心血管系统钙化与心房颤动的研究

<正>心房颤动是最常见的心血管疾病之一。射频消融术对于那些有症状,但服用抗心律失常药物效果不佳的心房颤动患者是一种有效的治疗方法~[1]。然而心房颤动射频消融术的成功率只有60%~70%。如果我们掌握更多的预测心房颤动导管消融术后复发的危险因素,就能更好的在术前预测患者术后复发的可能性,为心房颤动患者是否选择射频消融     

预激综合征合并心房颤动的射频消融与随访

目的　探讨预激综合征合并心房颤动的射频消融治疗特点。方法　对 3 6例预激综合征合并心房颤动的患者进行心内电生理检查和射频消融治疗。结果　预激综合征合并心房颤动者右侧旁道多于左侧 ,旁道消融成功率 10 0 % ,2例患者术后仍有阵发心房颤动。结论　导管消融术 (RF CA)是治疗预激综合征合并心房颤动的首选疗法 ,术后心房颤动复发与基础心脏病有关     

经皮导管冷冻消融治疗阵发性心房颤动的临床应用

目的:探讨导管冷冻消融术治疗心房颤动的有效性及安全性.方法:对12例阵发性心房颤动患者进行冷冻消融治疗.评价导管冷冻消融术治疗心房颤动的急性成功率、术后并发症以及临床长期有效性.结果:12例阵发性心房颤动患者,共对44根肺静脉进行了冷冻消融,其中29根肺静脉单用环状冷冻导管消融4～6次即能达到肺静脉的完全电隔离,15根肺静脉用环状冷冻导管消融后,需用普通射频消融导管在环形冷冻线上补点消融后才成功隔离肺静脉.随访6～10个月,9例临床症状得到改善,无心房颤动复发,其中3例需服用抗心律失常药维持窦性心律.3例患者心房颤动复发.消融后即刻选择性肺静脉造影和术后6个月核磁共振扫描检查均未发现肺静脉狭窄.结论:经皮导管冷冻消融治疗阵发性心房颤动是安全、有效的,可作为治疗心房颤动的一种有效方法.     

三维标测系统指导心房颤动导管消融的临床研究

目的 探讨三维标测系统指导下导管射频消融治疗心房颤动的有效性与安全性.方法 回顾性分析39例在三维标测系统指导下行环肺静脉线性消融术的心房颤动患者(其中阵发性心房颤动33例和持续性心房颤动6例)的临床资料,着重分析术前准备、标测及消融方法 、手术结果 、术后治疗和随访.结果 消融终点为Lagso标测的所有肺静脉均达到完全电学隔离,若消融结束后心房颤动仍未终止,即行同步直流电复律恢复窦性心律.39例患者共完成78条环形消融线,肺静脉完全电学隔离率为93.6%(73/78).手术操作时间为(245±56)min、X线曝光时间为(46±15)min.术后随访6个月～12个月,33例临床症状得到改善,无心房颤动复发,6例需服用抗心律失常药维持窦性心律,其中3例心房颤动复发患者接受再次导管消融后无发作.射频消融术后总成功率为84.6%(33/39).结论 三维标测系统指导下导管射频消融治疗心房颤动是安全和有效的治疗方法.     

心房颤动射频导管消融术后复发的预测因素

明确心房颤动射频导管消融术后复发的危险因素非常重要,因其可以帮助临床医生更好地选择合适的患者和制定个体化的消融策略,也有助于在术前做好对相应危险因素的管控及对射频导管消融术后有复发倾向的高危人群,进行早期识别并及时给予相应的干预措施,最终得以提高心房颤动射频导管消融术的成功率。目前的研究应发现有很多因素可以影响术后心房颤动的复发,例如:年龄、性别、左心耳、左房纤维化等因素。     

心房颤动冷冻消融术后复发预测因子最新进展

心房颤动已经成为临床发病率最高的心血管疾病之一。使用冷冻消融完成环肺静脉隔离治疗心房颤动是一项安全且有效的手段;但是目前心房颤动射频导管消融术后复发率仍较高,早期有效地预测心房颤动复发能为临床工作者筛选适应证更佳的患者,并为患者制定更好的个体化治疗策略,提高冷冻消融术治疗心房颤动的成功率。最新研究显示心肌损伤标志物、心肌抗体、4q25单核苷酸多态性、血清尿酸水平可能是心房颤动冷冻消融术后复发的独立预测因子。     

心房颤动冷冻球囊消融术常见并发症及其防治

对于药物控制不佳的症状性心房颤动患者，导管消融已经成为一线治疗方案。冷冻球囊消融术作为心房颤动治疗的新技术，在临床上越来越多地得到应用。通常，在单次冷冻后就可以取得满意的肺静脉电隔离效果，相对于传统的基于逐点消融的射频消融术有着巨大优势。但冷冻球囊消融术投入临床使用时间较短，目前仍有一些并发症存在。现总结其常见并发症的发生机制及防治措施。     

心房颤动射频消融的术式演变

心房颤动的治疗目前主要有抗栓、控制心室率、电复律以及导管射频消融等,仅有导管射频消融为治愈心房颤动提供了可能,从最初的法国波尔多中心尝试性运用点消融至今已有数十个年头,随着对心房颤动机制的深入研究,消融术式得到了极大的发展,期间提出了多种心房颤动的产生及维持机制,但临床上对心房颤动,尤其是持续性的消融仍远未达到满意的疗效,通过对不同术式的研究并取长补短,一定程度上可提高消融成功率。     

心房颤动复发与肺静脉电位的关系

近年来的研究发现,绝大多数心房颤动起源于肺静脉的异常电活动.肺静脉对于心房颤动的触发与维持都起着重要作用,肺静脉电位是心房颤动射频导管消融(下称消融)中的重要标识之一.虽然消融治疗的成功率不断提高,适应证也在逐渐拓宽,但目前仍有近1/4的患者消融后心房颤动复发[1].最近的研究表明心房颤动消融后复发与肺静脉电位恢复有关.探讨肺静脉电位的电生理特性和不同消融术式对肺静脉电位的隔离效果,将有助于阐述心房颤动复发与肺静脉电位复发的关系.     

冷冻球囊消融术和射频消融术对心房颤动病人的近远期疗效研究

目的观察冷冻球囊消融术(CBA)和射频消融术(RFCA)对心房颤动病人的近远期疗效。方法选择我院2016年2月—2017年7月药物治疗失败行射频消融治疗的心房颤动病人108例,应用随机数字表法将病人分为CBA组与RFCA组,每组54例。比较两组肺静脉隔离(PVI)成功率、术后复发率、并发症发生情况和心功能。结果 CBA组PVI成功率为100.0%(54/54),RFCA组成功率为98.1%(53/54),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。CBA组手术和消融时间分别为(13.63±2.17)min和(8.25±1.13)min,均显著低于RFCA组的(15.82±2.64)min和(10.32±1.64)min(P0.05或P0.01)。两组术后并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。RFCA组术后12个月复发率为41.5%(22/53),显著高于CBA组的25.9%(14/54)(P0.05)。术后6个月、12个月,CBA组LVEF均显著高于RFCA组,LVDd、LVDs均显著低于RFCA组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论冷冻球囊消融术治疗心房颤动PVI成功率和术后并发症发生率与射频消融术比较差异无统计学意义,但是冷冻球囊消融术后12个月心房颤动复发率显著低于射频消融术,冷冻球囊消融术对心房颤动病人的心功能改善作用也优于射频消融术。     

Electrophysiologic Characteristics of Different Ectopic Rhythms During Slow Pathway Ablation in Patients with Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

The presence of ectopic rhythm has been considered to be the most important marker for successful slow pathway ablation, but the details of different ectopic rhythms have not been well described. This study included 83 consecutive patients with typical AV node reentrant tachycardia who underwent slow pathway ablation. The interval between the atrial signals of the His bundle electrogram and the distal ablation catheter [A(H)-A(Ab)], and the interval between the atrial components of the distal ablation catheter and the ostium of coronary sinus catheter [A(Ab)-A(CSos)] were measured. One hundred episodes of ectopic rhythm occurred with 81 (81%) successful applications. There are two different origins and three activation sequences of ectopic rhythms, including HIS rhythm (78 applications, the earliest atrial activation in the His bundle electrogram), CSos rhythm (6 applications, the earliest atrial signal in the coronary sinus ostium electrogram) and CSos preceding HIS (CSosHIS) rhythm (16 applications, the atrial activation sequences changing from CSos to HIS rhythm). The CSos rhythm had a shorter mean cycle length (445 ± 81 vs. 511 ± 132 vs. 579 ± 140 ms, p < 0.05), a shorter [A(Ab)-A(CSos)] interval (–2.5 ± 9.8 vs. 14.1 ± 11.2 vs. 12.8 ± 8.4 ms, p < 0.05) and a lower success rate (33% vs. 84% vs. 94% p < 0.05) than HIS rhythm and CSosHIS rhythm. Otherwise, the mean cycle length of ectopic rhythm was significant shorter in successful than in failed ablation (506 ± 135 vs. 559 ± 118 ms, p = 0.04). In conclusion, we found two different origins and three activation sequences of ectopic rhythms. CSos rhythm had a lower success rate in ablation of slow pathway, thus it was a poor marker for successful ablation.     

Ablation von persistierendem und lange persistierendem Vorhofflimmern

Catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is a meanwhile established therapy option, which is most frequently performed using radiofrequency ablation. Mid-term success rate of 70?% are achievable with a single ablation procedure. However, the mechanistics of persistent atrial fibrillation are less well understood and catheter ablation is a far more challenging procedure. Different ablation approaches are being performed to treat persistent atrial fibrillation ranging from sole pulmonary vein isolation to additional ablation of fractionated electrograms aiming for termination of atrial fibrillation. Thus far, it has not been investigated which strategy is most successful in treating persistent atrial fibrillation. After extended ablation of atrial fibrillation, occurrence of organized atrial arrhythmias is not uncommon and can be successfully ablated. These consecutive arrhythmias can be considered as a next step towards stable sinus rhythm after repeat ablation. Improvement of mapping methods as well as a better understanding of mechanisms of atrial fibrillation may increase success rate of catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation and may also help to improve success rate of these complex procedures.     

Recent advances in the treatment of arrhythmias.

Advances in endocardial mapping techniques and ablation have greatly increased the indications for catheter-ablation of supraventricular arrhythmias. Rate or rhythm control is a valid treatment option for patients with atrial fibrillation; however, all patients with one or more risk factors should be treated with oral anticoagulants. The early success rate and long-term cure of atrial fibrillation by radiofrequency catheter ablation continues to increase. The number of centers offering this treatment option has increased substantially. Implantable defibrillator-cardioverters are the primary treatment modality for patients with ventricular tachycardia and their role in primary prevention is also being defined. Future advances in arrhythmia management will include improvements in catheter design and energy sources for ablation, and greater monitoring capacity of implantable devices.     

Nonpharmacologic therapy of atrial fibrillation

Management of atrial fibrillation, by far the most common sustained arrhythmia seen in clinical practice, is undergoing a profound reshaping, with a better definition of the role of different therapeutic strategies and an increasing impetus directed toward nonpharmacologic approaches for maintenance of sinus rhythm. Medical management using a primary strategy of rate control or rhythm control, along with anticoagulation in appropriate patients, remains the recommended initial treatment for patients who develop this arrhythmia. However, the increasing success of catheter ablation and surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation has led to more patients undergoing these procedures and at more advanced stages of disease. This paper discusses the mechanisms of atrial fibrillation as they relate to ablative strategies, and it reviews the methods and outcomes of various nonpharmacologic approaches to the treatment of atrial fibrillation.     

Radiofrequency ablation in auricular flutter. Predictive factors of primary success and medium term results

Ninety-one consecutive patients underwent radiofrequency ablation of chronic or paroxysmal atrial flutter. The average age of the patients was 66. There was a previous history of atrial fibrillation in 38% of cases and of cardiac surgery in 14.3% of cases. The primary success rate was 79% (92% in cases of common flutter). The predictive factors of success were the type of flutter (p < 0.001), left ventricular (p < 0.01) and left atrial dimensions (p < 0.01) at echocardiography. The length of the cavo-tricuspid isthmus measured by echocardiography had no influence on the initial result but, in primary success, did affect the parameters of the procedure (duration and number of applications of radiofrequency energy). After an average of 11 +/- 2 months, sinus rhythm was maintained in 67% of patients. There were recurrences of flutter in 27.5% of cases and of atrial fibrillation in 5.5% of cases: 85% of these episodes occurred during the first six months after ablation. A second procedure was carried out in 12 patients for recurrence of flutter (92% primary success rate). After an average follow-up of 8.4 months, 4 patients had a recurrence and required a third procedure (100% success rate). In cases of failure of ablation, the rhythm was converted by a shock or atrial pacing: 47.3% of these patients remained in sinus rhythm with antiarrhythmic therapy with a 12 month follow-up. Radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter is, therefore, a safe method, the difficulty of which is mainly related to anatomical factors: the medium-term results are better than those of other therapeutic methods.     

成人继发孔型房间隔缺损并发房颤患者三种治疗方法分析

目的介绍成人房间隔缺损（ASD）并发心房颤动（AF）患者的几种治疗方法,并分析其治疗效果。方法：回顾分析本院136例ASD并发有明显临床症状且药物治疗无效的AF病例,其中36例接受介入封堵＋经导管射频消融术（导管射频消融组）,84例体外循环下ASD补术＋改良迷宫术（改良迷宫组）,16例单纯介入封堵术（未行经导管射频消融术,单纯介入封堵组）,术前,术后12月用心脏超声仪评价右心房、右室内径及肺动脉压力和心电图变化。结果：所有病例的术中、术后均未出现严重并发症,所有病例均无死亡,随访12个月,36例接受介入封堵＋经导管射频消融术28例转复为窦性心律,8例仍为AF,后行二次射频消融术转为窦性心律,84例ASD补术＋改良迷宫手术患者中有66例转复窦性,14例失败仍为AF,4例为交界性心律,单纯介入封堵组16例8例成功,8例术后仍为AF,与术前比较,各组心脏超声检查示右心房、右心室内径均较术前明显缩小,肺动脉压力明显下降（均P〈0．05）。各组之间无显著差异。经导管射频消融组和改良迷宫手术组AF治愈率高（对比单纯介入组,均P〈0．05）,患者心慌不适更能得到改善,生活质量更高。结论：介入封堵及外科手术均能安全有效治疗ASD并发AF,每种方法各有利弊,可依据患者临床具体情况选择。     

心房颤动导管消融联合肾交感神经消融——心房颤动合并高血压治疗的新策略？

心房颤动是临床上最常见的一种心律失常,它可以影响血流动力学和增加脑卒中的风险。近年来心房颤动导管消融发展迅速,但是导管消融治疗心房颤动仍可能复发房性心律失常,目前单纯导管消融治疗心房颤动长期维持窦性心律的成功率还不尽如人意。肾交感神经消融通过抑制交感神经系统及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活性从而达到治疗顽固性高血压的目的,现已成为一种有效、安全的新型手术方法。原发性高血压、心房颤动和交感神经系统三者之间有着密不可分的关系,肾交感神经消融可能通过抑制交感神经系统和肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活性减少心房颤动复发,也许将会成为心房颤动合并高血压治疗的新策略。现就导管消融联合肾交感神经消融治疗心房颤动的相关内容进行综述。     

The challenging face of focal atrial tachycardia in the post AF ablation era

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) has become one of the most common catheter ablation procedures performed worldwide. As experience and success in treating patients with paroxysmal AF have increased, more centers are performing ablation for persistent AF. Optimal results may require ablation beyond the pulmonary veins with extensive biatrial substrate modification required in some cases to restore sinus rhythm. On the road to sinus rhythm atrial tachycardias are generally encountered either acutely within the index procedure or following. This has led to an increase in the frequency of focal atrial tachycardia and a need to review our understanding and approach to this and how it differs following substrate modification in contrast with the de novo setting. This review aims to describe the differences in responsible mechanism and its translation to mapping and ablation of focal AT particularly in the post ablation atria (paAT).     

Inducibility of atrial arrhythmias after adenosine and isoproterenol infusion in patients referred for atrial fibrillation ablation

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The identification and ablation of atrial ectopic foci could complement the conventional empirical pulmonary vein approach and may increase the success rate of atrial fibrillation ablation. Although both adenosine and isoproterenol infusion have been reported to induce ectopics, no clear findings on their use during ablation have been published. Our aim was to investigate the utility of these two pharmacologic maneuvers in patients referred for atrial fibrillation ablation. METHODS: The effects of adenosine infusion, isoproterenol infusion, or both were evaluated in 53 patients with refractory atrial fibrillation referred for ablation. Patients were in sinus rhythm during evaluation. RESULTS: Administration of adenosine or isoproterenol induced atrial arrhythmias in 46 patients (87%). Arrhythmia inducibility was similar in those with paroxysmal and those with persistent atrial fibrillation (87% and 86%, respectively). Atrial ectopics alone were induced in 31 patients (65%), atrial tachycardia in four (8%), and atrial fibrillation in 13 (27%). In 10 patients (19%), ectopic foci were located outside the pulmonary veins and subsequently underwent ablation. In 32 of the 46 patients with inducible arrhythmias, only the induced ectopic foci were ablated (mean 1.4 [0.6] targets per patient). The long-term success rate of first procedures was 66%. CONCLUSION: Adenosine and isoproterenol infusion induced atrial ectopics in most patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation while they were in sinus rhythm. In almost 20%, the ectopic foci were located outside the pulmonary veins. The effectiveness of induced ectopic-guided ablation observed in our patient series supports the clinical utility of this approach.     

Catheter ablation of long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: clinical outcome and mechanisms of subsequent arrhythmias

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is challenging in patients with long-standing persistent AF. The clinical outcome and subsequent arrhythmia recurrence after using an ablation method targeting multiple left atrial sites with the aim of achieving acute AF termination has not been characterized. METHODS: Sixty patients (mean age: 53 +/- 9 years) with persistent AF (mean duration: 17 +/- 27 months) were prospectively followed after catheter ablation. Catheter ablation targeting the following sites was performed in a random sequence: (i) electrical isolation of all pulmonary veins (PV); (ii) disconnection of other thoracic veins; (iii) atrial ablation at sites possessing complex electrical activity, activation gradients, or short cycle lengths. Finally, linear ablation of the LA roof and mitral isthmus was performed if sinus rhythm was not restored following energy delivery to the above sites. At 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after ablation, patients underwent clinical review and 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring to identify asymptomatic arrhythmia. Repeat mapping and catheter ablation was performed in any patient experiencing recurrent atrial tachycardia (AT). Clinical success was defined as the absence of any sustained atrial arrhythmia. RESULTS: AF terminated during ablation in 52 patients (87%). The fluoroscopy and procedural durations were 84 +/- 30 minutes and 264 +/- 77 minutes, respectively. Three months after ablation, sustained ATs were documented in 24 patients (associated with AF in 2). Mapping in 23 patients showed a single AT in 7 while multiple ATs were observed in 16. Macroreentry was confirmed to be due to gaps in the ablation lines, while focal ATs originated from discrete sites or isthmuses near the left atrial appendage, coronary sinus, pulmonary veins, or fossa ovalis; these sites were similar to those at which the greatest impact was observed on the fibrillatory process during the initial ablation procedure. After repeat ablation, at 11 +/- 6 months of follow-up, 57 patients (95%) were in sinus rhythm and 3 developed recurrent AF or AT. All patients in sinus rhythm demonstrated improved exercise capacity and all but 2 had evidence of atrial transport as assessed by Doppler echocardiography (mitral A wave velocity 34 +/- 17 cm/sec) by 6 months. CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation of long-lasting persistent AF associated with acute AF termination achieves medium to long-term restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm in 95% of patients. Arrhythmia recurrence in the majority of patients is AT.