Trends in ischaemic heart disease in the Hunter Region of New South Wales 1985-1989

OBJECTIVE: To find out whether trends in rates of non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) parallel trends in rates of coronary death. DESIGN: A population-based observational study involving continuous surveillance of all suspected heart attacks or coronary deaths from 1985 to 1989. STUDY POPULATION: Residents of the Hunter Region of New South Wales aged under 70 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of non-fatal definite or possible MI or fatal MI or coronary death, as defined by the diagnostic criteria of the WHO MONICA Project. RESULTS: For men, mortality rates declined by an average of 16.2 per 100,000 per year (95% confidence interval [CI]: -23.8, -8.7); rates of non-fatal definite MI declined by 16.2 per 100,000 (95% CI: -27.8, -4.6); rates of non-fatal possible MI increased initially and then stabilised. For women smaller changes occurred in the same directions. CONCLUSION: In this population trends in rates for non-fatal definite MI paralleled the declines in mortality rates. Rates for less severe non-fatal possible MI did not follow this pattern, perhaps reflecting increased medical attention to chest pain.     

Fatal ischaemic heart disease in Belfast: a comparison of two community surveys

Data from two community surveys in Belfast were used to compare all deaths attributed to ischaemic heart disease during two one-year periods (1965/66 and 1981/82). There was an increase in mortality in men of all ages from 3.3 to 4.4 per 1,000 population (33%) and in women from 1.6 to 3.1 per 1,000 population (94%). Only in men aged less than 70 years was the mortality rate unchanged (2.2 per 1,000 population). The proportion of deaths in persons whose fatal attack began outside the hospital was virtually unchanged (65% in 1965/66 compared with 69% in 1981/82). Survival time was markedly decreased in the later survey, as were delay times in initiating medical care. The increase in mortality probably is due to an increase in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. The introduction of mobile coronary care in Belfast in 1965 seems to have had equal effects in reducing mortality inside and outside hospital.     

Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT)

The 356,222 men aged 35 to 57 years, who were free of a history of hospitalization for myocardial infarction, screened by the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) in its recruitment effort, constitute the largest cohort with standardized serum cholesterol measurements and long-term mortality follow-up. For each five-year age group, the relationship between serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD) death rate was continuous, graded, and strong. For the entire group aged 35 to 57 years at entry, the age-adjusted risks of CHD death in cholesterol quintiles 2 through 5 (182 to 202, 203 to 220, 221 to 244, and greater than or equal to 245 mg/dL [4.71 to 5.22, 5.25 to 5.69, 5.72 to 6.31, and greater than or equal to 6.34 mmol/L]) relative to the lowest quintile were 1.29, 1.73, 2.21, and 3.42. Of all CHD deaths, 46% were estimated to be excess deaths attributable to serum cholesterol levels 180 mg/dL or greater (greater than or equal to 4.65 mmol/L), with almost half the excess deaths in serum cholesterol quintiles 2 through 4. The pattern of a continuous, graded, strong relationship between serum cholesterol and six-year age-adjusted CHD death rate prevailed for nonhypertensive nonsmokers, nonhypertensive smokers, hypertensive nonsmokers, and hypertensive smokers. These data of high precision show that the relationship between serum cholesterol and CHD is not a threshold one, with increased risk confined to the two highest quintiles, but rather is a continuously graded one that powerfully affects risk for the great majority of middle-aged American men.     

A COMMUNITY STUDY OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CORONARY SUDDEN DEATH

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sud- den coronary death (SCD) were studied in a Bei- jing western suburban community from 1974- 1980, having an annual average population of 70,688 with equal sex distribution. The average annual AMI incidence is 27.9 per 100 000 popula- tion with a higher rate in males (36*7) than in females (19.0). A tendency towards increased incidence in later years is noted. The average annual mortality rates for AMI and SCD are 6.9 and 7.1 per 100,000. 9 0f the 34 AMI deaths and 32 0f the 35 sudden deaths occurred outside hos- pitaLs. About two thirds of the patients died suddenly before even reaching either a health station or local outpatients clinic. The data further supports the importance of primary prevention of coronary heart diseaes and better prehospital care of those with acute coronary attacks.     

Proportionate mortality trends: 1950 through 1986

Mortality trends in the United States from 1950 through 1986 were analyzed for the conditions that are or have recently been among the six leading causes of death. The age-adjusted mortality rate for all causes has decreased from 841.5 to 541.7 per 100,000 population. Cause-specific, age-adjusted mortality rates have declined from 1950 through 1986 for cerebrovascular disease, injuries, perinatal conditions, heart disease, and influenza and pneumonia. Time trends in the proportion of persons dying of each of these diseases, however, have varied; the proportion dying of cerebrovascular disease, injuries, and perinatal conditions has decreased, and the proportion of persons dying of heart disease and influenza and pneumonia has remained fairly stable from 1950 through 1986. During this same time, age-adjusted death rates have increased for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and have remained fairly stable for malignant neoplasms, while the proportions of persons dying of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and malignant neoplasms have increased dramatically. For people aged 35 to 64 years, malignant neoplasms have now overtaken heart disease as the leading cause of death. For those aged 65 years and older, heart disease remains the leading cause of death, accounting for almost 50% of all deaths in persons 85 years and older.     

Heart attacks and the Newcastle earthquake.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that stress generated by the Newcastle earthquake led to increased risk of heart attack and coronary death. DESIGN: A natural experiment. SUBJECTS: People living in the Newcastle and Lake Macquarie local government areas of New South Wales, Australia. INTERVENTION: At 10.27 a.m. on 28 December 1989 Newcastle was struck by an earthquake measuring 5.6 on the Richter scale. OUTCOME MEASURES: Myocardial infarction and coronary death defined by the criteria of the WHO MONICA Project and hospital admissions for coronary disease before and after the earthquake and in corresponding periods in previous years. Well established, concurrent data collection systems were used. RESULTS: There were six fatal myocardial infarctions and coronary deaths among people aged under 70 years after the earthquake in the period 28-31 December 1989. Compared with the average number of deaths at this time of year this was unusually high (P = 0.016). Relative risks for this four-day period were: fatal myocardial infarction and coronary death, 1.67 (95% confidence interval [Cl]: 0.72, 3.17); non-fatal definite myocardial infarction, 1.05 (95% Cl: 0.05, 2.22); non-fatal possible myocardial infarction, 1.34 (95% Cl: 0.67, 1.91); hospital admissions for myocardial infarction or other ischaemic heart disease, 1.27 (95% Cl: 0.83, 1.66). There was no evidence of increased risk during the following four months. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of increased risk of death was slightly less than that previously reported after earthquakes in Greece. The data provide weak evidence that acute emotional and physical stress may trigger myocardial infarction and coronary death.     

Comparing risk-prediction methods using administrative or clinical data in assessing excess in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES: To compare results of statistical process-control analyses of in-hospital deaths of patients with acute myocardial infarction by using either administrative or clinical data sources and prediction models, and to assess variation in results according to selected patient characteristics. DESIGN: Retrospective, cross-sectional study comparing variable life-adjusted display (VLAD) curves derived by using administrative or clinical prediction models applied to a single patient sample. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Data from 467 consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Queensland, between 1 July 2003 and 31 March 2006, with a coded discharge diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Statistical estimates of cumulative lives gained or lost in excess of those predicted at the end of the study period. RESULTS: The two prediction models, when applied to all patients, generated almost identical VLAD curves, showing a steadily increasing excess mortality over the study period, culminating in an estimated 11 excess deaths. Risk estimates for individual patients from each model were significantly correlated (r = 0.46, P < 0.001). After exclusion of misclassified cases, out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and deaths within 30 minutes of presentation, replotting the curves reversed the mortality trend and yielded, depending on the model, a net gain of three or seven lives. After further exclusion of transfers in from other hospitals and patients whose care had a palliative or conservative intent, the net gain increased to seven or 10 lives. CONCLUSION: Appropriate patient selection is more important than choice of dataset or risk-prediction model when statistical process-control methods are used to flag unfavourable mortality trends suggestive of suboptimal hospital care.     

Differences between women and men in survival after myocardial infarction. Biology or methodology?

To examine the impact of gender on survival after myocardial infarction, we performed a retrospective cohort study of 332 women and 790 men. Women who had a myocardial infarction were older and more often had hypertension, diabetes, previous heart failure, and impaired left ventricular function on admission. Cumulative 3-year mortality and in-hospital mortality rates were significantly higher in women than men, but mortality among hospital survivors was similar. After multivariate adjustment for baseline differences, mortality rates were not significantly different between women and men for in-hospital deaths, and mortality at 3 years among hospital survivors tended to be lower among women. We conclude that higher observed mortality rates following a myocardial infarction in women are related to differences in known risk factors for subsequent mortality and that gender should not be considered an independent risk factor for mortality after myocardial infarction.     

Body weight and risk of myocardial infarction and death in the adult population of eastern Finland

Body mass index (weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2] and its association with the risk of myocardial infarction and death from all causes were studied prospectively in a randomly selected population sample in eastern Finland aged 30-59 at outset in 1972. The study population consisted of 3786 men and 4120 women. The participation rate in the survey in 1972 was over 90%. All deaths and admissions to hospital in the sample were obtained from the National Death Certificate and Hospital Discharge Registers. During the seven years of follow up until 1978, 170 men and 52 women had acute myocardial infarction, and during the nine years up to 1980, 223 men and 92 women died. Independent of age, men with a body mass index of 28.5 or more had a significantly higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction. This effect was also independent of smoking but not independent of biological coronary risk factors--that is, serum cholesterol concentration and blood pressure. In the analysis stratified for smoking in men the body mass index total mortality curve was J shaped among non-smokers, whereas smoking entirely outweighed body mass index as a predictor of death. Body mass index did not contribute significantly to the risk of either acute myocardial infarction or death in women. It is concluded that a body mass index of around 29.0-31.0 or more is not only a marker for coronary risk factors but is also a predictor of acute myocardial infarction in men.     

不同部位急性心肌梗死近期预后的临床研究

目的探讨不同部位急性心肌梗死患者的近期预后。方法236例首发急性心肌梗死患者,根据梗死部位分为A组(前壁心肌梗死组)120例,B组(下壁心肌梗死组)116例。比较两组间住院病死率、死亡原因及存活患者出院时左心室射血分数(LVEF)。结果A组患者住院病死率显著高于B组患者(P<0.05)。A组患者因心力衰竭或心源性休克而死亡的比例显著高于B组(P<0.05)。存活患者出院时B组左心室射血分数(LVEF)明显优于A组(P<0.05)。结论前壁急性心肌梗死患者的近期预后较下壁急性心肌梗死患者差,原因可能与前壁心肌梗死患者血管狭窄程度较重及梗死面积较大有关。     

Apparent protective effect of high density lipoprotein against coronary heart disease in the elderly

Background This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary heart disease (CHD) death and to explore the protective effect of HDL against CHD in the elderly Chinese.Methods Started from 1986, 1211 retirees (92% males) were enrolled consecutively and studied prospectively. The average starting age was 70±9 years, and that at the end of the study was 80±9 years. During the follow-up study, all the participants received yearly physical examination and blood chemistry survey from 1986-2000. The average duration of the follow up study was 11.2 years. The end point of this study was either attacks of AMI or death due to CHD and other causes. CHD risk factors were screened by logistic regression analysis. According to their HDL-C levels, cases were divided into low (&lt;1.03 mmol/L), medium (or normal, 1.03-1.56 mmol/L) and high (&gt;1.56 mmol/L) level groups, the differences in incidence of AMI and CHD death in each group were analyzed.Results The cumulative attacks of acute coronary syndrome (mostly AMI) were 214 cases, including 89 cases of coronary death and 308 death caused by other diseases during the follow up study. AMI occurrence and CHD death in normal HDL-C group were lower than those in the low HDL-C group by 40% and 53%; and those in the high HDL-C group were lower than in the normal group by 56% and 50%, respectively. Statistical analysis on normal lipid cases （411 cases, total cholesterol&lt;5.17mmol/L, triglyceride&lt;1.69 mmol/L） revealed that the cases at low HDL-C level had similar rates of AMI events and CHD mortality as those of the entire group (including hyperlipidemia); however, AMI attacks and CHD deaths decreased significantly at the normal and high HDL-C levels. The results demonstrated that the protective effect of HDL against coronary artery disease is more prominent in people with low lipid level.Conclusion Low HDL is an important independent risk factor for AMI attacks and CHD death in the elderly; high HDL has significant protective effect against coronary artery disease.     

Low risk-factor profile and long-term cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and life expectancy: findings for 5 large cohorts of young adult and middle-aged men and women

CONTEXT: Three major coronary risk factors-serum cholesterol level, blood pressure, and smoking-increase incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and related end points. In previous investigations, risks for low-risk reference groups were estimated statistically because samples contained too few such people to measure risk. OBJECTIVE: To measure long-term mortality rates for individuals with favorable levels for all 3 major risk factors, compared with others. DESIGN: Two prospective studies, involving 5 cohorts based on age and sex, that enrolled persons with a range of risk factors. Low risk was defined as serum cholesterol level less than 5.17 mmol/L (<200 mg/dL), blood pressure less than orequal to 120/80 mm Hg, and no current cigarette smoking. All persons with a history of diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI), or, in 3 of 5 cohorts, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, were excluded. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: In 18 US cities, a total of 72144 men aged 35 through 39 years and 270671 men aged 40 through 57 years screened (1973-1975) for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT); in Chicago, a total of 10025 men aged 18 through 39 years, 7490 men aged 40 through 59 years, and 6229 women aged 40 through 59 years screened (1967-1973) for the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA) (N = 366559). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause-specific mortality during 16 (MRFIT) and 22 (CHA) years, relative risks (RRs) of death, and estimated greater life expectancy, comparing low-risk subcohorts vs others by age strata. RESULTS: Low-risk persons comprised only 4.8% to 9.9% of the cohorts. All 5 low-risk groups experienced significantly and markedly lower CHD and cardiovascular disease death rates than those who had elevated cholesterol level, or blood pressure, or smoked. For example, age-adjusted RRs of CHD mortality ranged from 0.08 for CHA men aged 18 to 39 years to 0.23 for CHA men aged 40 through 59 years. The age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for all cardiovascular disease mortality ranged from 0.15 for MRFIT men aged 35 through 39 years to 0.28 for CHA men aged 40 through 59 years. The age-adjusted RR for all-cause mortality rate ranged from 0.42 for CHA men aged 40 through 59 years to 0.60 for CHA women aged 40 through 59 years. Estimated greater life expectancy for low-risk groups ranged from 5.8 years for CHA women aged 40 through 59 years to 9.5 years for CHA men aged 18 through 39 years. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these very large cohort studies, for individuals with favorable levels of cholesterol and blood pressure who do not smoke and do not have diabetes, MI, or ECG abnormalities, long-term mortality is much lower and longevity is much greater. A substantial increase in the proportion of the population at lifetime low risk could contribute decisively to ending the CHD epidemic.     

急性下壁心肌梗死aVR导联ST段压低的意义

目的探讨下壁急性心肌梗死aVR导联ST段压低的意义。方法将81例有Q波急性下壁心肌梗死病人根据aVR导联ST段有无压低（以压低≥0.01 mV为准）分为ST段压低组（A组）35例和ST段无压低组（B组）46例。两组均行冠状动脉造影,比较两组病例的心功能不全,恶性室性心律失常,住院病死率,梗死相关血管狭窄程度及病变血管支数。结果两组比较,A组有较高的心功能不全,恶性室性心律失常发生率及较高的住院病死率,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。A组多支血管病变例数较多,梗塞相关血管狭窄程度较重,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论aVR导联ST段压低的急性下壁心肌梗死患者较无aVR导联ST段压低的急性下壁心肌梗死患者近期预后较差。与梗死相关血管狭窄程度严重,梗死面积较大及病变血管支数较多有关。     

Additional data favoring use of anticoagulant therapy in myocardial infarction. A population-based study.

A community-wide study was conducted in metropolitan Baltimore in which the survival of 1,307 patients with acute myocardial infarction was examined according to use of anticoagulants. The adjusted in-hospital case-fatality rate was lower for patients receiving anticoagulants (18%) than for those not receiving this therapy (31%). This difference persisted in each period examined in the study (1966 and 1967 or 1971) and was found in 17 of 20 participating hospitals. For hospital survivors followed up for as long as ten years, a better survival was again found for those treated with anticoagulants in the acute phase compared with those not treated.     

老老年急性心肌梗死患者介入治疗的疗效及近期安全性评价

目的评价老老年(≥80岁)急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者行急诊与择期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)的有效性和近期安全性。方法将120例老老年冠心病患者分为急性心肌梗死组(AMI组)和非心肌梗死组(对照组),其中AMI组发病12h内行直接PCI的患者为AMI急诊组,其他AMI患者(AMI择期组)和对照组患者均行择期PCI,两组合称为非急诊组,对各组的临床资料及冠脉介入特点进行回顾性分析。结果 AMI急诊组PCI即刻成功率(72.2%)低于非急诊组(92.2%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.036)。AMI急诊组并发症比非急诊组和AMI择期组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,P=0.039),AMI组并发症及主要不良心脏事件发生率、院内死亡率均比对照组高(P<0.05)。结论在老老年AMI患者中,急诊与择期PCI手术成功率均较高,虽然急诊PCI术发生并发症的风险较高,但两者在院内死亡率和主要不良心脏事件发生率方面差异无统计学意义。     

抗心磷脂抗体与急性心肌梗死的相关性研究

目的：了解抗心磷脂抗体（ACA）与急性心肌梗死的相关性。方法：用ELISA法对56例健康人和106例缺血性心脏病患者的ACA水平进行检测。结果：ACA阳性百分率对照组为1.8%，冠心病组为42.0%,急性心梗组为83.9%；21例ACA阳性的冠心病患者有6例分别于6～24个月发生急性心肌梗死，ACA阴性的29例患者无急性心梗病例发生；在56例急性心梗患者中，年龄在30-42岁的8例患者ACA全部为阳性。结论：部分缺血性心脏病的发病可能与ACA阳性有关，尤以急性心梗相关性明显，对冠心病是否发生急性心梗，ACA可能有预测价值。     

Relationship of baseline serum cholesterol levels in 3 large cohorts of younger men to long-term coronary, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality and to longevity

CONTEXT: Based on observational and interventional data for middle-aged cohorts (aged 40-64 years), serum cholesterol level is known to be an established major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, findings for younger people are limited, and the value of detecting and treating hypercholesterolemia in younger adults is debated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term impact of unfavorable serum cholesterol levels on risk of death from CHD, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all causes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Three prospective studies, from which were selected 3 cohorts of younger men with baseline serum cholesterol level measurements and no history of diabetes mellitus or myocardial infarction. A total of 11,017 men aged 18 through 39 years screened in 1967-1973 for the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA); 1266 men aged 25 through 39 years examined in 1959-1963 in the Peoples Gas Company Study (PG); and 69,205 men aged 35 through 39 years screened in 1973-1975 for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause-specific mortality during 25 (CHA), 34 (PG), and 16 (MRFIT) years of follow-up; mortality risks; and estimated life expectancy in relation to baseline serum cholesterol levels. RESULTS: Death due to CHD accounted for 26%, 34%, and 28% of all deaths in the CHA, PG, and MRFIT cohorts, respectively; and CVD death for 34%, 42%, and 39% of deaths in the same cohorts, respectively. Men in all 3 cohorts with unfavorable serum cholesterol levels (200-239 mg/dL [5.17-6.18 mmol/L] and >/=240 mg/dL [>/=6.21 mmol/L]) had strong gradients of relative mortality risk. For men with serum cholesterol levels of 240 mg/dL or greater (>/=6.21 mmol/L) vs favorable levels (<200 mg/dL [<5.17 mmol/L]), CHD mortality risk was 2.15 to 3.63 times greater; CVD disease mortality risk was 2.10 to 2.87 times greater; and all-cause mortality was 1.31 to 1.49 times greater. Hypercholesterolemic men had age-adjusted absolute risk of CHD death of 59 per 1000 men in 25 years (CHA cohort), 90 per 1000 men in 34 years (PG cohort), and 15 per 1000 men in 16 years (MRFIT cohort). Absolute excess risk was 43.6 per 1000 men (CHA), 81.4 per 1000 men (PG), and 12.1 per 1000 men (MRFIT). Men with favorable baseline serum cholesterol levels had an estimated greater life expectancy of 3.8 to 8.7 years. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a continuous, graded relationship of serum cholesterol level to long-term risk of CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality, substantial absolute risk and absolute excess risk of CHD and CVD death for younger men with elevated serum cholesterol levels, and longer estimated life expectancy for younger men with favorable serum cholesterol levels. JAMA. 2000;284:311-318     

血尿酸、胆红素、脂蛋白a与冠心病之间的关系探讨

目的探讨血清尿酸、血清胆红素、血清脂蛋白a与冠心病之间的关系。方法将175例行冠状动脉造影的患者,按造影结果分为冠心病组和对照组。在冠心病组中,根据病变累及冠脉数又分为单支病变组（A组）、双支病变组（B组）、三支病变组（C组）。冠心病组又分急性冠脉综合症组和陈旧性心梗组。结果冠心病组血清尿酸、血清脂蛋白a显著高于对照组。陈旧性心梗组,冠脉严重程度与其无关。胆红素在各组间无显著差异。结论高尿酸、高脂蛋白（a）血症是冠心病的危险因素。     

急性重症冠心病应用急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗的临床体会

目的：针对南昌大学第三附属医院2003年7月～2013年12月的16例急性重症冠心病患者进行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术（ECABG）治疗的临床体会。方法16例急性重症冠心病患者中16例患者均在术前常规放置IABP,均在体外循环下进行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗。结果急性心梗10例,其中伴心源性休克5例,PCI失败5例;顽固性心绞痛3例;陈旧性心梗合并室壁瘤2例;陈旧性心梗合并二尖瓣关闭不全1例。16例患者在急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗早期死亡2例,术后低心排4例,肺部感染3例,切口愈合不良1例,14例患者均痊愈出院。结论在对急性重症冠心病患者采取急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗时,要提高急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗成功率,应充分重视急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术术前患者合并症处理、术中要强化患者心肌保护,并选择适合患者的血管移植材料及术后心功能维护,这样才能提高急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗的临床效果。