新乡市部分社区人群骨质疏松症流行病学调查及相关影响因素Logistic 回归分析

目的了解新乡市部分社区人群骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)的患病情况及相关影响因素,为OP的社区干预提供基础资料。方法应用HOLOGIC公司生产的Sahara定量超声骨密度检测仪测量新乡市部分社区4280名人群右侧跟骨骨密度。通过对受试者进行调查问卷,测量身高、体重、体重指数(BMI),是否服用糖皮质激素及其他影响骨代谢的药物等。单因素Logistic分析,有统计学意义者(P0.1)进一步行二分类Logistic回归分析,计算OR值及其95%置信区间。结果 1 OP总患病率为11.7%,男性8.4%,女性16.3%,OP及低骨量发生率随年龄增加呈上升趋势,同年龄组女性较男性更易发生OP及低骨量;2在男性,单因素分析显示年龄、文化程度、饮酒、咖啡、日饮用牛奶量、BMI、固定锻炼、OP家族史等与OP患病可能相关(P0.1)。二分类Logistic回归分析显示增龄、OP家族史、饮酒为OP可能为危险因素;高文化程度、稳定日牛奶饮用、固定锻炼为OP的可能保护性因素;3在女性,单因素分析显示年龄、文化程度、日饮牛奶量、咖啡、BMI、固定锻炼、绝经年龄及年限是OP的可能影响因子(P0.1);二分类Logistic回归分析显示增龄、绝经状态及BMI是OP的可能危险因素;晚绝经、每日稳定牛奶饮用及锻炼为其可能保护性因素。结论新乡市部分社区OP骨质疏松症的发生随着增龄而增加,女性更为明显。影响男性OP的主要危险因素为家族史和增龄及饮酒;在女性是增龄、绝经及BMI。饮用牛奶和规律锻炼是OP可能保护性因素。在社区一级预防中加强宣教,控制可能导致OP的不良因素,预防和延缓骨质疏松症的发生。     

细胞色素P450 19基因多态性与新疆维吾尔族女性乳腺癌易感性的关系

目的:探讨细胞色素P450 19基因多态性与新疆维吾尔族女性乳腺癌相关关系。方法:应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测112例维吾尔族女性乳腺癌患者(病例组)和139例维吾尔族正常女性(对照组)细胞色素P450 19基因rs10046位点多态性,分析该位点多态性与新疆维吾尔族女性乳腺癌易感性的关系。结果:细胞色素P450(CYP)19基因rs10046位点存在C-T的替换。等位基因C、T在病例组分布频率为48.2%、51.8%,对照组频率为47.5%、52.5%,两组等位基因分布无统计学差异(P0.05)。其中CC、TC、TT基因型在病例组分布频率分别为26.8%、42.9%、30.4%,在对照组中分布频率分别为18.0%、59.0%、23.0%,两组间分布差异有统计学差异(P0.05)。BMI≥25、年龄≥50岁、活产次数≥2次为维吾尔族乳腺癌发病的危险因素,流产、细胞色素P450 19 rs10046位点TC基因型为维吾尔族乳腺癌发病的保护因素。校正年龄、BMI、月经初潮年龄、怀孕、哺乳乳腺癌发病危险因素后,绝经为维吾尔族乳腺癌发病的独立危险因素。结论:新疆维吾尔族女性乳腺癌的发病与年龄、BMI、活产次数、流产及细胞色素P450 19rs10046位点多态性密切相关,其中携带TC基因型和流产可降低维吾尔族女性乳腺癌的发病风险。     

南昌市部分社区40岁以上人群骨质疏松症流行现状调查及影响因素分析

目的 明确南昌市部分社区40岁以上人群骨质疏松症(Osteoporosis,OP)的患病状况及其影响因素,为OP的社区干预提供基础信息和依据.方法 应用HOLOGIC公司生产的Sahara定量超声骨密度检测仪测量南昌部分社区10071名40岁以上人群跟骨骨密度.对所有受试者进行问卷调查,检测其肝肾功能、血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、总胆固醇(TC);测量血压、身高、体重、腰围、臀围,计算其腰臀比(WHR)、体质指数(BMI).首先行单因素Logistic分析,有统计学意义者(P＜0.1)进一步行二分类Logistic回归分析,计算OR值及其95％置信区间.结果 (1)OP的总患病率为9.3％,男性7.1％,女性10.8％;年龄、性别标化后的总患病率为11.3％,男性7.9％,女性11.7％;(2)在男性,单因素分析显示年龄、文化程度、饮酒、饮牛奶、舒张压、HDL-c、BMI、体力劳动、OP家族史等与OP患病可能相关(P＜0.1).二分类Logistic回归分析显示增龄、OP家族史为OP可能危险因素;高文化程度、饮酒、饮牛奶、大BMI为OP的可能保护性因素;(3)在女性,单因素分析显示年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、吸烟、饮牛奶、收缩压、HDL-c、LDL-c、TG、TC、HbA1c、BMI、WHR、体力劳动、孕次、产次、初潮年龄、绝经状态、绝经年龄、绝经年限、哺乳是OP的可能影响因子(P＜0.1);二分类Logistic回归分析显示增龄、无配偶、多产次、已绝经、长绝经年限和大WHR是OP的可能危险因素;经常饮用牛奶、晚绝经年龄、高BMI为其可能保护性因素.结论 南昌市部分社区OP骨质疏松症的主要危险因素在男性是OP家族史和增龄;在女性是增龄、绝经、无配偶、多产次以及中心性肥胖.饮牛奶和合适的体质指数是男女共同的OP保护因素,在男性良好的教育和适量饮酒,女性晚的绝经年龄可能有助于减少OP的患病风险.应要采取相应的干预措施,控制OP的可控因素,预防和延缓骨质疏松症的发生.     

210例乳腺癌患者的危险因素分析

目的:通过对乳腺癌患者临床资料的调查分析,了解乳腺癌的临床流行病学特征,探讨乳腺癌发病的相关危险因素,为乳腺癌的预防提供一定的参考依据。方法:采用病例对照研究方法,选取2005年1月—2012年1月经病理学确诊的乳腺癌患者210例作为病例组,同时随机选择同期已证实为良性乳腺疾病的210例患者作为对照组,采用统一设计的调查表,由经过统一培训的调查员对研究对象进行面对面的问卷调查。单因素分析采用单因素条件Logistic回归分析,多因素分析采用条件Logistic回归模型进行统计分析,探讨与乳腺癌的发病有关的危险因素。结果:单因素分析结果显示,文化程度高、接触职业性有害物质、被动吸烟、绝经年龄大、流产、肿瘤家族史、长期精神压抑、负性生活事件、肉类烟熏食物摄入次数多这9个因素是乳腺癌的危险因素;体育运动、初潮年龄晚、月经规律、生育孩子次数多、母乳喂养、母乳喂养持续时间长以及蔬菜摄入次数多这7个因素是乳腺癌的保护因素。多因素分析结果显示,文化程度高、绝经年龄大、肿瘤家族史、负性生活事件、肉类摄入次数多是乳腺癌的危险因素;初潮年龄晚、月经规律、母乳喂养持续时间长、蔬菜摄入次数多为保护因素。结论:乳腺癌患者住院治疗人数呈显著增加趋势,其发生与患者的居住环境、生活方式和习惯、女性生理与生育、家族史、饮食因素、精神心理因素密切相关,因此对其的预防应采取具有针对性的综合性措施。     

2010~2014年青岛市20~30岁年轻乳腺癌患者流行病学特征

目的探讨青岛市近5年年轻乳腺癌患者发病危险因素,为社会、政府及卫生行政部门提供预防依据和应对措施。方法采用近1:1配对的病例对照研究方法,对经青岛市各级医院病理确诊的88例20~30岁年轻乳腺癌患者及100例同年龄组健康女性匹配对照,采用问卷调查及电话随访两种方式采集相关资料,进行条件logistic回归分析。结果单因素条件logistic回归分析显示:恶性肿瘤家族史、乳腺癌家族史、良性乳腺疾病史、性格内向、脾气急躁、负性生活事件、睡眠不足、不善运动、嗜好甜食能增加乳腺癌的发生。工作性质、社会地位、经济收入、蔬菜水果摄入、环境暴露等与发病不相关。多因素logistic回归分析显示有意义的危险因素有:肿瘤家族史(OR=1.672,CI=1.022-2.256)、乳腺癌家族史(OR=1.989,CI=1.026-4.987)、乳腺良性病史(OR=3.002,CI=1.932-5.213)、性格内向(OR=2.709,CI=2.709)、脾气急躁(OR=2.380,CI=1.320-4.541)、负性生活事件(OR=4.650,CI=1.659-12.538)、不善运动(OR=2.556,CI=1.602-4.683)、嗜好甜食(OR=2.758,CI=1.432-5.216)、睡眠不足(OR=0.413,CI=0.302-0.786)。结论青岛地区近5年来年轻乳腺癌危险因素中,遗传、精神因素、个人生活方式、性格特点、负性生活事件、饮食习惯等起重要作用。     

体质量指数与乳腺癌的关系探讨

目的:探讨体质量指数(BMI)与我国女性乳腺癌发病及临床病理特点的关系。方法:将413女性例乳腺癌患者(乳腺癌组)和同期425例接受普查的健康女性(对照组)的BMI值做总体分析与按年龄分层(60岁和≥60岁)的比较,并将年龄、BMI与乳腺癌发病率的关系行Logistic回归分析,以及分析BMI与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征的关系。结果:总体上,乳腺癌组平均BMI明显高于对照组[(25.80±3.57)kg/m2vs.(25.28±3.19)kg/m2,P=0.029],按年龄分层后发现BMI差异仅存在于≥60岁组(Z=-3.408,P=0.001);Logistic回归分析显示BMI≥30 kg/m2发生乳腺癌风险明显增高(OR=1.892,95%CI=1.125～3.181,P=0.016),而年龄不影响乳腺癌的发病风险(P0.05);BMI与乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移及HER-2/neu表达有关(均P0.05),而与肿瘤大小、组织学分级、ER和PR状态无关(均P0.05)。结论:BMI与我国的乳腺癌的发病有关,BMI测定可以帮助筛查乳腺癌高危人群,为主动预防、评估预后、实施有效治疗提供参考。     

绝经后女性肌肉质量的影响因素研究

目的 探讨广州市绝经后女性肌肉质量的相关影响因素。方法 收集2019年6月至2020年12月广州市120名自愿参加本研究的绝经后女性的临床资料;其中符合纳入标准的有90例,年龄47～88岁,平均年龄(62.4±7.5)岁。所有受试者均记录其年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限和身高、体重,计算BMI数值并进行骨密度测定、体成分分析检测肌肉质量。根据ASMI数值将受试者分为肌肉减少组及非肌肉减少组;分析两组年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限和BMI数值、骨密度及肌肉质量的差异,比较两组患骨质疏松症的比率,利用Pearson相关性分析研究各因素与肌肉质量的相关程度,利用多元线性回归分析分析各指标与肌肉质量的相关性并得出回归方程。结果 肌肉减少组BMI和ASMI数值低于非肌肉减少组(P<0.05);肌肉减少组发生骨质疏松的比例大于非肌肉减少组(P>0.05); Pearson相关性分析提示绝经年龄(r=0.262,P=0.012)和BMI(r=0.771,P<0.001)与ASMI呈正相关;多元线性回归分析显示,影响绝经后女性ASMI值的因素主要有绝经年龄(P=0.037,B=0.034)和BM...     

绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者腰椎骨质疏松的影响因素研究

目的探讨绝经后女性2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者腰椎骨质疏松(osteoporosis,OP)的影响因素。方法选取2018年3月至2019年10月在武汉科技大学附属孝感医院内分泌科住院的绝经后女性T2DM患者186例为研究对象,按腰椎骨密度T值分为骨质疏松组(OP组)和非骨质疏松组(NOP组)。收集一般资料(年龄、身高、体重、妊娠次数、生育次数、绝经年龄、DM病程、DM家族史、高血压、脂肪肝);血检指标(Hb A1c、FPG、Fins及生化);采用双能X线骨密度仪测量腰椎的骨密度T值和腰椎、股骨的骨髓脂肪含量(LFC、FFC)。分析OP组和NOP组指标的差异及腰椎OP的影响因素。采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析,使用t检验、非参数检验、卡方检验,Pearson和Spearman相关性分析,二元Logistic回归分析,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 OP组年龄、FFC、ALP、HBDH、LDH、绝经年限、妊娠次数、生育次数高于NOP组(P 0.05),OP组体质量指数(BMI)、GGT低于NOP组(P0.05);两组在FPG、Fins、Hb A1c、DM病程、DM家族史、高血压、脂肪肝、LFC、UA、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、TC、TG、CK上没有差异(P0.05)。腰椎骨密度的二元Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、FFC、ALP、绝经年限、生育次数是腰椎OP的危险因素(OR值分别为1.131、1.072、1.029、1.127、1.857),BMI是腰椎OP的保护因素(OR值为0.913)。结论年龄、FFC、ALP、绝经年限、生育次数是腰椎OP的危险因素,BMI是腰椎OP的保护因素。     

青岛市区前列腺癌发病危险因素的病例对照研究

目的:了解青岛市区前列腺癌发病的危险因素,为前列腺癌的科学防治提供理论依据。方法:在青岛市市立医院开展一项病例对照研究(1∶2配对),匹配条件为年龄、性别、民族和居住地类型相同。调查以面谈为主,辅以调查病历记录,采用条件Logistic回归法分析数据。结果:收到有效调查问卷258份,前列腺癌、BPH和其他前列腺疾病患者各86份,以其他疾病作为对照,家族中有恶性肿瘤患者前列腺癌的风险是无亲属患恶性肿瘤者的2.58倍;首次遗精年龄≤14岁者患前列腺癌的风险是≥18岁者的2.27倍;而首次性交年龄在25～30岁者是前列腺癌的保护因素,OR=0.76;35岁以前性生活频率≥4次/周与手淫≥3次/周者患前列腺癌风险明显增高,OR分别为2.57、2.30;吸烟和饮酒者前列腺癌发病风险亦增高,饮酒超过10年者尤为显著(OR=2.83)。结论:肿瘤家族史、首次遗精年龄较早、35岁前性生活频繁、手淫频繁、饮酒超过10年以上(乙醇≥150 g/d)均为前列腺癌的危险因素。     

甘肃省20-80岁和绝经后女性骨质疏松症患病影响因素分析

目的 了解甘肃省20-80岁汉族女性以及绝经女性骨质疏松症患病率,探讨女性骨质疏松症的影响因素。 方法 2016年7-8月采用分层整群随机抽样方法在甘肃省兰州市、张掖市、高台县、肃南裕固族自治县选取20-80岁汉族女性进行问卷调查,应用法国Medilink公司生产的Pegasus超声骨密度仪检测跟骨骨强度,采用?2检验和非条件logistic回归对骨质疏松症的可能影响因素进行分析。 结果 甘肃省20-80岁汉族女性骨质疏松症总患病率为15.10%,40-80岁绝经后女性骨质疏松症患病率为25.88%。体重指数越大(OR=0.392,95%CI: 0.229-0.672)、从事的职业劳动强度重(OR=0.461,95%CI: 0.295-0.721)和体育锻炼频次多(OR=0.565,95%CI: 0.407-0.786)有利于降低骨质疏松症发生,有既往骨折史的女性发生骨质疏松症风险高(OR=1.544, 95%CI: 1.080-2.205)。绝经是骨质疏松症的危险因素(P未绝经组=8.33% vs P绝经组=22.76%,P?0.0001;OR=2.633,95%CI: 1.655-4.190),其中绝经年限越长骨质疏松症的发生风险越高(OR=2.910,95%CI: 1.426-5.939),女性绝经年龄越晚发生骨质疏松症的风险越低(OR=0.354,95%CI: 0.172-0.628)。 结论 针对体重指数低、有既往骨折史、运动少、绝经年龄早和绝经年限长的女性应该格外关注。在膳食上注意补充钙和维生素D,生活上经常锻炼运动。了解骨质疏松症的患病情况及研究其影响因素对成年妇女的健康促进具有重要意义。     

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study from Taegu, Korea

Abstract: A hospital-based case-control study was carried out to identify reproductive risk factors for breast cancer in Taegu, Korea. Four hundred and eighty-one breast cancer patients and 491 age-matched control patients examined between 1988 and 1994 were included in this study. Eleven reproductive risk factors were selected for comparison using cross tabulation and chi-square method, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the odds ratios for the risk of breast cancer. The mean age of the breast cancer patients in this study was 47.5 years. Analyses demonstrated that nulliparous women had a higher risk for breast cancer (odds ratio 3.46, p = 0.03) than women with one to four live births, and women who had an abortion during their first pregnancy had a slightly increased risk (odds ratio 1.86, p < 0.01) than women who had normal deliveries, but the age at menarche and menopause did not have any influence on the risk of developing breast cancer. Although there were similarities in risk factors between Western women and women in this study, such as a higher risk for nulliparous women, two key factors were found to contrast with those of Western women. First, the mean age of breast cancer patients in this study was only 47.5 years. Second, the age of menarche and menopause of these women did not have any influence on the risk of breast cancer.     

Patient and physician perceptions on continuing aromatase inhibitors beyond the 5-year mark

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been shown to improve disease-free survival and in certain cases, overall survival in the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive early breast cancer. Trials are ongoing to determine if AI therapy should be continued for patients who have already completed 5 years of AI treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the minimum disease-free and overall survival benefit acceptable to physicians and to women undergoing AI therapy to continue treatment beyond 5 years. A self-administered survey was completed by women with stage I-III breast cancer, who were undergoing adjuvant AI therapy for at least 1 year. The survey assessed relevant cancer-related, treatment, social and comorbid factors, and FACT-ES (V4). Minimum acceptable treatment benefit was denoted as a percentage decrease in cancer recurrence risk, and percentage increase in survival at 5 years. Medical oncologists (MOs) treating breast cancer across Canada were also surveyed. A total of 153 patients were surveyed; median age was 60, 51% had node-negative disease, 89% had prior radiation therapy, 61% had prior chemotherapy, and 59% had prior tamoxifen therapy. Mean duration of AI therapy was 31 months. Approximately 30% of women required a 5-year survival benefit of less than 1%, and 27.5% needed a decrease in risk of recurrence of less than 1% to continue an AI beyond the initial 5 years. In contrast, 45% of the 40 surveyed MOs required a 5-year survival benefit of at least 1-2%, and 37.5% preferred a decrease in recurrence risk of 2-5% to prescribe an AI for an additional 5 years. There was a significant correlation between severity of endocrine symptoms experienced on AIs and an increased minimum survival benefit required for women to continue therapy (r = 0.18, p = 0.036). Patients were willing to continue on AIs for smaller treatment benefits than physicians would prefer to prescribe them beyond 5 years. Patient preference to continue on AIs correlated somewhat to the severity of AI-related side effects.     

Cross‐sectional Study to Assess the Association of Population Density with Predicted Breast Cancer Risk

The Gail and CARE models estimate breast cancer risk for white and African‐American (AA) women, respectively. The aims of this study were to compare metropolitan and nonmetropolitan women with respect to predicted breast cancer risks based on known risk factors, and to determine if population density was an independent risk factor for breast cancer risk. A cross‐sectional survey was completed by 15,582 women between 35 and 85 years of age with no history of breast cancer. Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan women were compared with respect to risk factors, and breast cancer risk estimates, using general linear models adjusted for age. For both white and AA women, tisk factors used to estimate breast cancer risk included age at menarche, history of breast biopsies, and family history. For white women, age at first childbirth was an additional risk factor. In comparison to their nonmetropolitan counterparts, metropolitan white women were more likely to report having a breast biopsy, have family history of breast cancer, and delay childbirth. Among white metropolitan and nonmetropolitan women, mean estimated 5‐year risks were 1.44% and 1.32% (p < 0.001), and lifetime risks of breast cancer were 10.81% and 10.01% (p < 0.001), respectively. AA metropolitan residents were more likely than those from nonmetropolitan areas to have had a breast biopsy. Among AA metropolitan and nonmetropolitan women, mean estimated 5‐year risks were 1.16% and 1.12% (p = 0.039) and lifetime risks were 8.94%, and 8.85% (p = 0.344). Metropolitan residence was associated with higher predicted breast cancer risks for white women. Among AA women, metropolitan residence was associated with a higher predicted breast cancer risk at 5 years, but not over a lifetime. Population density was not an independent risk factor for breast cancer.     

Fracture risk in women with breast cancer: a population-based study

A positive association has been reported between greater bone density and higher breast cancer risk, suggesting that these women could be at reduced risk of fracture. To estimate fracture risk among unselected community women with breast cancer and to systematically assess associations with various risk factors including breast cancer treatments, we conducted a population‐based historical cohort study of 608 Olmsted County, MN, USA, women with invasive breast cancer first diagnosed in 1990 to 1999 (mean age 61.6 ± 14.8 years), who were followed for 5776 person‐years. Altogether, 568 fractures were observed in 270 women (98 per 1000 person‐years). Overall fracture risk was elevated 1.8‐fold, but the absolute increase in risk was only 9%, and 56% of the women did not experience a fracture during follow‐up. Excluding pathologic fractures (15%) and those found incidentally (24%), to allow for ascertainment bias, the standardized incidence ratio was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99 to 1.3) for total fracture risk and 0.9 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.2) for osteoporotic fracture risk alone. Various breast cancer treatments were associated with an increased risk of fracture, but those associations were strongest for pathologic fractures, which were relatively more common among the women who were premenopausal when their breast cancer was diagnosed. Moreover, underlying clinical characteristics prompting different treatments may have been partially responsible for the associated fracture outcomes (indication bias). These data thus demonstrate that breast cancer patients in general are not at greatly increased risk of fracture but neither are they protected from fractures despite any determinants that breast cancer and high bone density may have in common. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

Position Paper of the American Council on Science and Health on Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: Established, Speculated, and Unsupported

Abstract: This article provides the position of the American Council on Science and Health regarding how breast cancer is defined and classified; the magnitude of the public health problem of breast cancer among women; the implications of variation in incidence of breast cancer internationally and with migration; access to health care as a factor in slight differences in incidence and mortality rates among African-American and white women; and the evidence concerning various proposed human-breast-cancer risk factors. The article classifies risk factors as either established, speculated, or unsupported on the basis of available evidence. Specific genes have been identified that may explain as much as 5–10% of new breast cancer cases. Inherited predispositions may be characterized by family history of breast or ovarian cancer, young age at diagnosis, breast cancer diagnosed in both breasts, and male breast cancer. Benign breast disease (BBD), particularly the subtypes of BBD involving atypical hyperplasia, and exposure early in life to ionizing radiation is an established risk factor for breast cancer. Several reproductive characteristics are established as risk factors for breast cancer: early age at menarche, first full-term pregnancy after age 35 years of late age, and late age of menopause. Obesity and low physical activity are established as risk factors for breast cancer and are modifiable. Speculated risk factors for breast cancer that are gaining scientific support include nulliparity, oral contraceptive use, and postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy. Speculated risk factors for which there is conflicting or preliminary support include not breast feeding, postmenopausal estrogen/progestogen replacement therapy, prescribed diethylstilbestrol, low consumption of phytoestrogens, specific dietary practices, alcohol consumption, not using nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs, abortion, and breast augmentation. Unsupported risk factors include higher than average consumption of phytoestrogens, premenopausal obesity, electromagnetic fields, and low-dose ionizing radiation after 40 years of age. There is only limited support for xenoestrogens and large breast size as risk factors for breast cancer.     

In Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer,Screening MRI of the Contralateral Breast Detects Mammographically Occult Cancer,Even in Elderly Women: The Mayo Clinic in Florida Experience

Abstract: The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer is somewhat controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of synchronous, occult contralateral breast cancer detected by MRI but not by mammography or clinical breast examination in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, including those aged 70 years or older at our institution. MRI results for women with newly diagnosed breast cancer who underwent bilateral breast MRI after negative mammography and clinical examination between February 2003 and November 2007 at Mayo Clinic in Florida were reviewed. The prevalence of pathologically confirmed contralateral carcinoma diagnosed solely by MRI was determined and analyzed in the context of age, family history, menopausal status, breast density, and primary‐tumor characteristics. Logistic regression was used to explore the association between contralateral carcinoma and potential patient risk factors. A total of 425 women were evaluated, of whom 129 (30%) were aged 70 years or older. A contralateral biopsy was recommended and performed solely on the basis of MRI in 72 of the 425 women (17%). Sixteen of these 72 women (22%) had pathologically confirmed carcinoma, including seven in the older subgroup. The prevalence of clinically and mammographically occult contralateral carcinoma detected by MRI was 3.8% (16/425) overall and 5.4% (7/129) in the group of older women. When potential risk factors for contralateral breast cancer were evaluated, postmenopausal status was the only significant predictor of contralateral cancer detected by MRI (p = 0.016). We concluded that contralateral breast screening with MRI should be considered in postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, even those aged 70 years or older at diagnosis.     

Age effects on survival from early breast cancer in clinical settings in Australia

Background: The study aim was to determine whether age is an independent risk factor for survival from early invasive breast cancer in contemporary Australian clinical settings. Methods: The study included 31?493 breast cancers diagnosed in 1998-2005. Risk of death from breast cancer was compared by age, without and with adjustment for clinical risk factors, using Cox proportional hazard regression. Results: Risk of breast cancer death was elevated for cancers of larger size, higher grade, positive nodal status, oestrogen receptor negative status, vascular invasion and multiple foci. Ductal lesions presented a higher risk than other lesions. Adjusting for these factors, the relative risk of breast cancer death (95% confidence limits) was lower for 40-49-year-olds at 0.80 (0.66, 0.96) than for the reference category under 40 years, but higher for 70-79-year-olds at 1.64 (1.36, 1.98) and women aged 80 years or more at 2.19 (1.79, 2.69). The risk for 50-69-year-olds and women under 40 years was similar. Risk-factor adjustment reduced the difference in risk between the reference category under 40 years and 40-49-year-olds, largely eliminated the lower relative risk for 50-69-year-olds, and increased the relative risks for women aged 70-79 years and older. Discussion: Survivals in women under 40 and over 70 years of age are poorer than for 40-69-year-olds. Research is needed into the best treatment modalities for younger women and older women with co-morbidity.     

Family history of breast cancer,mammographic breast density and breast cancer risk: Findings from a cohort study of Korean women

BackgroundThis study investigated whether the association between family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives and breast cancer risk varies by breast density.MethodsWomen aged 40 years and older who underwent screening between 2009 and 2010 were followed up until 2020. Family history was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. Using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS), breast density was categorized into dense breast (heterogeneously or extremely dense) and non-dense breast (almost entirely fatty or scattered areas of fibro-glandular). Cox regression model was used to assess the association between family history and breast cancer risk.ResultsOf the 4,835,507 women, 79,153 (1.6%) reported having a family history of breast cancer and 77,238 women developed breast cancer. Family history led to an increase in the 5-year cumulative incidence in women with dense- and non-dense breasts. Results from the regression model with and without adjustment for breast density yielded similar HRs in all age groups, suggesting that breast density did not modify the association between family history and breast cancer. After adjusting for breast density and other factors, family history of breast cancer was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in all three age groups (age 40–49 years: aHR 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.85–2.08; age 50–64 years: aHR 1.70, 95% CI 1.58–1.82, and age ≥65 years: aHR 1.95, 95% CI 1.78–2.14).ConclusionFamily history of breast cancer and breast density are independently associated with breast cancer. Both factors should be carefully considered in future risk prediction models of breast cancer.     

Absolute risk of breast cancer for Australian women with a family history

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present paper was to estimate the absolute risk of breast cancer over the remainder of a lifetime in Australian women with different categories of family history. METHODS: Age-specific breast cancer incidence rates were adjusted for screening effects, and rates in those with no family history were estimated using the attributable fraction (AF). Relative risks from a published meta-analysis were applied to obtain incidence rates for different categories of family history, and age-specific incidence was converted to cumulative risk of breast cancer. The risk estimates were based upon Australian population statistics and published relative risks. Breast cancer incidence was from New South Wales women for 1996. The AF was calculated using prevalence of a family history of breast cancer from data on Queensland women. The cumulative absolute risk of breast cancer was calculated from decade and mid-decade ages to age 79 years, not adjusted for competing causes of death. RESULTS: Lifetime risk is approximately 8.6% (1 in 12) for the general population and 7.8% (1 in 13) for those without a family history. Women with one relative affected have lifetime risks of 1 in 6-8 and those with two relatives affected have lifetime risks of 1 in 4-6. The cumulative residual lifetime risk decreases with advancing age; by age 60 years all groups with only one relative affected have well above a 90% probability of not developing breast cancer to age 79 years. CONCLUSIONS: These Australian risk statistics are useful for public information and in the clinical setting. Risks given here apply to women with average breast cancer risk from other risk factors.     

The prognostic significance of Gail model risk factors for women with breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Because many risk factors for breast cancer are related to hormonal factors and hormonal factors influence breast cancer prognosis, risk factors may have prognostic value. In order to assess the prognostic value of risk factors for breast cancer we divided patients with breast cancer into those at high risk and low risk using the Gail model. METHODS: Patients with available follow-up and information concerning age, age at menarche, number of children, age at first birth, number of first degree relatives with breast cancer, and number of previous breast biopsies were divided into low and high-risk groups by the average relative risk calculated using the Gail model. Risk factors, clinical presentations, pathologic findings, tumor characteristics, extent of disease, treatment and outcomes for the 106 high-risk women were compared with the 206 low-risk women. Stage IV patients were excluded. RESULTS: The average relative risk of breast cancer was 2.09. The 106 high-risk women were significantly older (58 years versus 53 years; P = 0.001), older at first live birth (30 years versus 23 years; P <0.001), more likely to have a first degree relative with breast cancer (57% versus 0%; P <0.001), and more likely to have previously had a breast biopsy (19% versus 1%; P <0.001). There was no difference in the average age at menarche. Low-risk patients were significantly more frequently nulliparous (40% versus 22%; P = 0.002). Clinical presentation, pathologic findings, extent of disease, and treatment were comparable in high and low-risk patients. Cancers of low-risk patients were more frequently poorly differentiated (39% versus 25%, P = 0.044). Tamoxifen was used more frequently in high-risk patients (56% versus 41%; P = 0.012). High-risk patients exhibited significantly better 5-year (95% versus 88%; P = 0.047) and 10-year distant disease-free survival than low-risk patients (88% versus 79%; P = 0.050). In multivariate analysis only the number of involved lymph nodes was related to local (P = 0.001) and distant (P <0.001) disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer patients considered high risk by the Gail model have significantly better disease-free survival than low-risk patients. This study does not support the notion that risk factors for breast cancer are prognostic factors.