彩色多普勒超声鉴别诊断不同类型的移植肾急性排异

目的研究彩色多普勒超声在鉴别不同类型移植肾急性移植肾排异中的价值。方法回顾性地总结了１１２例经组织穿刺活检病理证实的不同类型移植肾急性排异的彩色多普勒超声表现。结果肾血管血流参数ＰＩ、ＲＩ值在急性移植肾血管排异组与细胞排异组、临界改变组之间有显著性差异。结论彩色多普勒超声在鉴别移植肾急性血管性排异和细胞性排异之间有一定价值,但对于鉴别血管性排异与混合性排异、细胞性排异与临界改变之间的作用还难以肯定     

Vascular and nonvascular complications of renal transplants: sonographic evaluation and correlation with other imaging modalities, surgery, and pathology

Cadaveric or living donor renal transplantation is commonly performed in individuals with end-stage renal disease. In recent years, gray-scale sonography, coupled with color Doppler sonography (CDUS), power Doppler sonography (PDUS), or spectral Doppler sonography, has become the primary imaging modality for these patients. Postoperative serial sonography is performed to detect complications and aid in posttransplant management. In addition, sonography is used to guide percutaneous aspiration of fluid or biopsy to diagnose rejection or renal and perirenal masses.In this article we discuss the spectrum of sonographic findings, both vascular and nonvascular, of renal transplant complications, including but not limited to renal arterial and venous stenosis and thrombosis, peritransplant collections (lymphoceles, hematomas, urinomas, and seromas), posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and postbiopsy complications (hematomas, pseudoaneurysms, and arteriovenous fistulas). We correlate sonographic findings with those from other imaging modalities (such as angiography, CT, and MRI) and findings at surgery and pathology when possible.     

Increased detection of early vascular abnormalities after renal biopsies by color Doppler sonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of abnormal vascular findings after renal biopsies as detected by color and pulsed Doppler sonography. METHODS: With both color and pulsed Doppler sonography, we examined 77 patients who underwent a renal biopsy of a native kidney. The examination was carried out before and immediately after the biopsy. A follow-up sonographic assessment was performed 24 hours later. If abnormal vascular findings were detected, the patients were reexamined after 2 weeks or even for a longer period. RESULTS: Tissue samples suitable for histologic diagnosis were obtained in 94% of the biopsies. In 17 of 77 patients, changes were observed in the color and pulsed Doppler examination immediately after the biopsy. A small localized flow disturbance was diagnosed in 10 kidneys, and a color tract was seen in 7. In 1 case, this tract was associated with a small localized flow disturbance. In 2 other patients, a localized flow disturbance was detected only in the examination performed 24 hours after the biopsy. Eight of the 10 flow disturbances diagnosed immediately after the biopsy and all tracts were not visible at the 24-hour follow-up examination. All these vascular findings were undetectable on sonographic examination without color and pulsed Doppler imaging. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that vascular lesions, detectable with color and pulsed Doppler sonography, are not rare findings early after renal biopsies. These vascular findings show a high rate of spontaneous resolution within the first 24 hours.     

Ultrasound diagnosis of uterine arteriovenous fistula associated with placental site trophoblastic tumor.

We report a case of a woman with abnormal vaginal bleeding who had a placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) detected following hysterectomy. Surgery was performed because of a large uterine arteriovenous fistula detected by transvaginal color and pulsed Doppler sonography. Color Doppler sonography revealed a lacunar-type lesion with a marked increase in uterine vascularity, and pulsed Doppler sonography demonstrated a low resistance index. This vascular pattern indicated the formation of blood lacunae and arteriovenous shunts caused by PSTT within the uterine myometrium. This is the first report to describe the ultrasound findings in a case of PSTT complicated by a uterine arteriovenous fistula.     

Diagnosis of ovarian torsion with color Doppler sonography: depiction of twisted vascular pedicle.

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of ultrasonography for the detection of twisted vascular pedicle in ovarian torsion and to verify whether the blood flow alterations in the twisted vascular pedicle on color Doppler sonography can predict the viability of adnexal structures. In 28 of 32 patients with surgically proved torsion, the twisted vascular pedicle was detected preoperatively by ultrasonography, which shows a diagnostic accuracy of 87%. Arterial and venous flows were present in the twisted vessels on color Doppler sonography in 16 of 28 patients with a visible twisted vascular pedicle. In 11 patients who underwent adnexectomy, the pathologic findings revealed nonnecrotic ovaries in 10 patients. Untwisting of the twisted vascular pedicle was performed in five patients, and follow-up ultrasonography showed normal follicular development and ovulation. All 12 patients who showed no blood flow within the twisted vascular pedicle had necrotic ovaries. In conclusion, identification of the twisted vascular pedicle through ultrasonography is suggestive of ovarian torsion, and color Doppler sonography could be helpful in predicting the viability of adnexal structures by depicting blood flow within the twisted vascular pedicle.     

Spectral and color Doppler sonography.

Color Doppler sonography has become an integral part of modern hepatic sonography. Color Doppler can enhance the conspicuity of focal lesions and bile ducts in jaundiced patients by illuminating normal vessels with flow. Spectral and color Doppler may prove useful in limiting the sonographic differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions. Color flow sonography effectively evaluates pseudoaneurysms, A-V fistulae, collaterals, and flow reversal in portal hypertension, venous clot and tumor invasion, Budd-Chiari syndrome, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, and many other hepatic vascular lesions. We have found it invaluable in evaluating cirrhotic and liver transplant patients.     

创伤性假性动脉瘤的影像诊断及介入治疗

目的：研究创伤性假性动脉的影象学表现和介入治疗的作用。方法：分析16例创伤性假性动脉手术前CT、MRI、多普勒超声波及动脉造影表现，其中14例手术及病理证实。5例无法手术者行径导管出血动脉弹簧圈栓塞术。结果：假性动脉瘤的影像学特征性表现分别是；多普勒超声显示软组织肿块内动脉性血流、MRI上表现为流空、CT和动脉造影上则示为造影剂外溢。5例无法一期手术者行径导管出血动脉弹簧圈栓塞术，其中4例术后7－10d转行二期血肿清除术，1例胃十二指甩动脉假性动脉瘤经弹簧圈栓塞后无需手术治疗。结论：假性动脉瘤在CT、MRI、多普勒超声波及动脉造影（DSA）影像学检查上具有特征性表现。经导管动脉栓塞术对某些不宜手术的假性动脉瘤治疗不失为一种良好的选择。     

Evaluation of arteriovenous fistulas and pseudoaneurysms in renal allografts following percutaneous needle biopsy. Color-coded Doppler sonography versus duplex Doppler sonography

One hundred one patients with renal allografts were studied by two independent observers using duplex Doppler sonography (DDS) and color-coded Doppler sonography (CCDS). In all patients, single or multiple percutaneous needle biopsies of the transplant had been performed 1 to 30 days before. In 6 patients CCDS following the biopsy demonstrated an area of combined red and blue color-coded blood flow within the renal parenchyma (n = 5) or within the sinus (n = 1); the Doppler waveform was abnormal in these areas with signals above and below the zero line indicating turbulent blood flow. Consecutive intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed the presence of an arteriovenous fistula (n = 4) or of a pseudoaneurysm (n = 2). In one patient, gross hematuria with obstruction of the bladder occurred as a complication of a pseudoaneurysm within the renal sinus; the bleeding could not be stopped by embolization of the lesion and the kidney had to be removed. DDS demonstrated the lesion in only one of the six patients. Thus, CCDS is the method of choice for noninvasive detection of vascular lesions due to percutaneous biopsy.     

Arteriovenous fistula after renal biopsy in children.

Our objective was to assess the prevalence and history of arteriovenous fistula after renal biopsy in pediatric patients by the use of color Doppler sonography. Fifty patients, aged 6 days to 18.5 years, underwent sonographically guided renal biopsy. Color Doppler sonography was performed prior to, during, and after the procedure. Postbiopsy hematoma was detected in 46 patients (92%), of whom 10 suffered clinically significant bleeds. Six patients (age range, 8 to 18.5 years) developed postbiopsy arteriovenous fistula. In three cases the arteriovenous fistula diminished spontaneously, one persisted without symptoms, and two symptomatic arteriovenous fistulas needed coil implantation. Color Doppler sonography demonstrated all arteriovenous fistulas 4 hours after the procedure and duplex Doppler sonography demonstrated the flow disturbances in the feeding and draining vessels. We conclude that color Doppler sonography allows noninvasive detection and follow-up study of postbiopsy arteriovenous fistula, thus helping to define management after interventional procedures.     

鳃裂囊肿和瘘管彩色多普勒超声检查误诊原因探讨

目的总结鳃裂囊肿和瘘管的彩色多普勒超声声像图特征,以减少误诊。方法回顾性分析我院经手术病理检查证实为鳃裂囊肿和瘘管17例的彩色多普勒超声声像图表现,并与手术病理检查结果进行对比分析。结果本组17例,12例以外耳道下方或颈侧肿块就诊,5例体检发现腮腺和甲状腺内结节就诊。我院和外院术前彩色多普勒超声检查,7例确诊鳃裂囊肿或瘘管,10例误诊,误诊率58.8%,误诊为腮腺实性肿物及颈部淋巴结炎伴液化各3例,甲状腺结节2例,腮腺囊肿及甲状舌管囊肿各1例。17例均行手术治疗,术后病理检查证实为鳃裂囊肿11例,鳃裂瘘管6例。术前彩色多普勒超声检查结果与术后病理诊断结果符合率41.2%(7/17)。结论临床虽然可根据彩色多普勒超声声像图特点及临床表现对鳃裂囊肿和瘘管做出诊断,但由于受各种因素影响易误诊,应注意与其他颈部囊性占位性病变相鉴别。     

Sonographic evaluation of vascular injuries.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this presentation is to highlight the color Doppler duplex sonographic features of procedure-related and blunt or penetrating trauma-related vascular injuries. METHODS: Different kinds of vascular complications such as pseudoaneurysms, arteriovenous fistulas, dissection, and thrombosis are discussed. Cases of vascular injuries in the extremities, neck, and abdomen are presented to illustrate the spectrum of sonographic appearances. RESULTS: Color Doppler duplex sonography is valuable in the diagnosis and monitoring of most vessel injuries and in the treatment of pseudoaneurysms. It is useful for flow analysis and for follow-up after treatment. However, because of limitations inherent to sonography, such as bones, air, casts, skin burns, and relatively slow performance of the test, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and angiography are necessary for further evaluation in selected cases. CONCLUSIONS: Color Doppler duplex sonography is a widely available, noninvasive, and accurate technique for evaluating vascular injuries and should be the first-line imaging modality in most patients.     

彩色多普勒和血管超声造影指导困难动静脉内瘘的建立

目的总结彩色多普勒和血管超声造影指导困难动静脉内瘘建立的经验。方法2001年10月～2006年5月第三军医大学大坪医院肾内科、贵州水城矿业总医院血液净化中心和四川省通江县人民医院心肾科行血液透析的患者102例，分析彩色多普勒和血管超声造影指导这102例建立内瘘的部位、血管吻合方式和术中技巧等经验。结果102例经彩色多普勒和血管超声造影筛选均发现有可用于建立内瘘的静脉，部分有多条可用静脉，术中均用桡动脉移位至皮下与静脉进行吻合的术式，术后3月内瘘成功率100％，所有内瘘均能满足透析需要。结论彩色多普勒和血管超声造影是介指导困难内瘘建立的有效手段，动脉移位术式可提高困难内瘘建立的成功率。     

彩超对医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘的诊断

目的探讨彩超对医源性股动脉的假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘的诊断价值。方法心导管术后出现右腹股沟搏动性包块或异常血管杂音的12例患者行彩超检查。结果12例患者中，8例诊断为假性动脉瘤，4例诊断为动静脉瘘。结论彩超能明确诊断心导管术后发生的假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘，可作为首选的检查方法。     

Color Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of osteomyelitis in children.

We investigated the capability of color Doppler sonography in evaluating acute osteomyelitis in children. Twelve children suspected of having osteomyelitis were evaluated with color Doppler ultrasonography at admission and at regular intervals to observe the inflammatory process of osteomyelitis, determine the response of antibiotic therapy, and predict the need of surgery in these patients. At admission, color Doppler flow within or around the infected periosteum was found in patients with symptoms for 4 days or longer, whereas those with symptoms for less than 4 days showed no color Doppler flow within and around the periosteum. During sonographic follow-up, six cases were found to have increased color Doppler vascular flow within and around the affected periosteum, and two of them had periosteal abscess. They eventually required surgical treatment. Persistent or increased color Doppler flow during follow-up examination correlated with elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein as well. Our study indicated that color Doppler vascular flow within or around the infected periosteum correlated with advanced acute osteomyelitis, and surgery usually was required in these patients. Those with early stage acute osteomyelitis usually showed no vascular flow within or around the infected periosteum. Thus, color Doppler sonography allowed detection of advanced osteomyelitis and revealed the progression of inflammation during antibiotic therapy. Color Doppler ultrasonography might be valuable in determining the efficacy of antibiotic therapy and justifying the need for operation.     

超声诊断外周血管动静脉瘘的价值

目的探讨超声诊断外周血管动静脉瘘的价值.方法回顾性分析9例经临床证实的动静脉瘘患者二维超声、彩色多普勒超声、灰阶血流成像对动静脉瘘及周围组织显示情况.结果 9例患者超声对瘘口均正确诊断,表现为瘘口处高速湍流、瘘口近端动脉血流为低阻型、远端为高阻型、静脉内血流动脉化;二维超声、彩色多普勒超声结合灰阶血流成像更清晰显示动静脉瘘.结论超声对外周血管动静脉瘘有较高的诊断价值.     

Superficial masses with color flow Doppler imaging.

Color Doppler imaging findings and spectral waveforms were reviewed for 21 superficial masses in which color Doppler imaging revealed flow. This series included 5 benign hyperplastic lymph nodes, 5 malignant masses, 2 staphylococcus abscesses, and 9 pseudoaneurysms. Benign hyperplastic nodes had a vascular pattern consisting of prominent central flow with a branching radial pattern, reflecting the morphology of lymph nodes. One metastasis from melanoma demonstrated abundant peripheral flow and central avascularity, while the other 4 malignant masses and the 2 abscesses had sparse internal flow. All pseudoaneurysms had a to-and-fro imaging and spectral pattern (into the mass during systole, out during diastole), and/or a swirling pattern on real-time images (8 of 9 each). Doppler spectral analysis revealed continuous forward flow during diastole for all other masses and abscesses. Waveforms appeared similar for benign and malignant masses, and for abscesses. Conventional image-directed Doppler examinations performed prior to color Doppler studies failed to reveal flow in 2 partially thrombosed pseudoaneurysms, 1 malignant mass, and 1 abscess. Benign hyperplastic nodes, malignant masses, and pseudoaneurysms had distinctive color Doppler image appearances in this series, although demonstration of flow within a mass does not eliminate the possibility of abscess. Proper use of color and spectral Doppler analysis of superficial masses involves more than mere detection or exclusion of flow.     

内瘘血管彩色多普勒超声检测在内瘘首次穿刺中的应用

目的探讨内瘘血管彩色多普勒超声检测在内瘘首次使用中的应用。方法134例尿毒症患者在内瘘手术后30～40d、首次使用前进行内瘘血管彩色多普勒超声检测,根据内瘘血管彩色多普勒超声检测结果和患者内瘘的临床表现,评估内瘘功能和发育状况,从而判断内瘘穿刺的时机,选择合适的穿刺点和穿刺方向,选择首次使用血流量。结果134例尿毒症患者内瘘,根据超声诊断结果和临床表现,120例患者内瘘功能发育正常,及时给予穿刺,穿刺成功,血流量符合使用要求。14例患者内瘘功能发育欠佳和发育不良,给予延迟10-30d穿刺,12例穿刺成功,血流量符合或基本符合要求。2例患者由于高龄、血管条件差、内瘘血流量不足、内瘘发育不良,延迟30d穿刺未成功,1例给予重新进行内瘘成形术,1例给予颈内静脉永久导管置管维持血液透析。讨论内瘘成型术后30--40d、首次使用前进行内瘘血管彩色多普勒超声检测,可客观判断内瘘功能,有助于选择内瘘穿刺时机,选择内瘘穿刺点及穿刺方向,对于保护内瘘、保证内瘘的血流量、提高透析效果、减少医患纠纷有很好的效果。     

Role of color Doppler imaging in differentiating between pseudocystic malignant tumors and fluid collections.

The differentiation between a pseudocystic solid tumor and a fluid collection containing echoes is sometimes difficult. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of color Doppler sonography in confirming the solid nature of pseudocystic malignant tumors by demonstrating internal vascularity. Fourteen consecutive masses with an indeterminate solid or cystic appearance on conventional sonograms were evaluated with color Doppler sonography for the presence of blood flow within the boundaries of the mass. Color Doppler sonography demonstrated the presence of some blood flow in all 12 solid malignant tumors, whereas no flow was visualized in the two fluid collections. By demonstrating the presence of internal blood flow in solid tumors, color Doppler sonography can rapidly confirm the solid nature of markedly hypoechoic malignant tumors that mimic fluid collections on conventional sonograms.     

彩色多普勒超声对先天性子宫动静脉瘘的诊断

目的和方法：本文应用彩色多普勒超声对１７例先天性子宫动静脉瘘患者子宫的形态和血流动力学进行了探查，并分别与５２例恶性滋养叶细胞瘤患者和３４名正常人进行对比分析。结果和结论：表明先天性子宫动静脉瘘在二维声像图和彩色多普勒血流图上均具有特征性表现，并可明确显示其病灶的范围和程度，其子宫动脉和病灶区血管ＰＩ值分别小于１．５和０．８，与正常人及患者栓塞治疗后均有显著性差异；先天性子宫动静脉瘘和恶性滋养叶细胞瘤在血流动力学上无明显差异，虽在形态学上具有一定的区别，必须结合临床及实验室检查加以鉴别。总之彩色多普勒超声是诊断先天性子宫动静脉瘘的可靠方法。     

Intrahepatic venous and portal venous aneurysms examined by color Doppler flow imaging.

Thirteen cases with liver cystic lesions, which were suspected to communicate with intrahepatic vessels on the basis of ordinary sonography, were examined by color Doppler flow imaging. By this method, blood flow within the cystic lesion was detected in 5 of these cases, and the communication to the intrahepatic vessel confirmed. Information about the hemodynamics of aneurysms was obtained. Two of these lesions were diagnosed as an aneurysmal porta-hepatic venous fistula, another 2 as a portal venous aneurysm, and the remaining 1 as a hepatic venous aneurysm.