Potassium channels in the basolateral membrane of the rectal gland ofSqualus acanthias

The present study examines the influences of pH and Ca²⁺ and several putative inhibitors on the basolateral K⁺ channel of the rectal gland ofSqualus acanthias. Excised membrane patches were examined using the patch clamp technique. It is shown that reduction of the calcium activity on the cytosolic side to less than 10^–9 mol/l has no detectable inhibitory effect on this channel. Conversely, increase in calcium activity to some 10^–3 mol/l reduced the activity of this channel. Variations in cytosolic pH had only a moderate effect on the current amplitude: alkalosis by one pH unit increased and acidosis reduced the single current amplitude by some 15%. Several inhibitors were tested in excised patches when added to the cytosolic side. Ba²⁺ (5·10^–3 mol/l), quinine (10^–3 mol/l), quinidine (10^–4 mol/l), lidocaine (1 mmol/l), tetraethylammonium (10 mmol/l), Cs⁺ (10 mmol/l), and Rb⁺ (20 mmol/l) all blocked this K⁺ channel reversibly. We conclude that the basolateral K⁺ channel of the rectal gland is distinct from other epithelial K⁺ channels inasmuch as it is not stimulated by Ca²⁺ directly, but that it is qualitatively similar to many other known K⁺ channels with respect to its sensitivity towards blockers.This study was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Gr 480/8 and by NSF and NIH grants to the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory     

Mechanism of NaCl secretion in the rectal gland of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

Rectal gland tubules (RGT) of spiny dogfish were dissected and perfused in vitro. Transepithelial PD (PD_te), resistance (R_te), the PD across the basolateral membrane (PD_bl) and intracellular chloride and potassium activities (a _Cl– ^cell ,a _K+ ^cell ) were measured. In a first series, 67 RGT segments were perfused with symmetric shark Ringers solution. The bath perfusate contained in addition db-cAMP 10^–4, forskolin 10^–6, and adenosine 10^–4 mol · l^–1. PD_te was –11±1 (n=67) mV lumen negative, R_te 27±2 (n=47) cm². PD_bl –75±0.4 (n=260) mV.a _K+ ^cell anda _Cl– ^cell were 109±22 (n=4) and 38±4 (n=36) mmol · l^–1 respectively. These data indicate that Cl^– secretion across the RGT must be an uphill transport process, whereas secretion of Na⁺ could be driven by the lumen negative PD_te. Intracellular K⁺ is 14 mV above equilibrium with respect to the basolateral membrane PD and Cl^– is 23 mV above equilibrium across the apical membrane. In series 2, the conductivity properties of the apical and basolateral membrane as well as that of the paracellular pathway were examined in concentration step experiments. Decrease of the basolateral K⁺ concentration led to a rapid hyperpolarization of PD_bt with a mean slope of 19 mV per decade of K⁺ concentration change. Addition of 0.5 mmol · l^–1 Ba²⁺ to the bath solution lead to a marked depolarization and abolished the response to K⁺ concentration steps. In the lumen a Cl^– concentration downward step led to a depolarization of the lumen membrane; resulting in a mean slope of 18 mV per decade of Cl^– concentration change. When dilution potentials were generated across the epithelium, the polarity indicated that the paracellular pathway is cation selective. In series 3 the equivalent short circuit current (I_sc=PD_te/R_te) was determined as a function of symmetrical changes in Na⁺ concentration, with Cl^– held at 276 mmol · l^–1, and as a function of symmetrical changes in Cl^– concentration, with Na⁺ held at 278 mmol · l^–1 I_sc was a saturable function of Na⁺ concentration (Hill coefficient 0.9±0.1,K _1/2 4.4 mmol · l^–1,n=7) and also a saturable function of Cl^– concentration (Hill coefficient 2.0±0.1,K _1/2 75 mmol · l^–1,n=11). These data are compatible with the assumption that the carrier responsible for NaCl uptake has a 1 Na⁺ per 2 Cl^– stoichiometry. In series 4, the effect of a K⁺ concentration downward step on PD_bl anda _Cl– ^cell transients was followed with high time resolution in the presence and absence of basolateral furosemide (5 · 10^–5 to 10^–4 mol · l^–1) in an attempt to examine whether K⁺ reduction on the bath side inhibits Na⁺Cl^– uptake by the carrier system as does e.g. furosemide. The data indicate that removal of K⁺ from the bath side exerts an effect comparable to that of furosemide, i.e. it inhibits the carrier. We conclude that NaCl secretion in the RGT cell comprises at the least the following components: In the basolateral membrane, the (Na⁺+K⁺)-ATPase, probably the Na⁺ 2 Cl^–K⁺ carrier, and a K⁺ conductance. In the apical membrane a Cl^– conductance; and a Na⁺ conductive paracellular pathway.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG-Gr 480/8-1. Parts of this study have been presented at the 3rd International Symposium on Ion Selective Electrodes, Burg Rabenstein 1983, 16th Annual Meeting American Society of Nephrology, Washington DC 1983, 49th Tagung der Deutschen Physiologischen Gesellschaft, Dortmund 1984. A summary of the present study was published in Bulletin Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory (Vol. 83)     

Chloride channels in the luminal membrane of the rectal gland of the dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

The rectal gland of the dogfish (Squalus acanthias) secretes chloride via a chloride channel present in the apical cell membrane. Using the patch clamp technique in isolated perfused rectal gland tubules [7], two types of chloride channels are demonstrable in the apical membrane of cyclic AMP treated tubule segments. A small channel of about 11 pS and another channel of 40–50 pS are present. The small channel is described in the succeeding report. With NaCl on both sides (excised patches) the current amplitude of the larger channel is an almost linear function of the voltage (±50 mV). However, the open probability of this channel is grossly reduced at negative clamp potentials (corresponding to cell hyperpolarization). Therefore, the macroscopic Cl^– current through this channel is reduced with hyperpolarization on the cytosolic side. An analysis of time constants of this channel reveals that at depolarized voltages two open and two closed time constants of about 1 ms and of about 10 ms, respectively, are demonstrable. With hyperpolarized voltages the larger open state time constant is reduced significantly. This type of chloride channel is blocked reversibly by diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (10^–4 mol/l) and by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (10^–5 mol/l). The channel is selective for Cl^– over Na^– and K^– as well as over Br^–. It is, however, permeable for NO ₃ ^- . Since this channel is very rare or absent in nonstimulated rectal gland tubules, it is very likely that this type of channel is responsible for hormone and cAMP dependent chloride secretion in this organ.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Gr 480 and by NSF and NIH grants to the MDIBL     

Mechanism of NaCl secretion in rectal gland tubules of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

Segments of rectal gland tubules (RGT) the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) were perfused in vitro to study the cellular mechanism by which NaCl secretion is stimulated. Transepithelial PD (PD_te), transepithelial resistance (R_te), the PD across the basolateral membrane (PD_bl), the fractional resistance of the lumen membrane (FR₁), and the cellular activities for Cl^–, Na⁺, and K⁺ (a _x ^cell ) were measured. In series 1 the effects of stimulation (S) (dbcAMP 10^–4, adenosine 10^–4, and forskolin 10^–6 mol · l^–1) on these parameters were recorded and compared to nonstimulated state (NS). PD_te increased from –1.9±0.2 mV to –11.0±0.9 mV (n=51). PD_bI depolarized from –86±1 to –74±1.4 mV (n=52). R_te fell from 29±2.8 to 21±2 cm² (n=23), and FR₁ fell from 0.96±0.005 to 0.79±0.04 (n=9).a _K+ ^cell was constant (123±13 versus 128±17 mmol · 1^–1) (n=6), buta _Cl– ^cell -fell significantly from 48±4 to 41±3 mmol · l^–1 (n=7).a _Na+ ^cell increased from 11±2.1 to 29.5±6.6 mmol · l^–1 (n=4). In series 2 the conductivity properties were examined by rapid K⁺, and Cl^– concentration steps on the basolateral and luminal cell side respectively in NS and S states. In NS-segments reduction of bath K⁺ led to a hyperpolarization of PD_bI with a mean slope of 28±1.3 mV/decade (n=9) (as compared to 19 mV/decade for S-state). Reduction of lumen Cl^– led to very little depolarization of the lumen membrane PD in NS-state: 6.5±2.3 mV/decade (n=4) (as compared to 13 mV/decade for S-state). In series 3 the effects of furosemide (7 · 10^–5 mol l^–1, bath) were examined in NS and S tubules. In NS RGT segments furosemide had no effect on PD_bI or PD_te;a _Cl– ^cell fell slowly after furosemide with an initial rate of 0.33 mmol · l^–1 s^–1, as compared to 1.5 mmol · l^–1 · s^–1 for S-state. The increase ina _Cl– ^cell after removal of furosemide from NS to S-states was examined in the presence of furosemide. Despite the presence of furosemide stimulation was accompanied by a fall in R_te, FR₁, anda _Cl– ^cell . From these data we conclude that (a) stimulation by cyclic AMP increases the Cl^–-conductance of the apical cell membrane at least by a factor of 10, that (b) in the NS-state the Na⁺2Cl^–K⁺ carrier can be triggered to work at rates similar to the S state by loweringa _Cl– ^cell , and that (c) the increase in apical Cl^–-conductance is the primary event in cyclic AMP mediated stimulation of NaCl secretion.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Gr 480/8-1, and by NIH Grant AM 34208     

Maxi K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of the exocrine frog skin gland regulated by intracellular calcium and pH

With the single-channel patch-clamp technique we have identified Ca²⁺-sensitive, high-conductance (maxi) K⁺ channels in the basolateral membrane (BLM) of exocrine gland cells in frog skin. Under resting conditions, maxi K⁺ channels were normally quiescent, but they were activated by muscarinic agonists or by high serosal K⁺. In excised inside-out patches and with symmetrical 140 mmol/l K⁺, single-channel conductance was 200 pS and the channel exhibited a high selectivity for K⁺ over Na⁺. Depolarization of the BLM increased maxi K⁺ channel activity. Increasing cytosolic free Ca²⁺ (by addition of 100 nmol/l thapsigargin to the bathing solution of cell-attached patches also increased channel activity, whereas thapsigargin had no effect when added to excised inside-out patches. An increase in cytosolic free Ca²⁺ directly activated channel activity in a voltage-dependent manner. Maxi K⁺ channel activity was sensitive to changes in intracellular pH, with maximal activity at pH 7.4 and decreasing activities following acidification and alkalinization. Maxi K⁺ channel outward current was reversibly blocked by micromolar concentrations of Ba²⁺ from the cytosolic and extracellular site, and was irreversibly blocked by micromolar concentrations of charybdotoxin and kaliotoxin from the extracellular site in outside-out patches.     

The “small” conductance chloride channel in the luminal membrane of the rectal gland of the dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

Besides the larger Cl^– channel with a single channel conductance of about 45 pS, a small channel was observed in the luminal membrane of the dogfish rectal gland [9]. In cell excised (inside out) patches with NaCl solution on both sides, the latter channel had a single channel conductance of 11±1 pS (n=21), and its current-voltage relationship was linear in the voltage range+90 to –90 mV. The open state probability increased moderately with negative clamp potentials. Ionic replacement studies revealed a high selectivity of Cl^– over gluconate, sulfate, and iodide, whereas bromide was permeable to some extent. Also the channel is impermeable for Na⁺. The Cl^– channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate did not affect this small conductance Cl^– channel. It can be concluded that the luminal membrane of stimulated rectal gland cells possesses two types of Cl^– channels, which differ markedly in their characteristics.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Gr 480/8 and by NSF and NIH grants to the MDIBL     

Anion and cation channels in the basolateral membrane of rabbit parietal cells

Ion channels in the basolateral membrane of rabbit parietal cells in isolated gastric glands were studied by the patch clamp technique. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings showed that the membrane potential (E _m ) changed systematically as a function of the chloride concentrations of the basolateral bathing solution ([Cl^–]₀), and of the pipette (intracellular) solution. The relationship betweenE _m and [Cl^–]₀ was not affected by additions of histamine, dibutyryl-cAMP, 4-acetoamido-4-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid and diphenylamine-2-carboxylate. The whole-cell Cl^– conductance was insensitive to voltage. In cell-attached and cell-free patch membranes, however, single Cl^– channel opening events could not be observed. The value ofE _m depended little on the basolateral K⁺ concentration, but inward-rectifier K⁺ currents were observed in the whole-cell configuration, activated by hyperpolarizing pulses and inhibited by extracellular Ba²⁺. In cell-attached and cell-free patches, openings of single inward-rectifier K⁺ channels and non-selective cation channels were infrequently recorded. Neither cAMP nor Ca²⁺ activated these cation channels. The single K⁺ channel conductance was about 230 pS under the symmetrical high K⁺ conditions and was inhibited by intracellular tetraethylammonium ions (TEA). The non-selective cation channel had a voltage-independent single conductance of 22 pS and was not inhibited by TEA.     

K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of rat cortical collecting duct

Impalement studies in isolated perfused cortical collecting ducts (CCD) of rats have shown that the basolateral membrane possesses a K⁺ conductive pathway. In the present study this pathway was investigated at the single-channel level using the patch-clamp technique. Patch-clamp recordings were obtained from enzymatically isolated CCD segments and freshly isolated CCD cells with the conventional cell-free, cell-attached and the cell-attached nystatin method. Two K⁺ channels were found which were highly active on the cell with a conductance of 67±5 pS (n=18) and 148±4 pS (n=21) with 145 mmol/l K⁺ in the pipette. In excised patches the first channel had a conductance of 28±2 pS (n=15), whereas the second one had a conductance of 85±1 pS (n=53) at 0 mV clamp voltage with 145 mmol/l K⁺ on one side and 3.6 mmol/l K⁺ on the other side of the membrane. So far it has not been possible to characterize the smaller channel further. Excised, and with symmetrical K⁺ concentrations of 145 mmol/l, the intermediate channel had a linear conductance of 198±19 pS (n=5). After excision in the inside-out configuration the open probability (P _o) of this channel was low (0.18±0.05, n=13) whereas in the outside-out configuration this channel had a threefold higher P _o (0.57±0.04, n=12). Several inhibitors were tested in excised membranes. Ba²⁺ (1 mmol/l), tetraethylammonium (TEA⁺, 10 mmol/l) and verapamil (0.1 mmol/l) all blocked this channel reversibly. Furthermore P _o was reversibly reduced by 10 nmol/l charybdotoxin (outside-out). This K⁺ channel of the basolateral membrane was regulated by cellular pH. P _o was reduced to 26±3% at pH 6.5 (n=6) and increased to 216±18% at pH 8.5 (n=7) compared to pH 7.4. Half-maximal inhibition was reached at pH 7.0. The channel had its highest P _o at a Ca²⁺ activity of less than 10^–8 mol/l (n=13). Increasing the Ca²⁺ activity to 1 mmol/l on the cytosolic side of the membrane resulted in a reduction of P _o to 13±3% (n=11). Half-maximal inhibition was reached at a Ca²⁺ activity of 10^–5 mol/l. The high activity of both K⁺ channels of the basolateral membrane on the cell indicates that they may serve for K⁺ recirculation across the basolateral membrane.     

Properties of single K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of rabbit proximal straight tubules

The basolateral membrane of rabbit straight proximal tubules, which were cannulated and perfused on one side, was investigated with the patch clamp technique. Properties of inward and outward directed single K⁺ channel currents were studied in cell-attached and insideout oriented cell-excised membrane patches. In cell-attached patches with NaCl Ringer solution both in pipette and bath, outward K⁺ currents could be detected after depolarization of the membrane patch by about 20–30 mV. The current-voltage (i/V) relationship could be fitted by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) current equation, with the assumption that these channels were mainly permeable for K⁺ ions. A permeability coefficientP _K of (0.17±0.04) · 10^–12 cm³/s was obtained, the single channel slope conductance at infinite positive potentialg(V ) was 50±12 pS and the single channel conductance at the membrane resting potentialg(V _bl) was 12±3 pS (n=4). In cell-excised patches, with NaCl in the pipette and KCl in the bath, the data could also be fitted to the GHK equation and yieldedP _K = (0.1 ±0.01) ·10^–12 cm³/s,g(V ) = 40 ± 4 pS andg(V _bl) = 7 ± 1 pS (n=8). In cell-attached patches with KCl in the pipette and NaCl in the bath, inward K⁺ channels occurred at clamp potentials 60 mV, whereas outward K⁺ channel current was detected at more positive voltages. The current-voltage curves showed slight inward rectification. The single channel conductance, obtained from the linear part of the i/V curve by linear regression, was 46±3 pS and the reversal potential was 59±6 mV (n=9). In cell-excised patches with KCl in the pipette and NaCl in the bath, inward directed K⁺ channel currents could again be described by the GHK equation. The single channel parameters were similar to those recorded for outward K⁺ currents (see above). In inside-out oriented cell-excised patches with NaCl in the pipette and KCl in the bath, reducing bath (i.e. cytosolic) Ca²⁺ concentration from 10^–6 mol/l to less than 10^–9 mol/l did not affect the open state probability of single channel currents. These results demonstrate that the observed channels are permeable for K⁺ ions in both directions and that these basolateral K⁺ channels in rabbit proximal straight tubule are not directly dependent on Ca²⁺ ions.     

Cl−-channels in the apical cell membrane of the rectal gland “induced” by cAMP

Isolated rectal gland tubules (n1000) of dogfish (Squalus Acanthias) were perfused in vitro. Individual channels in the apical and basolateral cell membrane were recorded with the patch clamp method. K⁺-channels were present in excised membrane patches of the basolateral membrane in stimulated (dbcAMP + forskolin + adenosine) and in nonstimulated state. Cl^–-channels were found only in patches of the apical cell membrane when the tubule was stimulated. Cell attached recordings and simultaneous transepithelial PD measurements were obtained while the segment was stimulated. It is shown that concomitant with the increase in lumen negative PD silent membrane patches of the apical cell membrane suddenly develop Cl^–-channel activity. It is concluded that stimulation of rectal gland tubules activates Cl^–-channels in the apical cell membrane.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Gr 480/8-2 Correspondence to first author at the above address     

Mechanism of NaCl secretion in rectal gland tubules of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

Rectal gland tubule (RGT) segments of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) were perfused in vitro. The effects of inhibitors of known mode of action on transepithelial PD (PDte resistance (Rte), the PD across the basolateral membrane (PDbl), the fractional resistance of this membrane (FRbl), and intracellular activities of NA+, Cl-, K+ (apha cell) were examined. Furosemide (5 x 10(-4) mol x 1(-1)) reduced PDte from -12 +/- 0.7 to -2.3 +/- 0.2 mV (n = 63), hyperpolarized PDbl from -71 +/- 1.3 to -79 +/- 0.9 mV (n = 59), FRbl decreased from 0.2 +/- 0.03 to 0.13 +/- 0.01 (n = 21), alpha cell cl- fell from 38 +/- 4 to 11 +/- 2 mmol x 1(-1) (n = 21), alpha cell Na+ fell from 37 +/- 4 to 17 +/- 2 mmol x 1(-1) (n = 12) and alpha cell K+ was constant [113 +/- 14 vs. 117 +/- 15 mmol x 1(-1) (n = 6)]. Furosemide exerted its effects within some 20-40s. Its action was completely reversible. Analysis of the time courses revealed that the furosemide induced initial fall in alpha cell cl- was approximately twice as rapid when compared to that of alpha cell Na+. Ba2+ 0.5 mmol x 1(-1) (bath) reduced PDte from -7.1 +/- 1.2 to -4.1 +/- 0.6 mV (n = 24), increased Rte from 18 +/- 2 to 22 +/- 2.5, omega cm2 (n = 14). PDbl depolarized from -75 +/- 2 to -48 +/- 2 mV (n = 42), FRbl increased from 0.2 +/- 0.02 to 0.34 +/- 0.04 (n = 14) and alpha cell K+ increased from 143 +/-28 to 188 +/- mmol x 1(-1) (n = 4). Ouabain (50 x 10(-6) mol x 1(-1), bath) reduced PDte from -12 +/-2 to -3 +/- 0.5 mV (n = 9), Rte increased from 18 +/- 3 to 21 +/- 3 omega cm2 (n = 5). PDbl depolarized from -67 +/- 4 to -26 + 3 mV (n = 14), FRbl increased from 0.23 +/- 0.04 to 0.45 +/- 0.05 (n = 6), alpha cell K+ fell only slightly from 135 +/- 15 to 112 +/- 30 mmol x 1(-1) (n = 4), but alpha cell cl- increased from 35 +/- 12 to 111 +/- 37 mmol x 1(-1) (n = 3). These effects of ouabain were slow when compared to those exerted by furosemide or Ba2+. The ouabain effects on PDte and PDbl were completely prevented if furosemide was applied first.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Single Ca2+-activated K+ channels in excised membrane patches of hamster oocytes

The properties of the Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channel in unfertilized hamster oocytes were investigated at the single-channel level using inside-out excised membrane patches. The results indicate a new type of Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channel which has the following characteristics: (1) single-channel conductance of 40–85 pS for outward currents in symmetrical K⁺ (150 mM) solutions, (2) inward currents of smaller conductance (10–50 pS) than outward currents, i.e. the channel is outwardly rectified in symmetrical K⁺ solutions, (3) channel activity dependent on the internal concentration of free Ca⁺ and the membrane potential, (4) modification of the channel activity by internal adenosine 5 diphosphate (0.1 mM) producing a high open probability regardless of membrane potential.     

Characterization of potassium channels in respiratory cells

Potassium channels present in the basolateral membrane of respiratory epithelial cells play an important role in the process of chloride secretion. Utilizing the patch clamp technique, we examined human cultured respiratory epithelial cells derived from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and normals individual (N) for the existence of and for the properties of K+ channels. We obtained qualitatively and quantitatively identical results for both preparations (CF and N). K+ channels were spontaneously present in cell attached patches. The channels showed burst appearance with rapid flickering within the bursts. When the pipette was filled with 145 mmol/l KCl, a mean conductance of 131 +/- 25 pS (n = 15) was read from the I/V-curve at a clamp voltage (Vc) of 0 mV. After excision, the conductance read from the I/V-curve at Vc = 0 mV was 212 +/- 11 pS (Pipette: 145 mmol/l KCl, bath: 145 mmol/l NaCl) (n = 61). With NaCl in the pipette and KCl in the bath, a similar conductance was obtained (g = 210 pS; n = 2). When both, pipette and bath contained KCl, the conductance was increased to 302 +/- 19 (n = 7). The channel was highly selective for potassium over sodium: PK + /PNa + greater than 40. The channel open probability was only slightly voltage dependent i.e. the open probability increased slightly with depolarisation. For most of the channels one open time constant (to = 6.3 +/- 1.6 ms; n = 22) and one closed time constant (tc = 1.8 +/- 0.3 ms; n = 21) was obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Regulation of inwardly rectifying K+ channels by intracellular pH in opossum kidney cells

The effects of intracellular pH on an inwardly rectifying K⁺ channel (K_in channel) in opossum kidney (OK) cells were examined using the patch-clamp technique. Experiments with inside-out patches were first carried out in Mg²⁺-and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-free conditions, where Mg²⁺-induced inactivation and ATP-induced reactivation of K_in channels were suppressed. When the bath (cytoplasmic side) pH was decreased from 7.3 to either 6.8 or 6.3, K_in channels were markedly inhibited. The effect of acid pH was not fully reversible. When the bath pH was increased from 7.3 to 7.8, 8.3 or 8.8, the channels were activated reversibly. The channel activity exhibited a sigmoidal pH dependence with a maximum sensitivity at pH 7.5. Inside-out experiments were also carried out with a solution containing 3 mM Mg-ATP and a similar pH sensitivity was observed. However, in contrast with the results obtained in the absence of Mg²⁺ and ATP, the effect of acid pH was fully reversible. Experiments with cell-attached patches demonstrated that changes in intracellular pH, which were induced by changing extracellular pH in the presence of an H⁺ ionophore, could influence the channel activity reversibly. It is concluded that the activity of K_in channels can be controlled by the intracellular pH under physiological conditions.     

Properties of single potassium channels in hypothalamic neurons

In this work the cell-attached and the excised membrane patch configurations have been used to determine properties of voltage-dependent K⁺ channels in cultured rat hypothalamic neurons. With inside-out patches and 140 mM K⁺ in the bath and 5 mM K⁺ in the pipette step depolarizations, in excess of 20 mV, elicited channel activity with at least two independent current levels. The larger current level was studied presently and current-voltage plots showed the conductance of the channel to be 48 pS; measurements of the changes in reversal potential with 140 mM or 5 mM K⁺ in the bathing solution indicated the channel to be selective for K⁺. The 48 pS channel was blocked when the bathing solution contained 140 mM Cs⁺. A concentration of 10 mM TEA applied to the outside of the patch in the outside-out configuration caused a loss of channel activity whereas 4-AP had no obvious effect on channel conductance or kinetics. Changes in the bath concentration of Ca²⁺ had no apparent effect to alter the frequency or duration of channel openings for inside-out patches. In some instances obvious changes in channel kinetics were observed during the course of an experiment; these included long periods where no channel opening events occurred and on a few other occasions progressive increases in mean open time. In cell-attached patch experiments with no TTX in the bathing medium to block sodium channels, action potentials could be recorded through capacitive coupling between the cell and the pipette. In such cases the heights of spontaneous K⁺ channel currents were very similar to those associated with channel openings during the repolarization phase of the spike. The properties of the K⁺ channel studied here are consistent with those associated with the delayed rectifier K⁺ conductance (I _K) and would serve to control electrical excitability in hypothalamic neurons.     

Single-channel properties and regulation of pinacidil/glibenclamide-sensitive K+ channels in follicular cells from Xenopus oocyte

Follicular oocytes from Xenopus laevis contain K⁺ channels that are activated by members of the recently recognized class of vasorelaxants that includes the pinacidil derivative P1060. These channels are blocked by antidiabetic sulphonylureas such as glibenclamide. Opening of the glibenclamide-sensitive K⁺ channels with P1060 promotes follicular oocyte maturation. Whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp configurations were used to monitor K⁺ channel activity in isolated follicular cells. In the presence of micromolar concentrations of intracellular Mg²⁺ ATP, P1060 activated a whole-cell K⁺ current that was blocked by glibenclamide. The P1060 response was depressed by millimolar concentrations of intracellular ATP and ATP[S]. Single-channel recordings identified two different types of K⁺ channel. These channels differed in their unitary conductances (19 pS and 150 pS), in their sensitivities to internal Ca²⁺, to charybdotoxin and to pinacidil and glibenclamide. Only the Ca²⁺-independent K⁺ channel (19 pS) was activated by the pinacidil derivative and blocked by glibenclamide. Opening of the 19-pS glibenclamide-sensitive K⁺ channel by P1060 critically required the presence of a low concentration of Mg²⁺ATP in the intracellular medium. The 19-pS K⁺ channel was opened by increasing intracellular cAMP. Similar effects were obtained by intracellular application of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A in the presence of micromolar concentrations of Mg²⁺ATP. Both acetylcholine and the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate blocked the 19-pS K⁺ channel after it was activated by P1060.This work was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM)     

Variations of membrane cholesterol alter the kinetics of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels and membrane fluidity in vascular smooth muscle cells

The patch-clamp technique and fluorescence polarization analysis were used to study the dependence of Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ channel kinetics and membrane fluidity on cholesterol (CHS) levels in the plasma membranes of cultured smooth muscle rabbit aortic cells. Mevinolin (MEV), a potent inhibitor of endogenous CHS biosynthesis was used to deplete the CHS content. Elevation of CHS concentration in the membrane was achieved using a CHS-enriching medium. Treatment of smooth muscle cells with MEV led to a nearly twofold increase in the rotational diffusion coefficient of DPH (D) and to about a ninefold elevation of probability of the channels being open (P _o). The addition of CHS to the cells membrane resulted in a nearly twofold decrease in D and about a twofold decrease in P _o. Elementary conductance of the channels did not change under these conditions. These data suggest that variations of the CHS content in the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells affect the kinetic properties of Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ channels presumably due to changes in plasma membrane fluidity. Our results give a possible explanation for the reported variability of Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ channels kinetics in different preparations.     

Electrophysiological study of transport systems in isolated perfused pancreatic ducts: properties of the basolateral membrane

In order to study the mechanism of pancreatic HCO ₃ ^– transport, a perfused preparation of isolated intra-and interlobular ducts (i.d. 20–40 m) of rat pancreas was developed. Responses of the epithelium to changes in the bath ionic concentration and to addition of transport inhibitors was monitored by electrophysiological techniques. In this report some properties of the basolateral membrane of pancreatic duct cells are described. The transepithelial potential difference (PD_te) in ducts bathed in HCO ₃ ^– -free and HCO ₃ ^– -containing solution was –0.8 and –2.6 mV, respectively. The equivalent short circuit current (I_sc) under similar conditions was 26 and 50 A·cm^–2. The specific transepithelial resistance (R_te) was 88 cm². In control solutions the PD across the basolateral membrane (PD_bl) was –63±1 mV (n=314). Ouabain (3 mmol/l) depolarized PD_bl by 4.8±1.1 mV (n=6) within less than 10 s. When the bath K⁺ concentration was increased from 5 to 20 mmol/l, PD_bl depolarized by 15.9±0.9 mV (n=50). The same K⁺ concentration step had no effect on PD_bl if the ducts were exposed to Ba²⁺, a K⁺ channel blocker. Application of Ba²⁺ (1 mmol/l) alone depolarized PD_bl by 26.4±1.4 mV (n=19), while another K⁺ channel blocker TEA⁺ (50 mmol/l) depolarized PD_bl only by 7.7±2.0 mV (n=9). Addition of amiloride (1 mmol/l) to the bath caused 3–4 mV depolarization of PD_bl. Furosemide (0.1 mmol/l) and SITS (0.1 mmol/l) had no effect on PD_bl. An increase in the bath HCO ₃ ^– concentration from 0 to 25 mmol/l produced fast and sustained depolarization of PD_bl by 8.5±1.0 mV (n=149). It was investigated whether the effect of HCO ₃ ^– was due to a Na⁺⁺-dependent transport mechanism on the basolateral membrane, where the ion complex transferred into the cell would be positively charged, or whether it was due to decreased K⁺ conductance caused by lowered intracellular pH. Experiments showed that the HCO ₃ ^– effect was present even when the bath Na⁺ concentration was reduced to a nominal value of 0 mmol/l. Similarly, the HCO ₃ ^– effect remained unchanged after Ba²⁺ (5 mmol/l) was added to the bath. The results indicate that on the basolateral membrane of duct cells there is a ouabain sensitive (Na⁺+K⁺)-ATPase, a Ba²⁺ sensitive K⁺ conductance and an amiloride sensitive Na⁺/H⁺ antiport. The HCO ₃ ^– effect on PD_bl is most likely due to rheogenic anion exit across the luminal membrane.     

Small and maxi K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of isolated crypts from rat distal colon: single-channel and slow whole-cell recordings

The patch-clamp technique was used to characterize K⁺ channel activity in the basolateral membrane of isolated crypts from rat distal colon. In cell-attached patches with KCl in the pipette, channels with conductances ranging from 6 pS to 80 pS appeared. With NaCl in the pipette and KCl in the bath in excised inside-out membrane patches a small-conductance channel with a mean conductance of 12±6 pS (n=18) was observed. The channel has been identified as K⁺ channel by its selectivity for K⁺ over Na⁺ and by its sensitivity to conventional K⁺ channel blockers, Ba²⁺ and tetraethylammonium (TEA⁺). Changes of cytosolic pH did not attenuate channel activity. Activity of the 12-pS channel was increased by membrane depolarization and elevated cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration. In addition, a maxi K⁺ channel with a mean conductance of 187±15 pS (n=4) in symmetrical KCl solutions was only occasionally recorded. The maxi K⁺ channel could be blocked by Ba²⁺ (5 mmol/l) on the cytosolic side. Using the slow-whole cell recording technique under control conditions, a cell membrane potential of –70±10mV (n=18) was measured. By application of various K⁺ channel blockers such as glibenclamide, charybdotoxin, apamin, risotilide, Ba²⁺ and TEA⁺ in the bath, only Ba²⁺ and TEA⁺ depolarized the cell membrane. The present data suggest that the small K⁺ channel (12 pS) is involved in the maintenance of the cell membrane resting potential.     

Control of rectal gland secretion by blood acid-base status in the intact dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias)

In order to address the possible role of blood acid-base status in controlling the rectal gland, dogfish were fitted with indwelling arterial catheters for blood sampling and rectal gland catheters for secretion collection. In intact, unanaesthetized animals, isosmotic volume loading with 500 mmol L-1 NaCl at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 h-1 produced a brisk, stable rectal gland secretion flow of about 4 mL kg-1 h-1. Secretion composition (500 mmol L-1 Na+ and Cl-; 5 mmol L-1 K+; <1 mmol L-1 Ca2+, Mg2+, SO(4)2-, or phosphate) was almost identical to that of the infusate with a pH of about 7.2, HCO3- mmol L-1<1 mmol L-1 and a PCO2 (1 Torr) close to PaCO2. Experimental treatments superimposed on the infusion caused the expected disturbances in systemic acid-base status: respiratory acidosis by exposure to high environmental PCO2, metabolic acidosis by infusion of HCl, and metabolic alkalosis by infusion of NaHCO3. Secretion flow decreased markedly with acidosis and increased with alkalosis, in a linear relationship with extracellular pH. Secretion composition did not change, apart from alterations in its acid-base status, and made negligible contribution to overall acid-base balance. An adaptive control of rectal gland secretion by systemic acid-base status is postulated-stimulation by the "alkaline tide" accompanying the volume load of feeding and inhibition by the metabolic acidosis accompanying the volume contraction of exercise.