基因重排对淋巴细胞恶性增殖性疾病的诊断价值

目的：探讨PCR检测基因重排对淋巴细胞恶性增殖性疾病的诊断价值。方法：应用PCR和10％聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及硝酸银染色对非霍奇金淋巴瘤和淋巴细胞性白血病标本进行检测。结果：①对已明确诊断的标本检测，其总阳性率可达89．19％(66／74)；②单纯依赖形态学诊断为淋巴瘤的蜡块组织出现基因重排的阳性率为80％(12／15)，对淋巴结炎和淋巴结核的蜡块组织检测发现重排阳性的为47．22％(17／36)。结论：应用PCR法检测基因重排可作为淋巴细胞来源的良、恶性病变的一种辅助诊断手段。     

端粒酶基因在恶性淋巴瘤和良性淋巴结病变中的表达

我们应用原位杂交技术对良性淋巴结病变和恶性淋巴瘤进行端粒酶基因ｈＴＲ(ｈｕｍａｎｔｅｌｏｍｅｒａｓｅＲＮＡｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔ)和限速组分ｈＴＲＴ(ｈｕｍａｎｔｅｌｏｍｅｒａｓｅｒｅｖｅｒｓｅｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔａｓｅ)的原位检测 ,探讨端粒酶蛋白亚单位ｈＴＲＴ基因在恶性淋巴瘤中的表达及其意义 ,结合文献探讨端粒酶在淋巴造血系统的表达及恶性转化过程中的调节机制。病例和方法1　病例收集　 11例反应性淋巴结增生和 6 5例非霍奇金淋巴瘤 (ＮＨＬ)患者标本均为北京大学基础医学院病理学系1998～ 2 0 0 0年的会诊存档蜡块。…     

应用免疫组化、原位杂交及间接原位PCR诊断弓形虫淋巴结炎

目的 研究弓形虫淋巴结炎的病理诊断.方法 应用免疫组化、原位杂交及间接原位PCR技术,检测71例病理诊断为慢性非特异性淋巴结炎(淋巴结反应性增生)组织切片中的弓形虫.结果 在71例中应用免疫组化、原位杂交及间接原位PCR技术检测,弓形虫阳性病例分别为17例(23.94%)、35例(49.30%)、41例(57.75%),经统计学处理有显著差异(P＜0.005).结论 病理诊断为慢性非特异性淋巴结炎(淋巴结反应性增生)病例中,部份为漏诊的弓形虫淋巴结炎病例.免疫组化、原位杂交及间接原位PCR均能显示淋巴结组织切片中的弓形虫,但弓形虫检测结果阳性率依次为间接原位PCR、原位杂交及免疫组化.     

探讨端粒酶及其相关组分在乳腺癌诊断中的意义

目的　探讨端粒酶活性及端粒酶相关组分 (hTERT)在乳腺癌诊断中的价值。方法　端粒重复扩增分析法检测 81例乳腺良恶性病变组织端粒酶活性 ;原位杂交法检测端粒酶逆转录酶基因hTERTmRNA的表达。结果　 5 8例乳腺癌中 4 9例端粒酶阳性 (84 5 % ) ,端粒酶活性与临床病理参数无相关性 ;癌旁正常乳腺组织端粒酶阴性 ,7例乳腺增生症和 6例乳腺腺瘤中分别有 1例端粒酶阳性 ,与乳腺癌比差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1)。原位杂交结果显示 ,hTERTmRNA阳性表达率为 6 7 2 % (39/ 5 8) ,与端粒酶活性表达呈一致性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　端粒酶活性检测和hTERTmRNA原位杂交检测在乳腺癌的诊断中具有重要参考价值 ,其抑制剂有望成为恶性肿瘤治疗的新靶点     

超声引导颈部淋巴结徒手穿刺活检的应用价值

目的:探讨超声引导下颈部淋巴结病变徒手穿刺活检的应用价值与关键技术。方法:2011年3月—2013年3月对42例不明原因颈部淋巴结增大患者在超声引导下应用18 G或16 G组织切割针经皮徒手技术活检。穿刺靶淋巴结大小为1.0 cm×0.6 cm~8.6 cm×5.0 cm,每例穿刺2~5针。所取组织条能满足病理学定性诊断要求视为取材成功。结果:39例(92.9%)所取组织量能满足病理定性诊断要求。穿刺组织病理学结果:淋巴结恶性病变12例(28.6%,其中转移性癌7例、恶性淋巴瘤5例);良性病变26例(61.9%,其中淋巴结结核14例、反应性增生5例、慢性肉芽肿性炎4例、组织坏死性淋巴结炎3例);性质不确定1例(2.4%)。结论:超声引导下颈部淋巴结徒手活检技术具有实时监视、精准、灵活、微创等优点,在颈部淋巴结增大的定性诊断中具有很大的应用价值。     

针吸细胞学检查在淋巴结结核诊断中的价值

淋巴结结核是由结核分支杆菌感染引起的特异性淋巴结炎，与一般淋巴结炎的治疗方法截然不同，所以对淋巴结结核的正确诊断非常重要。本室近4年来用细针吸取细胞学检查（FNAC）诊断淋巴结结核64例，现就针吸细胞学检查在淋巴结结核诊断中的价值作一探讨。     

剪切波弹性成像在以发热和颈部淋巴结肿大为首发症状川崎病中的初步研究

目的 运用实时剪切波弹性成像技术(SWE)评估颈部淋巴结弹性进而比较以发热和颈部淋巴结病变为首发症状的川崎病(NFKD)与细菌性淋巴结炎(BCL)的差异性,拟为临床早期诊断NFKD提供一个影像学参考依据。     

150例颈部淋巴结肿大患者行细针穿刺细胞学病理诊断分析

目的探讨颈部淋巴结肿大穿刺细胞病理诊断的细胞特征及临床意义。方法比较分析150例颈部淋巴结肿大细针穿刺细胞分型的确诊率及临床病例对照符合率。结果 150例患者诊断的准确率为95.3%。淋巴结核44例,临床确诊40例,准确率为90.9%;淋巴结炎95例,临床确诊93例,符合率为97.9%;恶性淋巴瘤6例,临床确诊5例,符合率为83.3%;淋巴结转移瘤4例,临床确诊4例,符合率为100%;巨大型淋巴结增生1例,产生误诊。结论颈部淋巴肿大穿刺细胞学病理诊断对临床淋巴病变的预防及治疗具有重要的意义。     

腹股沟肿块细针吸取细胞学检查的临床意义评价

采用细针吸取细胞学（Fine needle Aspiration Cytology或FNAC）是诊断腹股沟肿块的主要手段，腹股沟肿块常见，主要来源于淋巴结病变．本组统计占98．2％，其他组织来源甚少。现将我院162例腹股沟肿块病变的细针吸取细胞学检查结果分析如下.     

淋巴结转移性鼻咽癌针吸检查中细胞块样本的应用

目的探讨细针吸取(FNA)涂片联合细胞块(CB)切片、免疫组化标记(IHC)和EBER原位杂交在淋巴结转移性鼻咽癌中的应用。方法采用友谊式细针穿刺器和21G注射针对31例鼻咽癌头颈部淋巴结转移病灶获取样本制片,观察其细胞形态学及CB组织形态学特征、IHC和EBER原位杂交表达。比较分析单纯细胞涂片、细胞涂片联合CB切片、细胞涂片联合CB切片及IHC和EBER原位杂交3种不同方式对鼻咽癌头颈部淋巴结转移病灶的诊断准确率。结果 1所有病例的细胞涂片及CB切片均显示为非角化性癌的形态学特征。2CB切片IHC和EBER原位杂交显示:肿瘤细胞CK5/6、p63、Ki-67及EBER均为(+);LCA和CK7均呈(-)。33种不同方式对鼻咽癌头颈部淋巴结转移病灶的诊断准确率比较显示:单纯细胞涂片诊断的敏感度(90.3%,28/31)及确诊率(74.2%,23/31)最低;细胞涂片联合CB切片诊断的敏感度(93.5%,29/31)及确诊率(77.4%,24/31)居中;细胞涂片联合CB切片及IHC和EBER原位杂交诊断的敏感度(96.8%,30/31)及确诊率(96.8%,30/31)最高。结论FNA细胞涂片联合CB切片、IHC及EBER原位杂交的方式,对头颈部淋巴结转移性鼻咽癌的早期诊断、寻找原发灶、治疗以及预后判断具有重要意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.