瑞芬太尼用于小儿先天性唇腭裂修复术麻醉的观察

目的:观察瑞芬太尼用于小儿先天性唇腭裂修复术麻醉时的血流动力学变化、苏醒时间和苏醒质量.方法:选择先天性唇腭裂修复术小儿30例,随机分成瑞芬太尼组(R组,n=15)和芬太尼组(F组,n=15).麻醉诱导R组用瑞芬太尼1～2μg/kg,F组用芬太尼2～3μg/Kg,插管后行机械通气,R组持续输注瑞芬太尼0.2～0.25μg.Kg-1.min-1,F组每隔15～20min缓慢静注芬太尼1μg/Kg.两组均持续吸入1%异氟烷.监测指标包括患者诱导前、诱导后2min、气管插管后2min、手术开始后1Omin的血流动力学变化,连续记录有创动脉压力(IBP)、心率(HR).血氧饱和度(SPO2).术毕停药后患者自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时问、拔管时问及躁动情况. 结果:两组诱导后血压、心率均降低,无显著性差异(P>O.05).R组插管后血流动力学平稳,而F组插管后2min血压升高、心率加快(P<0.05).手术开始后1Omin,R组血压.心率低于F组(P<0.05).两组患儿自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间R组少于F组(P<0.05).躁动R组多于F组,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05). 结论:瑞芬太尼复合异氟烷麻醉用于小儿先天性唇腭裂修复术可使血流动力学稳定、苏醒迅速、并发症少,是一种安全、有效的麻醉方法.     

右美托咪定用于小儿唇腭裂手术麻醉的临床观察

目的 探讨右美托咪定用于小儿唇腭裂手术麻醉中的临床效果,为小儿唇腭裂手术麻醉安全用药提供依据.方法 先天性唇腭裂修复术患儿40例,随机分为右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组).两组患儿均采用紧闭面罩8％七氟烷吸入麻醉诱导,D组同时静脉泵注右美托咪定1 μg/kg,C组给予同等容量生理盐水,均于10 min给完.两组患儿均采用气管插管静吸复合全身麻醉方法,术中维持C组采用异丙酚-七氟烷复合麻醉;D组采用右美托咪定-异丙酚-七氟烷复合麻醉,观察并记录不同时点患儿心率、平均动脉压、脉搏血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压并进行躁动评分,记录两组呼吸抑制及躁动发生率.结果 两组患儿的手术时间、麻醉时间及苏醒时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).D组患儿在气管插管即刻(T2)、术中20 min(T3)、术毕(T4)及拔管(T5)时平均动脉压和心率均明显低于C组(P＜0.05).D组躁动发生率为11.1％,明显低于C组36.4％(P＜0.05).D组无一例发生呼吸抑制.结论 右美托咪定用于小儿唇腭裂修复术安全有效,术中血流动力学平稳,术后恢复期安静、舒适,能够减少围术期并发症的发生.     

眼科手术患儿瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉的效果

目的 探讨眼科手术患儿瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉的效果.方法 择期行眼科短小手术患儿48例,年龄4～12岁,按年龄和麻醉药物分为4组(n=12):ⅠPK组4～7岁,氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉;ⅠPR组4～7岁,瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉;ⅡPK组8～12岁,氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉;ⅡPR组8～12岁,瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉.ⅠPK组和ⅡPK组静脉注射氯胺酮2 mg/kg和异丙酚2 mg/kg麻醉诱导,静脉输注异丙酚6 mg·kg-1·h-1及间断静脉注射氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg维持麻醉.ⅠPR组和ⅡPR组静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg和异丙酚2 mg/kg麻醉诱导;麻醉维持:静脉输注异丙酚6 mg·kg-1·h-1和瑞芬太尼0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1,瑞芬太尼每2分钟增加0.025 μg·kg-1·min-1,直至0.2 μg·kg-1·min-1.于麻醉诱导前、麻醉诱导后冲洗眼球时、手术开始后即刻、手术开始后15 min和出手术室时,记录收缩压(SP)、舒张压(DP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、脉搏血氧饱和度和麻醉深度指数(CSI).记录术中和术后不良反应的发生情况.记录麻醉诱导时间、苏醒时间、意识恢复时间和总镇静时间.计算瑞芬太尼平均输注速率.结果 与麻醉诱导前比较,4组SP、DP、HR、RR和CSI均降低(P＜0.05);与ⅠPK组和ⅡPK组比较,ⅠPR组和ⅡPR组RR和CSI降低,术中体动和术后躁动发生率降低,麻醉诱导时间延长,苏醒时间和意识恢复时间缩短(P＜0.05);与ⅠPR组比较,ⅡPR组麻醉诱导时间和意识恢复时间缩短(P＜0.05).ⅡPR组瑞芬太尼平均输注速率小于ⅠPR组(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚用于眼科短小手术患儿麻醉可产生良好的麻醉效果,且血液动力学平稳,不良反应少,术后苏醒迅速,而不同年龄患儿瑞芬太尼用量不同.     

异氟醚与氯胺酮麻醉诱导对婴儿唇腭裂修复术后苏醒的比较

目的比较异氟醚与氯胺酮麻醉诱导对婴儿唇腭裂术后苏醒的影响.方法对208例1～12月婴儿全麻下行唇腭裂修复术的病例进行分析,按照不同的麻醉诱导方法分为氯胺酮组(K组)和异氟醚组(Ⅰ组),比较两组术后自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、清醒时间、送入恢复室的例数、恢复室停留时间以及苏醒期躁动发生率.结果Ⅰ组自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、清醒时间、送入恢复室的例数以及恢复室停留时间均少于K组,而Ⅰ组苏醒期躁动的发生率高于K组.结论和氯胺酮诱导相比,异氟醚吸入诱导用于婴儿唇腭裂修复术有利于患儿术后的快速苏醒,但同时苏醒期躁动的发生率增加.     

七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼在小儿唇腭裂手术中的应用

目的:观察七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼用于小儿唇腭裂手术的麻醉诱导、维持及苏醒的临床效果.方法:40例唇腭裂患者,ASA Ⅰ级,年龄6个月至12岁,随机分成两组(n=20):S组全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉,SR组七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼.观察两组患儿术中、术后血流动力学变化.记录诱导时间、自主呼吸恢复时间以及术后拔管时间,并观察有无术后躁动等.结果:SR组术中术后血流动力学变化小于S组(p＜0.05),SR组插管时间短于S组(p＜0.05).结论:七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼用于小儿唇腭裂手术较单纯使用七氟醚血流动力学更加平稳.     

氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉用于小儿唇腭裂整复手术的临床研究

目的:观察和研究氯胺酮复合异丙酚用于小儿唇腭裂整复手术的麻醉效果以及安全性。方法:100例择期行唇腭裂整复手术的小儿,在同样条件下诱导、气管插管后,随机分为氯胺酮组(K组35例),氯胺酮复合异丙酚组(K+P组35例),异丙酚组(P组30例)。观察记录麻醉前、麻醉后5min、手术结束时和拔除气管导管后30min时的心率、呼吸、呼气末CO2分压和脉搏血氧饱和度的变化,观察和记录术中和苏醒期的并发症,记录苏醒时间。结果:K+P组在麻醉后各时段的心率明显慢于K组的值(P<0.01)。K+P组的苏醒时间明显短于K组(P<0.01)。K+P组的苏醒期精神方面的并发症低于K组。结论:氯胺酮复合异丙酚气管内全麻用于小儿唇腭裂整复手术的麻醉效果好,心血管的功能稳定,苏醒快,苏醒期精神并发症少。     

七氟烷复合舒芬太尼与氯胺酮全身麻醉在小儿疝手术中疗效观察

目的观察七氟烷复合舒芬太尼对比氯胺酮(肌注诱导+静脉维持)全身麻醉在小儿疝手术中的效果。方法将46例小儿疝手术随机分为氯胺酮(C)组和七氟烷复合舒芬太尼(S)组,每组23例。S组患儿入室后应用高浓度七氟烷(4～7%),入睡后开放静脉,手术开始前静滴舒芬太尼0.2～0.3μg/kg,术中吸入七氟烷浓度维持在2%～4%,至手术结束前3 min。C组患儿肌注氯胺酮5～6 mg/kg,入睡后开放静脉,术中静脉泵注氯胺酮7～8 mg/(kg.h),至手术结束前5min停用氯胺酮。观察2组患儿的诱导时间、诱导期间哭闹、切皮时有无体动反应、术中氧饱和度下降情况、手术结束后患儿苏醒时间。结果 S组与C组患儿在诱导时间、术中氧饱和度维持方面无明显差异(P>0.05),在诱导哭闹、术中体动反应以及术后苏醒时间等方面有明显差异。结论七氟烷复合舒芬太尼组用于小儿疝手术的麻醉较氯胺酮更加适合,更易被患儿接受,心理刺激较小,可控性好术后苏醒时间大大减少。     

瑞芬太尼在小儿甲状舌骨囊肿手术中的应用

目的:观察瑞芬太尼和芬太尼配伍异丙酚在小儿甲状舌骨囊肿手术中的应用效果.方法:30例择期甲状舌骨囊肿手术患儿随机分成两组,分别用瑞芬太尼和芬太尼配伍异丙酚行全凭静脉复合全麻,对照观察患儿的血流动力学相关参数及苏醒情况.结果:两组均能顺利完成手术,而瑞芬太尼组血流动力学参数更稳定,苏醒更迅速、更安全.结论:瑞芬太尼配伍异丙酚全凭静脉复合全麻用于小儿甲状舌骨囊肿手术,是一种较理想的麻醉方法.     

七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼或芬太尼用于婴儿先天性唇裂修复术的麻醉效果

目的比较七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼或芬太尼用于婴儿先天性唇裂修复术麻醉时的安全性及有效性。方法选择40例择期行唇裂修复术的患儿,年龄3～9个月,随机均分为:七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼组(R组)和七氟醚复合芬太尼组(F组)。均采用七氟醚诱导麻醉后,R组采用0.1～0.2μg·kg-1·min-1瑞芬太尼持续静脉泵注维持,F组采用0.05～0.1μg·kg-1·min-1芬太尼持续静脉泵注。观察诱导前(基础值,T0)、插管时(T1)、插管后2min(T2)、手术开始时(T3)、手术5min(T4)、30min(T5)及拔管时(T6)的HR、MAP、SpO2,记录苏醒期患儿自主呼吸恢复时间、自主睁眼时间、拔管时间、拔管后有无呼吸功能不全、恶心呕吐及躁动不良反应及离开手术室时间。结果 T1、T3及T6时两组患儿HR均较T0时明显增快(P<0.05),且F组明显快于R组(P<0.05)。T1、T3及T6时两组患儿的MAP均较T0时升高(P<0.05),且F组明显高于R组(P<0.05)。R组患儿苏醒期自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间、离开手术室时间均明显短于F组(P<0.01)。R组呼吸功能不全、恶心呕吐发生率低于F组,躁动发生率高于F组。结论七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼或芬太尼在婴儿先天性唇裂修复术安全有效,但七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼可提供更稳定的血流动力学,快速苏醒及减少术后不良反应发生。     

小儿开腹手术全凭静脉麻醉中小剂量瑞芬太尼复合咪达唑仑对术后拔管的影响

目的评价小儿开腹手术时小剂量瑞芬太尼合用咪达唑仑对术后拔管的影响。方法小儿开腹手术40例,全凭静脉麻醉。随机分为两组:Ⅰ组:异丙酚、维库溴胺、芬太尼静脉复合麻醉;Ⅱ组:咪达唑仑、异丙酚、维库溴胺、瑞芬太尼静脉复合麻醉,气管插管后行人工控制呼吸。对比观察两组患儿停药后自主呼吸恢复时间、术毕至气管导管拔除时间、拔管后5min不吸氧时的SpO2及术后恶心呕吐的发生率。结果停药后病人自主呼吸恢复时间及术毕至导管拔除时间:Ⅱ组明显短于Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。气管导管拔除后5min不给面罩吸氧时的SpO2:与麻醉诱导前比较Ⅰ组降低(P<0.05),Ⅱ组差异无显著性(P>0.05);Ⅱ组高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。术后恶心呕吐:Ⅰ组3例,Ⅱ组无1例发生,两组差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼作为麻醉镇痛药,术毕自主呼吸恢复快,易于早期拔管,术后恶心呕吐发生率较低,适用于小儿开腹手术的麻醉。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.