基于Wolff定律的各向异性骨再造模型

建立符合各向异性骨再造生理过程的骨再造数值理论模型。基于Wolff定律及骨各向异性的力学性质,在仔细研究了当前各向同性骨结构再造数值模拟预测技术的基础上,将材料方向和主应力方向趋于一致做为骨再造平衡条件,提出一新型各向异性骨再造数值模型。以二维悬臂梁结构为例进行了模拟,得到了二维悬臂梁结构的密度分布图。新型各向异性骨再造数值模型,量化了骨再造过程和骨力学性质的各向异性,实现了骨再造过程数值模拟的各向异性。应用该模型可进行更为准确的骨结构再造数值预测。     

带有力学调控系统的各向异性骨再造模型

目前，骨再造数值模型在生理上和力学上都不能复制骨再造的实际生理过程。本文引入了骨再造的生理机制和骨力学性质的各向异性，在损伤修复理论的基础上，建立了带有力学调控系统的各向异性骨再造模型，使骨再造的数值模拟趋向和生理过程一致，并以二维方板模型为例进行了计算机模拟，得到了和实际较为一致的结果。本模型可用于在一定力学环境下或力学环境改变后．骨结构的模拟，还可用于植入物植入后骨结构发生结构变化的模拟。     

采用自适应模型的骨结构预测

骨的形态是骨长期适应环境的结果,骨能够按着力学环境需要调整其质量和结构。目前,骨再造理论大体可分成两类,一是位置特定理论（Site－Specifictheroy）,二是自优化理论（Selfoptimizaiontheroy）。位置特定理论和自优化理论模型都是在骨代化过程中骨内的每一点适应其力学环境,而不是骨整体结构的优化适应。本文是在当前骨细胞水平的力学感知机理和M．G．Mulender,R．Huskes等人（1994）的骨再造的自我组织控制模型的基础上,引入了W．M．Pnyten工程上的Selfopt方法,我们提出了带有生理限定应力的自适应生理控制模型,形成了局…     

基于损伤修复理论的各向异性骨再造自我组织控制模型

Wolff定律指出 :骨能够响应力学激励来改变其表观密度和骨小梁分布的方向 ,表明骨再造是各项异性行为。本研究基于各项异性损伤修复理论并结合自我组织控制模型 ,提出更符合骨再造实际生理行为的基于损伤修复理论的各向异性自我组织控制骨再造模型 ,并以股骨近端为例进行了模拟 ,得到的结果在密度分布与主应力迹线分布上和实际都非常一致。     

生骨再造丸对兔激素性股骨头坏死骨形态计量学指标的影响

目的 观察生骨再造丸对激素性股骨头坏死（steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head，SONFH）兔模型股骨头组织形态学及骨计量学相关指标的干预作用。 方法 将20只新西兰兔随机均分为正常组、模型组、生骨再造丸组和阳性对照药物仙灵骨葆胶囊组，除正常组外其余3组进行内毒素联合甲泼尼龙注射液造模。28 d后，生骨再造丸组以2.4 g/kg生骨再造丸灌胃，仙灵骨葆胶囊组以0.4 g/kg仙灵骨葆胶囊灌胃，正常组和模型组以10 mL生理盐水灌胃，1次/d。28 d后取各组兔双侧股骨头，Micro-CT扫描并进行骨计量学参数分析，HE染色观察股骨头组织病理学改变。 结果 与正常组比较，Micro-CT扫描分析显示模型组兔股骨头骨密度、骨体积分数、骨小梁数量、骨小梁厚度和骨小梁连接密度等骨计量学参数明显降低，骨小梁分离度和结构模型指数升高（P<0.05）；HE染色观察发现模型组空骨陷窝率和脂肪细胞面积明显增加，骨骺变形，骨小梁增生、变窄或断裂。与模型组比较，生骨再造丸组和仙灵骨葆胶囊组兔股骨头的骨计量学和组织病理学改变明显好转（P<0.05），且生骨再造丸组与仙灵骨葆胶囊组疗效无显著差异（P>0.05）。 结论 生骨再造丸可显著提升兔SONFH骨计量学指标水平，改善组织病理形态，从而达到治疗SONFH的作用。     

骨折愈合塑形的力学机理I^＊——骨表面再造理论的应用

深入探讨长骨骨折愈合塑形阶段的力学机理,采用骨表面再造理论与有限元结合的方法。我们选取用应变能密度作为力学激励的骨表面再造理论,有限元分析采用三维的空间模型,利用我们编制的长骨表面再造系统“BRSS97”对长骨骨折愈合塑形阶段的三种类型：外骨痂型、骨内缺损型和骨外缺损型的力学机理进行研究。结果表明：骨痂可以完全吸收,骨缺损可以恢复,三种情况下骨均可以恢复到正常状态。由此说明长骨骨折愈合塑形过程就是骨材料对力学激励的适应过程。     

骨自优化方程获得稳定解的条件的非线性分析方法

人们普遍将描述骨再造过程的微分方程看作有多个自由度的非线性动力系统 ,它相对优化目标不断变化 ,可以导致很多组可能解。因此关于理论解稳定性条件的分析是非常必要的。本文的目的是阐述非线性动力系统分析的数学方法应用于一种骨自优化控制方程 ,研究该骨再造方程的全局稳定性。分析了两个理论模型 :两单元模型和 2× 2单元模型 ,该模型特点是其中各个单元的应力、应变都是相关的 ,这样与实际有限元模型更加接近。以朱兴华等[1] 提出的高阶非线性骨再造速率方程作为控制方程 ,重点考察其中再造率系数B(t)取为指数形式和引入非线性再造方程的阶数时 ,骨自优化方程获得稳定解的条件。并以两个经典的二维平面问题作为算例 ,与上述两个模型的理论分析结果进行对比 ,使分析得到的结果得以确认。这种模型的数学分析方法对于研究骨再造控制过程所采用的这一复杂的非线性动力系统中的有关生理参数的作用有着十分重要的理论意义     

人工股骨置换术后股骨再造预测

以骨截面面积吸收率和抗弯截面模量损失率反应力遮挡效应，采用骨再造理论和有限元(Finite element，FEM)相结合的方法，用计算机模拟人工股骨植换术后股骨的再造行为，从而定量的分析人工股骨头对股骨的应力遮挡效应。骨表面再造采用BRSS97程序。有限元模型采用正常股骨的受力状态为模型一，带颈领的人工股骨头骨水泥固定骨受力状态为模型二。结果表明，人工股骨头对骨产生的应力遮挡，股骨发生骨吸收，人工假体柄中段近端区域骨吸收严重。其骨截面积吸收最大，其截面吸收率最大为31．33％，抗弯截面模量损失率最大为54．58％。     

股骨在长期超载和失载情况下的自适应数值分析

研究了成熟股骨通过自适应再造自动更新，自动适应新的载荷的机理，建立了以应变为主参数的自适应再造的生物力学模型。对股骨在失载和超载情况下的骨量流失、骨再造进行了仿真。仿真表明，以均匀应变为目标的自适应，将使股骨外侧弹性模量变低、空隙率变大。同时表明以股骨实际的几何形状的仿真较简化的模型或取一个体单元的仿真更准确，由此表明建立完善的仿真模型对研究的结果的科学性具有重要影响。     

多载荷下带有生理限定应力的松质骨细观结构模拟

松质是骨的重要组成部分，属多胞体结构，由于构成松质骨的小梁骨尺寸较小，形状多变，因此给松质骨的研究增加了困难。本文把负反馈调节的生理特征引入骨再造模拟中，提出带有生理限定应力的骨再造自适应模型。模型具有骨再造局部适应的正反馈调节与整体控制的负反馈调节的生理调整过程，使骨结构内的应力控制在生理限定应力以下，维持骨力学环境的稳定。使用此模型在几种不同的力学环境下模拟了松质骨结构，定量地预测了松质骨细观结构与其力学环境的对应关系，同时表明了松质骨细观结构与力学环境的适应性。模拟结果与真实松质骨细观结构的典型部分相一致。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.