凋亡与几种常见的肺疾病

凋亡是细胞的主动死亡过程,此过程涉及一系列基因的激活、表达和调控.在细胞的正常发育过程中,约有半数细胞通过凋亡途径被清除.20世纪80年代,凋亡开始成为研究热点,从凋亡角度探讨肺疾病的发生机制取得了一些进展,也为将来从凋亡角度治疗肺疾病奠定了基础.本文就细胞凋亡在几种常见肺疾病的发生机制研究中的最新进展作一综述.     

常用炎性指标对感染性疾病的诊断价值

目的 探讨临床常用炎性指标对感染性疾病的诊断价值.方法 检测脓毒症、病毒性感染、肺结核和淋病各100例患者的降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、结合珠蛋白(HP)、铜蓝蛋白(CER)α1-酸性糖蛋白(α1-AAG)α1-抗胰蛋白酶(α1-AAT)、WBC和红细胞沉降率(ESR),根据受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),确定各项指标在诊断感染性疾病的最佳临界值,并计算各项炎性指标的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数、阳性似然比、阴性似然比及总符合率.结果 PCT在脓毒症患者中的ROC曲线下面积、灵敏度、特异度、约登指数、阳性似然比、阳性预测值和总符合率分别是0.895、0.84、0.92、0.76、10.50、0.91和0.88,其诊断价值均优于CRP、HP、CER、α1-AAG、α1-AAT、WBC和ESR.结论 PCT优于目前临床应用的炎性反应参数,可作为严重细菌感染早期的快速、敏感的检测手段之一.     

Cardiovascular manifestations of Alkaptonuria

The cardiovascular manifestations of alkaptonuria relate to deposition of ochronotic pigment within heart valves, endocardium, aortic intima and coronary arteries. We assessed 16 individuals with alkaptonuria for cardiovascular disease, including full electrocardiographic and echocardiographic assessment. The self reported prevalence of valvular heart disease and coronary artery disease was low. There was a significant burden of previously undiagnosed aortic valve disease, reaching a prevalence of over 40% by the fifth decade of life. The aortic valve disease was found to increase in both prevalence and severity with advancing age. In contrast to previous reports, we did not find a significant burden of mitral valve disease or coronary artery disease. These findings are important for the clinical follow-up of patients with alkaptonuria and suggest a role for echocardiographic surveillance of patients above 40 years old.     

Cardiovascular manifestations of phaeochromocytoma

Clinical expression of phaeochromocytoma may involve numerous cardiovascular manifestations, but usually presents as sustained or paroxysmal hypertension associated with other signs and symptoms of catecholamine excess. Most of the life-threatening cardiovascular manifestations of phaeochromocytoma, such as hypertensive emergencies, result from a rapid and massive release of catecholamines from the tumour. More rarely, patients with phaeochromocytoma present with low blood pressure or even shock that may then precede multisystem crisis. Sinus tachycardia, with palpitations as the presenting symptom, is the most prevalent abnormality of cardiac rhythm in phaeochromocytoma, but tumours can also be associated with more serious ventricular arrhythmias or conduction disturbances. Reversible dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are well established cardiac manifestations of phaeochromocytoma, with more recent attention to an increasing number of cases with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. This review provides an update on the cause, clinical presentation and treatment of the cardiovascular manifestations of phaeochromocytoma. As the cardiovascular complications of phaeochromocytoma can be life-threatening, all patients who present with manifestations that even remotely suggest excessive catecholamine secretion should be screened for the disease.     

嗜铬细胞瘤的心血管表现

<正>嗜铬细胞瘤和副神经节瘤(pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma,PH/PGL)是起源于胚胎神经嵴的副神经节细胞的少见神经内分泌肿瘤。位于肾上腺的称为PH,位于肾上腺外的称为PGL。绝大多数PH/PGL产生儿茶酚胺,且多数患者以分泌去甲肾上腺素为主,合并分泌肾上腺素,并因     

抗磷脂综合征的心血管系统表现

抗磷脂综合征（APS）是一种累及多器官的系统性自身免疫性疾病,临床以反复发作的动静脉血栓形成、自发性流产、血小板减少以及持续的血清抗磷脂抗体阳性为主要特征。心脏是APS的重要靶器官之一。本文从APS的心血管系统表现如心瓣膜病变、心肌梗死、心腔内血栓形成、冠状动脉微血管血栓形成及治疗策略方面作一综述。     

金属纳米粒子在常见感染性疾病检测及治疗中的应用研究进展

近年来,纳米技术发展迅速,金属纳米粒子由于其独特的理化性质,在医学领域中有着良好的发展前景并被逐步推广应用。金属纳米粒子在常见感染性疾病的检测和治疗方面较传统方法有较大的优势。本文介绍了基于纳米金的免疫标记技术在病原体检测方面的应用,主要涉及免疫层析技术、生物传感器的制备和探针技术等,以及纳米金和纳米银在抗感染治疗方面的最新研究进展。     

Cardiovascular manifestations of systemic elastorrhexis

INTRODUCTION: Systemic elastorrhexis or Gr?nblad-Strandberg-Touraine syndrome is a rare inherited disease characterized by a generalized elastic tissue dysplasia and polymorphic clinical features, with the main tissues affected being cutaneous, ocular and arterial. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS: Usual cardiovascular complications of this entity include ischemic heart disease, renovascular hypertension and atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. Some cases of restrictive cardiomyopathies and valvular disease have been reported. Coronary artery disease, often with early onset, is seen in approximately 20% of cases. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS: This review of the literature concerning a rare cause of cardiopathy underlines the need to search for underlying elastorrhexis in the clinical setting of early onset and severe coronary artery disease or arteriopathy, especially in the absence of vascular risk factors. This hereditary disease has been traced to chromosome 16p13.1 and may in the future be easily diagnosed, bypassing the need for cutaneous biopsy.     

Cardiovascular manifestations of myotonic dystrophy

Patients with myotonic dystrophy, the most common neuromuscular dystrophy in adults, have a high prevalence of arrhythmic complications with increased cardiovascular mortality and high risk for sudden death. Sudden death prevention is central and relies on annual follow-up and prophylactic permanent pacing in patients with conduction defects on electrocardiogram and/or infrahisian blocks on electrophysiological study. Implantable cardiac defibrillator therapy may be indicated in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmia.     

Neurologic manifestations of infectious endocarditis

Thirty out of 287 patients (10.4%) admitted to hospital for infective endocarditis between December 1970 and January 1990 had neurological complications. Twenty-three patients had native valve infectious endocarditis and 7 had prosthetic valve endocarditis. The clinical features were characterized by the frequency of aortic valve involvement (23 out of 30) and other complications, especially cardiac failure (16 cases) and peripheral vascular manifestations (7 cases). The commonest organism was the staphylococcus (53% of identified organisms) but the number of negative blood cultures was high (50% of cases). The neurological complication was often the presenting symptom of the endocarditis (19 cases) but it occurred after bacteriological cure in 4 cases. The complications observed were cerebral ischemia (16 cases), cerebral haemorrhage (11 cases), coma (2 cases), and one peripheral neuropathy causing a Claude Bernard Horner syndrome. These complications presented with hemiplegia in 17 cases, a meningeal syndrome in 8 cases, a convulsion in 1 case, a Von Wallenberg syndrome in 1 case, and a Claude Bernard Horner syndrome in 1 case. Twelve patients had a transient or permanent neurological coma. Cerebral CT scan showed ischemic lesions in 7 cases and haemorrhagic lesions in 10 cases. Carotid angiography demonstrated mycotic aneurysms in 6 patients. Twelve patients died: the cause of death was neurological coma (7 cases), low cardiac output (4 cases) and haemorrhagic shock (1 case). Four patients underwent neurosurgery: 3 for clipping a mycotic aneurysm and 1 for drainage of an intracerebral haematoma. Poor prognostic factors were: coma, cardiac failure, cardiac valve prosthesis and, above all, the extent and multiplicity of the neurological lesions. The authors propose the following measures to improve the prognosis: early surgery in cases of large and/or mobile vegetations especially when the infecting organism is a staphylococcus and when a systemic embolism has occurred; routine CT scanning and/or digitised cerebral angiography in all patients with infective endocarditis to detect surgically accessible mycotic aneurysms.     

Cardiovascular manifestations of Lyme disease

Although the cardiac manifestations of Lyme disease may be diverse, in general they are treatable with currently available therapies. A high index of suspicion is required to make a diagnosis, especially for patients who may lack a suggestive history of tick exposure or residence in an endemic region. Lyme disease-related heart block may require pacemaker insertion and supportive care. The efficacy of antibiotics in the therapy of acute and chronic cardiac Lyme disease will require further study. Serologic testing and cardiac histopathology are the most precise methods of diagnosis. There is a need to develop more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for Lyme disease and for Lyme carditis in particular.