分成两组,普通型支架(A组)和改良型支架(B组)各15例,在胃镜直视下置入支架于贲门处,2d后在X线引导下通过胃镜将支架取出.分别记录治疗前及治疗半年后患者吞咽困难、下食管括约肌(LES)静息压及食管X线表现(包括食管最扩张处直径、贲门最狭窄区宽度)的变化情况;支架置入时与2d后取出时X线下支架最狭窄处的宽度变化;治疗过程中不良反应及并发症情况.结果 30例支架置入和取出的成功率为100％,置入后A组有2例发生支架脱落,取出后重新置入,B组无一例出现移位和脱落.支架治疗半年后患者吞咽困难与治疗前相比两组均有明显改善(P＜0.05);但半年后吞咽困难复发率A组(26.7％)明显高于B组(6.67％)(P＜0.05);支架治疗前后X线下食管腔最大扩张程度两组均有明显改善(P＜0.001),贲门最狭窄区直径、支架放置后和取出时最狭窄处直径及LES静息压两组较治疗前均有明显改善,但改善程度B组显著优于A组(P＜0.05).治疗时及治疗后不良反应发生率两组无统计学差异,两组均无穿孔.结论 改良型可回收金属支架治疗贲门失弛缓症具有放置时间短、无移位脱落、症状改善明显及复发率低等优点,且安全性良好.     

贲门失弛缓症气囊扩张治疗前后食管运动功能的研究

目的：对１７例贲门失弛缓症患者扩张前后进行食管测压,研究贲门失弛缓症患者扩张治疗前后食管动力学特征及其与扩张疗效的关系。方法：贲门失弛缓症患者１７例,所有患者根据临床表现、钡餐、内镜和食管测压确诊,并在确诊后行气囊扩张。１７例扩张治疗前、治疗后３天以内及３月,１０例治疗后１年观察临床症状积分及测压指标。结果：（１）扩张后患者的下状明显改善,且持续１年（Ｐ〈０．０１）。（２）扩张后３天及３月ＬＥＳＰ     

内镜下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症81例

目的:探讨内镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症的方法与疗效.方法:内镜下气囊扩张术治疗81例贲门失弛缓症患者,观察其临床症状,复查胃镜及X线检查,以了解其疗效.结果:81例患者吞咽困难缓解率100%,无穿孔等严重并发症发生;复查胃镜及X线检查均较扩张前明显改善,随访0.5-5 a,无1例复发.结论:内镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症因疗效确切、安全性高、费用低、痛苦小,是贲门失弛缓症较为理想的首选和主要治疗方法.     

内镜引导下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的研究

本文旨在评价内镜引导下气囊扩张对贲门失弛缓症的治疗价值。64例贲门失弛缓症病人接受气囊扩张治疗。扩张治疗前26人(40.6％)不能进某些固体食物,38人(59.3％)只能进半流质,1人(0.01％)只能进流质者。每周气囊扩张食管下段及贲门部一次,4次为一疗程。第一次气囊扩张治疗后,54人(84.4％)吞咽困难症状消失,第二次气囊扩后64人(100％)吞咽困难症状消失。本研究表明,内镜引导下气囊扩张法是治疗贲门失弛缓症的一种有效方法。     

内镜引导下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的研究

本旨在评价内镜引导下气囊扩张对贲门失弛缓症的治疗价值。64例贲门失弛缓症病人接受气囊扩张治疗。扩张治疗前26人(40.6%)不能进某些固体食物，38人(59．3%)只能进半流质，1人(0．01％)只能进流质。每周气囊扩张食管下段及贲门部一次，4次为一疗程。第一次气囊扩张治疗后，54人(84．4%)吞咽田难症状消失，第二次气囊扩后64人(100%)吞咽困难症状消失。本研究表明，内镜引导下气囊扩张法是治疗贲门失弛缓症的一种有效方法。     

Perendoscopic pneumatic dilatation in achalasia: Assessment of outcome using esophageal scintigraphy

Sixteen patients (nine male) underwent perendoscopic pneumatic dilatation for achalasia. The Witzel dilator was chosen as it allows placement of the balloon under endoscopic vision. Its efficacy was assessed using esophageal scintigraphy. Symptom score and esophageal transit values at 100 s and after a drink of water all improved significantly (P≤0.014) after dilatation and there was a significant correlation between the improved symptom score and the change in transit values after 100 s (r=0.586,P=0.017). At follow-up at 8 (3–16) months [mean (range)], 15 of 16 patients (94%) are symptom free. The Witzel dilator is effective in the treatment of achalasia. Esophageal scintigraphy offers a quantitative assessment of esophageal function, helping the clinical investigator evaluate new forms of therapy.     

Predictors of response to pneumatic dilatation in achalasia cardia.

BACKGROUND: The role of esophageal laboratory testing in predicting response to balloon dilatation in patients with achalasia cardia has been evaluated in the West; data in Indian patients are scant. AIM: To study the predictors of response to pneumatic balloon dilatation in Indian patients with achalasia cardia. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with achalasia cardia who had earlier undergone esophageal manometry before balloon dilatation (Group A) were recalled for clinical evaluation. Another consecutive 25 patients with newly diagnosed achalasia (Group B) underwent esophageal manometry and isotope transit studies before and after dilatation. RESULTS: The overall symptom response to dilatation in the 50 patients at median (range) follow up of 26 (1-60) months was 64%. Pre-dilatation clinical and laboratory parameters did not predict outcome. All patients with 1-week post-dilatation lower esophageal sphincter (LES) basal pressure less than or equal to 10 mmHg and residual pressure less than 6 mmHg were asymptomatic at follow up. CONCLUSION: Post-dilatation LES basal pressure less than or equal to 10 mmHg and residual pressure less than 6 mmHg are predictors of symptom response to balloon dilatation in patients with achalasia cardia.     

Incidence, clinical management and outcomes of esophageal perforations after endoscopic dilatation

BACKGROUND: Esophageal dilatation is performed for the treatment of anatomic and sometimes functional narrowing of the esophageal lumen caused by a variety of benign and malignant conditions. Esophageal perforation is the major complication associated with endoscopic dilatation. AIM: The object of this study was to assess the incidence of perforation, management and outcomes after endoscopic esophageal dilatation. METHODS: All patients who underwent endoscopic esophageal dilatation at our institution from June 2001 to December 2006 were identified. Data were obtained by searching our prospectively collected electronic database (MEDOS AG, Langenselbold, Germany), which includes all endoscopic reports as well as discharge summaries of patients who have undergone endoscopy in our department. RESULTS: 248 patients (148 male, 100 female, mean age 58 years, range 14-87 years) underwent 365 esophageal dilatations: 74 pneumatic balloon dilatations for achalasia, 79 balloon dilatations for other reasons such as tumors, peptic stenosis, or post-radiotherapy stenosis and 212 dilatations with Savary bougies. The overall incidence of perforation based on the number of procedures was 2.2% (8 perforations/365 procedures) and 3.2% (8/248 patients) based on the number of patients. The perforation rate was 1.9% for bougie dilatation, 0% for balloon dilatation and 5-4% for pneumatic balloon dilatation for achalasia. Five patients were treated surgically and 3 patients were managed conservatively. The mean hospital stay was 14 days (7-33 days). One patient in whom the perforation was recognized 16 days after the dilatation died. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic esophageal dilatation is a safe procedure for the palliation of malignant strictures, for the management of benign strictures as well as for the therapy of achalasia. The perforation rate after these procedures is low. Early recognition of the perforation is associated with a good outcome. Small perforations can be treated conservatively.     

Pneumatic balloon dilation in achalasia: a prospective comparison of balloon distention time

Objective: Duration of Inflation in pneumatic balloon dilatation as treatment of achalasia has been variable ranging from 15 s to 6 min. A 60 s duration appears to be most often used. We compared the efficacy of dilation of achalasia with either 6- or 60-s inflation duration using a Rigiflex dilator of 3.0 cm diameter.
Methods: Eighty-one consecutive patients were prospectively studied in a randomized fashion, 41 in the 60-s group (A) and 40 patients in the 6-s group (B). Mean age of group A was 43 ± 16.2 yr and of group B was 40 ± 16.4 yr. Symptoms of dysphagia, chest pain, heartburn, regurgitation, and night cough were evaluated at basal (before dilation), 1- and 6-month intervals after dilation in both groups. Barium swallow was done to assess esophageal emptying 1 wk before dilation and 5 min postdilation in both groups.
Results: Significant and sustained improvement was seen for all symptoms in both groups. In addition, the degree of improvement in symptom scores between the two groups was similar. Barium esophagram in both groups at basal and immediately postdilation showed significant improvement in barium emptying but there was no significant difference between the two groups, indicative of equal efficacy in both distention times. Two patients needed repeat dilatation in group A and one in group B, with one drop out from group A, who was lost to follow-up, and was excluded from the analysis. No perforation occurred.
Conclusion: Short duration of pneumatic balloon dilatation (6-s) is as effective as longer duration (60-s) in treatment of achalasia.     

贲门失弛缓症的诊断与治疗研究进展

贲门失弛缓症(AC)作为原发性食管动力障碍性疾病的一种,以食管下段括约肌松弛功能受损、食管蠕动减弱或消失为主要特征,年发病率为1/100 000~3/100 000,临床表现以吞咽困难最为常见。食管测压法为其诊断金标准,另外还有内镜检查、食管钡餐造影检查等诊断方法。目前发病机制尚未明确,临床上可通过药物治疗、肉毒杆菌毒素注射、气囊扩张术、食管支架植入术、腹腔镜下Heller肌切开术、经口内镜下肌切开术等进行治疗。     

Impact of preoperative balloon dilatation on outcomes of laparoscopic surgery in young patients with esophageal achalasia

Background

Balloon dilatation is reportedly less effective for young patients with esophageal achalasia than for older patients. However, there is no consensus on the impact of prior balloon dilatation on outcomes of surgical treatment. This study investigated the significance of preoperative balloon dilatation on surgical outcomes in young patients with esophageal achalasia.

Methods

Of patients aged less than 40 years who had undergone a laparoscopic Heller–Dor operation for esophageal achalasia, 201 with a postoperative follow-up period of at least 1 year were included. They were divided into two groups with and without a history of balloon dilatation, and compared preoperative pathological conditions and surgical outcomes.

Results

This study included 100 men and 101 women with a median age of 31 years, of whom 158 patients without a history of pneumatic dilatation (79%, non-PD group) and 43 with a history of pneumatic dilatation (21%, PD group) The preoperative symptom scores for dysphagia and regurgitation were significantly higher in the non-PD group. Although no differences were observed in surgical outcomes or postoperative course, the esophageal clearance rates calculated on preoperative and postoperative timed barium esophagograms were lower in terms of both height and width of the barium column in the PD group than in the non-PD group. Subjectively, both groups expressed equally high satisfaction.

Conclusions

In patients aged less than 40 years with esophageal achalasia, although preoperative balloon dilatation did not affect subjective levels of satisfaction with surgery, postoperative improvement in esophageal clearance in the lower esophagus was inhibited.

     

Long-term results of graded pneumatic dilatation under endoscopic guidance in patients with primary esophageal achalasia

AIM: Achalasia is the best known primary motor disorder of the esophagus in which the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) has abnormally high resting pressure and incomplete relaxation with swallowing. Pneumatic dilatation remains the first choice of treatment. The aims of this study were to determine the long term clinical outcome of treating achalasia initially with pneumatic dilatation and usefulness of pneumatic dilatation technique under endoscopic observation without fluoroscopy. METHODS: A total of 65 dilatations were performed in 43 patients with achalasia [23 males and 20 females, the mean age was 43 years (range, 19-73)]. All patients underwent an initial dilatation by inflating a 30 mm balloon to 15 psi under endoscopic control. The need for subsequent dilatation was based on symptom assessment. A 3.5 cm balloon was used for repeat procedures. RESULTS: The 30 mm balloon achieved a satisfactory result in 24 patients (54%) and the 35 mm ballon in 78% of the remainder (14/18). Esophageal perforation as a short-term complication was observed in one patient (2.3%). The only late complication encountered was gastroesophageal reflux in 2 (4%) patients with a good response to dilatation. The mean follow-up period was 2.4 years (6 mo - 5 years). Of the patients studied, 38 (88%) were relieved of their symptoms after only one or two sessions. Five patients were referred for surgery (one for esophageal perforation and four for persistent or recurrent symptoms). Among the patients whose follow up information was available, the percentage of patients in remission was 79% (19/24) at 1 year and 54% (7/13) at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Performing balloon dilatation under endoscopic observation as an outpatient procedure is simple, safe and efficacious for treating patients with achalasia and referral of surgical myotomy should be considered for patients who do not respond to medical therapy or individuals that do not desire pneumatic dilatations.     

Sixteen years follow up of achalasia: A prospective study of graded dilatation using Rigiflex balloon

Pneumatic balloon dilatation is the treatment of choice for esophageal achalasia. Rigiflex (Microvasive, Watertown, MA) polyethylene balloon dilators have been used with varying success and complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of graded balloon dilatation, to achieve symptomatic improvement in patients with achalasia. From January 1987 until the end of December 2003, 300 patients were evaluated and treated for achalasia, with 30 mm balloons. Patients who did not achieve satisfactory symptomatic responses during follow up underwent repeat dilatation with 35-mm balloons. They were studied at the onset then at 1 and 6 month intervals and then yearly for postdilatation symptom evaluation for dysphagia, regurgitation, night cough and heartburn. Baseline and 5-min postdilatation barium swallow studies were obtained to compare barium height and width for efficacy of dilatation and to evaluate for complications. No patients developed cancer of the esophagus in 16 years follow up. Barium height, width, composite symptom score and weight improved significantly during follow up. Two patients, who needed repeat dilatation with 35-mm balloons, developed esophageal perforation; one was successfully managed with intensive medical care management, whereas the other patient died despite surgical intervention. The authors conclude that pneumatic balloon (Rigiflex) dilatation for achalasia of the esophagus is a successful first option, when applied in an incremental balloon size to achieve desired results in symptomatic relief.