木瓜中四个三萜类化合物对单核细胞产生白介素-6的影响

目的：研究木瓜中4个三萜类化合物对（LPS）诱导单核－巨噬细胞产生白细胞介素－6（IL－6）的影响。方法：以人单核－巨噬细胞株U937细胞株为对象，用LPS诱导U937细胞产生IL－6，采用ELISA法考察木瓜中4个三萜类化合物桦木酸、齐墩果酸、乙酰熊果酸、乙酰坡模醇酸对LPS诱导U937细胞产生IL－6的影响。结果：（LPS）（10^-3－10^-1g／L）可剂量依赖地刺激U937细胞产生IL－6；齐墩果酸、桦木酸、乙酰熊果酸可显著抑制LPS诱导U937细胞产生IL－6（P＜0．05），抑制作用由强到弱的顺序为：齐墩果酸、桦木酸、乙酰熊果酸；抑制率分别为86．9％，80．2％，77．2％；乙酰坡模醇酸对LPS诱导U937细胞产生IL－6无显著影响。结论：木瓜中三萜类化合物桦木酸、齐墩果酸、乙酰熊果酸对LPS刺激U937细胞产生IL－6有抑制作用。     

凝胶渗透色谱法同时测定山嵛酸甘油酯中单、二、三甘油酯和游离甘油含量

目的:建立凝胶渗透色谱法同时测定山嵛酸甘油酯中单、二、三甘油酯和游离甘油含量。方法:采用两根苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯柱(5μm, 100?,300 mm×7.8 mm)串联;以四氢呋喃为流动相;示差折光检测器;进样器温度、柱温和检测器温度均为35℃。结果:3家企业9批山嵛酸甘油酯中的单、三甘油酯的含量会有差异,二甘油酯的含量基本一致,游离甘油含量均小于1.0%。结论:该方法可用于山嵛酸甘油酯的质量控制,同时对企业选用不同含量组分组成的山嵛酸甘油酯有一定的指导意义。     

皱皮木瓜的化学成分

目的对皱皮木瓜(Chaenomeles speciosa(Sweet.)Nakai)果实的乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部分进行化学成分研究。方法利用多种色谱方法进行成分分离;根据物理化学性质和波谱学手段对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果分离得到7个化合物,分别鉴定为齐敦果酸(oleanolicacid,1)、白桦酸(betulinic acid,2)、3O乙酰坡模酸(3Oacetyl pomolic acid,3)、绿原酸乙酯(ethylchlorogenate,4)、原儿茶酸(protocatechuic acid,5)、没食子酸(gallic acid,6)、曲酸(kojic acid,7)。结论化合物4~7为木瓜属中首次分离得到的化合物。     

蛇床子中一新的角型呋喃香豆素

从辽宁新民产蛇床Cnidium monnieri果实中分离鉴定出8个化合物，分别为2‘-乙酰白芷素（2‘-acetylangelicin,8)，欧山芹素（oroselone,1)，β－谷甾醇（β－sitosterol,2),哥伦比亚内酯（columbianadin,3),佛手柑内酯（bergapten,4),O-乙酰基哥伦比亚甙元（O-acetyl columbianetin,5),（O－乙酰异蛇床素（Cniforin A,6)和爱得尔庭（edultin,7),其中化合物8为一新化合物，化合物1系首次从该植物中分得。     

华山松松节的化学成分及黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性研究

目的：研究华山松松节的化学成分和黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性。方法通过各种柱色谱方法分离化合物,通过理化性质和波谱数据进行结构鉴定,对提取物和分离得到的化合物通过紫外分光光度法测定黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性。结果从松节提取物的石油醚部分共分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为异海松-7-烯-18-酸（1）,唐松酸（2）,3β,21α-二甲氧基锯齿石松-14-烯（3）,3β-甲氧基-21α-乙酰氧基-锯齿石松-14-烯（4）,3-甲氧基-锯齿石松-14-烯-21-酮（5）,β-谷甾醇（6）,胆甾醇肉豆蔻酸酯（7）和山嵛酸（8）。结论化合物3为首次从该植物中分离得到,并首次报道了该化合物的碳谱数据;化合物1和2具有一定的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制作用。     

兵豆中一新脑酰胺糖甙

从兵豆（Lens culinaris Medic.)种子乙醇提取物中分离到8个化合物,通过理化鉴定与波谱分析测定所分离出化合物的分子结构,分别鉴定为β－谷甾醇（1）,β－谷甾醇棕榈酸酯（Ⅱ）,胡萝卜甙（Ⅲ）,棕榈酸（Ⅳ）,9,10－二羟基硬脂酸（V）,乙基－α-D－葡萄糖甙（VI）,3－O－甲基－D－手机醇（Ⅶ）和兵豆甙（Ⅷ）,所有化合物均是首次从该植物中分离得到,其中Ⅷ为一新脑酰胺糖甙,命名兵豆甙。     

丁座草的化学成分研究

目的研究丁座草Boschniakia himalaicaHook.f.et Thoms.块茎的化学成分。方法采用柱色谱分离,通过理化性质和光谱分析确定化合物的结构。结果与结论从丁座草块茎的乙醇提取物中,共分离得到7个化合物,鉴定了5个化合物,分别为3β-乙酰熊果酸(3β-acetoxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid,Ⅰ)、3β-乙酰齐墩果酸(3β-acetyloleanolic acid,Ⅱ)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,Ⅲ)、熊果酸(ursolic acid,Ⅳ)、( )-松脂素单葡萄糖苷[( )-pinoresinol monoglucoside,Ⅴ]。化合物Ⅰ为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物Ⅱ和Ⅲ为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

白茅根化学成分研究

从白茅（Imperata cylindrica Beauv.var.major(Nees)C.E.Hubb.)的根茎中分离得到两种化合物，根据理化性质及波谱分析分别鉴定为α－联苯双酯（1）和4，7－二甲氧基－5－甲基香豆素（2）。这两个化合物均为首次从该属植物中分得。α－联苯双酯具有显著的保肝作用。     

藏药甘青青兰脂溶性化学成分的研究(Ⅰ)

目的研究甘青青兰(Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxi m.)的化学成分。方法采用硅胶柱色谱法分离化合物,运用波谱技术分析确定化学结构。结果与结论从甘青青兰的超临界提取物中共分离鉴定了5个化合物,经波谱分析分别确定为:齐墩果酸(1)、熊果酸(2)、正三十三烷烃(3)、白桦酯醇(4)、3β,20α-二羟基乌苏烷-21(22)-烯-28-酸(5)。化合物3为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物5为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

女贞子三萜类化学成分及其体外抗氧化活性的研究

目的研究女贞子中三萜类成分及体外抗氧化活性。方法用甲醇浸提,反复硅胶柱色谱分离,并测定DPPH自由基的清除率。结果分离鉴定了4个三萜类化合物:3-乙酰齐敦果酸、19α-羟基-3-乙酰熊果酸、齐墩果酸、熊果酸,均具有清除DPPH自由基的能力。结论抗氧化活性为19α-羟基-3-乙酰熊果酸>3-乙酰齐敦果酸>熊果酸>齐墩果酸。     

Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons

Self-injection of three barbiturates, six benzodiazepines, and chlorpromazine was examined in baboons. Intravenous injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Prior to testing each dose of drug, self-injection performance was established with cocaine. Subsequently, a test dose was substituted for cocaine. Amobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital maintained the highest levels of self-injection, which were similar to those maintained by cocaine. Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, medazepam, and midazolam maintained relatively modest levels of self-injection, while chlorpromazine maintained only low levels, which were in the range of vehicle control. Of the six benzodiazepines, midazolam produced the highest levels of self-injection. At the highest self-injected doses, the barbiturates produced anesthesia in contrast to the benzodiazepines, which produced only sedation. None of the drugs affected food intake except for chlorpromazine, which produced dose-related decreases. The differences among the drug classes (i.e., barbiturate, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine) with respect to the maintenance of self-injection correspond well with the results of previous animal and human drug self-administration studies.     

Inductively coupled plasma and clinical biology. Toxicological applications

The multi-elementary quantitation method using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been widely developed for use with biological fluids. Many elements can be quantified simultaneously in biological fluids, including: Li, Be, B, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Pd, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Ba, W, Pt, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, U. The validation procedure is described by the French Society of Clinical Biology. Results for urine are corrected after creatinine determination.We report applications in clinical toxicology and forensic toxicology. Advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the field of clinical biology are particularly important for toxicological analysis. This powerful tool is helpful for better patient care and for the search for cause of death.     

Alpinia zerumbet,a ginger plant with a multitude of medicinal properties: An update on its research findings

In this review, the botany and uses of Alpinia zerumbet (yan shan jiang) are described, and the current knowledge of its phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and clinical trials is summarized. An important ginger crop in East Asia, A. zerumbet has many uses, both medicinal and non-medicinal. Leaves are used to produce essential oils and herbal teas. Rhizomes are consumed as spices, and stem fibers are made into paper, fabrics, and handicrafts. In Brazil, tea from A. zerumbet leaves is believed to have hypotensive, diuretic, and anti-ulcerogenic properties. This species possesses many medicinal properties due to its chemical constituents, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, kava pyrones, sterols, and terpenoids. Extracts of A. zerumbet display antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticidal, anthelmintic, tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibitory, anti-atherogenic, anti-aging, anti-glycation, integrase and neuraminidase inhibitory, lifespan prolongation, hair growth promotion, anticancer, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-obesity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-platelet, osteoblastic, osteogenic, thrombolytic, and cardiacarrhythmogenic activities. Essential oils of A. zerumbet leaves have antimicrobial, larvicidal, antinociceptive, hypotensive, vasorelaxant, myorelaxant, antispasmodic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-neuraminidase, anti-atherogenic, anti-aging, anti-melanogenic, anti-tyrosinase, cytoprotective, cardiodepressive, antipsychotic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and tissue healing activities.Clinical trials conducted in Brazil showed that extracts of A. zerumbet have hypotensive and diuretic effects whereas topical application of the essential oil has positive therapeutic effects on patients with fibromyalgia. Spanning two continents of Asia and South America, A. zerumbetis truly a multi-purpose ginger plant with promising medicinal properties.     

消风止痒颗粒中毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷、苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素的HPLC法测定及其化学计量学综合评价

目的建立HPLC法同时测定消风止痒颗粒中毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷、苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素,并采用化学计量学方法对检测结果进行综合评价。方法采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长:330 nm(0~14 min检测毛蕊花糖苷和焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1)、254 nm(14~31 min检测升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷和亥茅酚苷)、270 nm(31~55 min检测苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素);体积流量0.9 mL/min;柱温25℃;进样量10μL。采用SPSS26.0统计软件对消风止痒颗粒中9种成分进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷、苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素分别在2.53~63.25、1.09~27.25、8.17~204.25、2.38~59.50、4.07~101.75、1.74~43.50、0.66~16.50、1.47~36.75、2.86~71.50μg/m L线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为99.01%、98.17%、100.13%、97.63%、98.72%、97.22%、96.93%、99.24%、100.01%,RSD值分别为1.42%、1.26%、0.72%、1.55%、0.84%、1.06%、1.18%、0.67%、0.95%;11批样品聚类分析为3类,主成分1~3是影响消风止痒颗粒质量评价的主要因子。结论该方法操作简便、重复性好,可作为消风止痒颗粒中多指标成分质量评价模式。     

Physiological response of carp,Cyprinus carpio,exposed to raw sewage containing fish processing wastewater

Physiological changes of carp exposed to raw sewage were investigated by the use of clinical examination methods. All carp exposed to raw sewage died within 6 h. On hour 48, 10, 40, and 90% of exposed carp survived in 60, 20, and 10% sewage, respectively. Carp exposed to 50 and 20% sewage increased ammonia, glucose, Mg, Cu, and Br, and decreased Fe and Zn in plasma. Even in 10% sewage, ammonia, glucose, and Br in plasma increased. Forty-eight hours of exposure to 50 and 20% sewage caused severe pathological changes in the gills. In the kidney, light abnormalities were observed at this time. When exposed to 50 and 20% sewage, atrioventricular conduction time and duration of electrical systole measured by electrocardiogram shortened briefly, and then extended gradually. In 50 and 20% sewage, heart rate and respiratory frequency increased briefly, and then decreased gradually. Cough reaction increased with the exposure. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 12: 1–9, 1997     

Pediatric Obesity: Pharmacokinetic Alterations and Effects on Antimicrobial Dosing

Limited data exist for appropriate drug dosing in obese children. This comprehensive review summarizes pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations that occur with age and obesity, and these effects on antimicrobial dosing. A thorough comparison of different measures of body weight and specific antimicrobial agents including cefazolin, cefepime, ceftazidime, daptomycin, doripenem, gentamicin, linezolid, meropenem, piperacillin‐tazobactam, tobramycin, vancomycin, and voriconazole is presented. PubMed (1966–July 2015) and Cochrane Library searches were performed using these key terms: children, pharmacokinetic, obesity, overweight, body mass index, ideal body weight, lean body weight, body composition, and specific antimicrobial drugs. PK studies in obese children and, if necessary, data from adult studies were summarized. Knowledge of PK alterations stemming from physiologic changes that occur with age from the neonate to adolescent, as well as those that result from increased body fat, become an essential first step toward optimizing drug dosing in obese children. Excessive amounts of adipose tissue contribute significantly to body size, total body water content, and organ size and function that may modify drug distribution and clearance. PK studies that evaluated antimicrobial dosing primarily used total (or actual) body weight (TBW) for loading doses and TBW or adjusted body weight for maintenance doses, depending on the drugs’ properties and dosing units. PK studies in obese children are imperative to elucidate drug distribution, clearance, and, consequently, the dose required for effective therapy in these children. Future studies should evaluate the effects of both age and obesity on drug dosing because the incidence of obesity is increasing in pediatric patients.     

Species and organ specificity of fumonisin-induced endothelial alterations: potential role in porcine pulmonary edema

Fumonisins, mycotoxins that commonly contaminate corn, induce cardiovascular toxicity and pulmonary edema in pigs, leukoencephalomalacia in horses, and nephropathy in rats, rabbits, and lambs. The mechanisms of these species-specific target organ toxicoses are poorly understood. We have previously reported perinuclear accumulation of membranous material in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells of pigs fed fumonisin-containing culture material. We hypothesized that these endothelial accumulations may be important in the pathogenesis of fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema and target organ toxicity in other species. Both target and non-target tissues from fumonisin-exposed pigs, sheep, rabbits, and rats were examined ultrastructurally. Specifically, lung, liver, heart and kidney were examined. In agreement with our previous work (Gumprecht, L.A., Beasley, V.R., Weigel, R.M., Parker, H.M., Tumbleson, M.E., Bacon, C.W., Meredith, F.I., Haschek, W.M., 1998. Development of fumonisin-induced hepatotoxicity and pulmonary edema in orally dosed swine: morphological and biochemical parameters. Tox. Pathol. 26, 777–788), endothelial alterations were present in the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells of pigs fed fumonisin-containing culture material, but at doses that did not induce pulmonary edema, as well as in pigs injected intravenously with purified fumonisin B₁. These alterations were present only in the pulmonary capillary endothelium of pigs and not in other species. In addition, these endothelial alterations were not present in any other organ of pigs or other species examined. Thus, these endothelial alterations are induced by fumonisin B₁, but only in pulmonary capillary endothelium and only in pigs. Although evidence that these alterations play a role in fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema is limited, other endothelial functions may be affected by fumonisin treatment.     

毛细管电泳法同时测定三黄片中7种有效成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定三黄片中7种有效成分——汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚含量的方法。方法:采用毛细管电泳法。内标为对乙酰氨基酚;毛细管柱为未涂层弹性融硅石英柱,有效长度为47 cm;运行缓冲液为25 mmol.L-1硼砂溶液+25 mmol.L-1十二烷基硫酸钠+4 mmol.L-1磺丁基β-环糊精+8%甲醇(pH 9.42);分离电压为14 kV;重力进样时间为5 s(高度为15 cm);检测波长为254 nm;温度25℃;湿度<70%。结果:7种有效成分检测浓度分别在2.02～20.16、1.00～10.00、1.60～16.00、1.20～12.00、2.00～20.00、7.20～72.00、1.00～10.00μg.mL-1范围内与各自峰面积积分值线性关系良好;回收率分别为100.6%、98.3%、99.9%、101.2%、99.8%、102.0%、101.8%,RSD均<3.0%。结论:本方法专属性强、结果准确可靠、重复性好,可用于三黄片的质量控制。     

6种黄酮类化合物对离体肝储脂细胞增殖的影响(英文)

目的:研究黄颜木素、槲皮素、芹菜素、根皮素、橙皮素和查耳酮对血清、巨噬细胞上清和血小板源生生长因子刺激的HSC-T6细胞增殖的影响。方法:结晶紫染色法测定细胞增殖。结果:黄颜木素、槲皮素、芹菜素、根皮素、橙皮素和查耳酮(6.25-50μmol/L)以剂量依赖方式显著抑制血清、巨噬细胞上清和血小板源生生长因子诱导的HSC-T6细胞增殖。结论:黄颜木素、槲皮素、芹菜素、根皮素、橙皮素和查耳酮具有抑制肝储脂细胞增殖的作用。     

SARS-CoV-2变异株的遗传学特征和致病特点

新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）可通过基因突变迅速进化,目前SARS-CoV-2变异株被分类为值得关切的变异株（B.1.1.7、B.1.351、P.1、B.1.617.2和B.1.1.529）、待留意的变异株（B.1.427/B.1.429、P.2、B.1.525、P.3、B.1.526、B.1.617.1、C.37和B.1.621）和受监控的变异株。这些变异株对病毒传播性和人群的发病率、再感染及死亡率产生了重大影响。与其他变异株相比,新变异株奥密克戎（Omicron）具有强传染性、免疫逃逸等特征,造成感染激增的高风险。该文概述了SARS-CoV-2变异株的遗传学特征,当前SARS-CoV-2新变异株Omicron流行病学特征、基因突变及临床特征,SARS-CoV-2样本采集方法及检测手段,疫苗接种以及COVID-19治疗等,以利于SARS-CoV-2的防治提供指导。