洛美沙星对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核的影响

本文研究了洛美沙星对NIH小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核的影响。结果表明,环磷酰胺(150mg/kg)组小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率为65.4±11.56‰,与不给药对照组(3.0±0.82‰)相比明显增高(P<0.001)。而洛美沙星不论是单次给药各剂量组还是多次给药组的微核细胞出现率与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果提示洛美沙星对小鼠骨髓细胞遗传物质无致突变作用。     

罗汉果对雄性小鼠骨髓微核和精子形态的影响

背景：对罗汉果的遗传毒性进行研究,可为其安全使用提供实验依据。 目的：观察罗汉果水提液对雄性小鼠骨髓细胞微核率和附睾精子畸形率的影响,了解其是否有遗传毒性。 方法：按罗汉果水提液最大使用剂量(3 g/mL)和最大灌胃容量(20 mL/kg)灌胃小鼠,观察罗汉果水提液的急性毒性。将雄性昆明小鼠随机分为5组,分别灌胃给予30,15,7.5 g/kg的罗汉果水煎液、蒸馏水,连续5 d;或腹腔注射40 mg/kg环磷酰胺。于灌胃第5天,采用骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验计算小鼠的骨髓微核率。于首次灌胃后第35天,观察小鼠精子畸形率。 结果与结论：罗汉果水提液对昆明小鼠的经口急性毒性最大耐受剂量大于120 g/kg。罗汉果水提液30,15,7.5 g/kg灌胃后,小鼠的骨髓微核率、精子畸形率与正常小鼠无差异(P > 0.05),均明显低于环磷酰胺诱发的骨髓微核率和精子畸形率(P < 0.05)。说明罗汉果水提液对成年雄性小鼠无明显遗传毒性。     

桑寄生的遗传毒理学研究

目的探讨桑寄生水煎液对成年小鼠及胚胎鼠的遗传毒性。方法采用小鼠急毒试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠胚胎肝转移微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验。结果桑寄生水煎液急毒试验为无毒级,最大用药剂量为40g/kg。桑寄生水煎液灌胃孕鼠和雄鼠40g/kg剂组诱发的胚胎肝微核率、骨髓微核率、精子畸形率均较阴性对照组显著升高（P〈0.05）。桑寄生灌胃剂量为20g/kg时,诱发的胚胎肝微核率较阴性对照组显著升高（P〈0.05）,骨髓微核率与精子畸形率与阴性对照组相比,无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。而10g/kg剂量组诱发的胚胎肝微核率、骨髓微核率、精子畸形率与阴性对照组相比,均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论桑寄生水煎液40g/kg剂量组对成年小鼠和胎鼠均具有潜在的遗传毒性,20g/kg剂量组仅对胎鼠有潜在的遗传毒性,10g/kg剂量组对成年小鼠和胎鼠均无遗传毒性。     

巴豆对小鼠骨髓及胚胎肝细胞微核率的影响

目的　探讨孕妇禁忌中药巴豆水提液对小鼠骨髓细胞及胚胎鼠肝细胞微核率的影响。方法　采用小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核 (MN)实验法与小鼠胚胎肝转移微核实验法。结果　当小鼠用药剂量在 1g/kg、 5g/kg时微核率与阴性对照组无明显差异 ,10g/kg时诱发骨髓MN率与阴性对照组比较有显著差异 (P <0 0 1)。而在孕鼠用药 1g/kg、 5g/kg、 10g/kg各剂量组时均可诱发鼠胎肝细胞微核率增高。各组与阴性对照组比较都有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论　实验表明巴豆水提液在同等剂量作用下诱发胚胎鼠肝细胞微核率明显高于成年鼠骨髓细胞 ,此药可以通过胎盘屏障 ,对胎鼠具有更为显著的致遗传物质损伤作用。     

烟草提取液诱导小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核的研究

目的 研究烟草提取液对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的遗传毒性效应.方法 采用30h给受试物法,用不同浓度烟草提取液灌喂实验小鼠,小鼠处死后检测小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率.其微核率与环磷酰胺阳性对照组以及生理盐水阴性对照组嗜多染红细胞微核率比较其差异性.结果 发现不同浓度烟草提取液均可诱导小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞产生微核,其微核率与阳性对照组比较无显著差异,而远高于阴性对照组.结论 烟草提取液具有较大的遗传毒性.     

超声波对小鼠骨髓细胞微核率的影响

目的：研究超声波对小鼠骨髓细胞微核率的影响。方法：用诊断级超声波幅射小鼠,测定小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核的出现率。结果：经超声波辐射的小鼠的细胞微核率与阳性对照组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,与阴性对照组比较无差异（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。结论：受幅射的小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率无显著增加,诊断级超声波不会致突变。     

硫酸镍对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核及骨髓细胞SCE频率的影响

本文以ＬＢＰＩ／１小鼠为对象、就硫酸镍对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核及骨髓细胞姊妹染色单体互换（ＳＣＥ）频率的影响进行观察。结果表明，用硫酸镍灌胃小鼠，在其剂量可使小鼠中毒的条件下，未能诱发小鼠骨髓嗜多染色细胞中毒的条件下，未能诱发小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率和骨髓细胞ＳＣＥ水平的增高，提示硫酸镍在整体动物实验中未显示遗传毒性     

中药对小鼠骨髓细胞遗传物质影响的实验研究

目的：通过本实验研究探讨孕妇禁忌中药红花、牛膝对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核频率的影响。方法：选用体重18－22g的雌性昆明小鼠，随机分为8组，即阴性、阳性对照组分别灌胃生理盐水及腹腔注射环磷酰胺30mg/kg；实验组用红花及牛膝水煎剂分别以10g/kg,2g/kg,1g/kg的剂量灌胃，每天1次，连续5天后断颈取骨髓细胞涂片观察。结果：各用药剂量组诱发小鼠骨髓细胞微核率虽有数目的差异，但与阴性对照组相比无显著性差异（P＞0．05），而与阳性对照组相比均有显著差异，P＜0．01。讨论：本实验结果提示孕妇禁忌中药红花、牛膝虽有影响生育的作用，但是无明显诱发小鼠骨髓微核率增高的作用，表明这两种中药均无损伤遗传物质的作用。     

中药商陆诱发小鼠骨髓细胞微核率的实验研究

目的：通过本实验研究探讨孕妇禁忌中药商陆（Phytolacca acinosa）对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核频率的影响。方法：先用体重18－22g的雌性昆明小鼠,随机分为10组,即阴性（灌胃生理盐水）、阳性（腹腔注射环磷酰胺）对照组、各实验组用生药商陆及醋制商陆煎液分别以四个剂量组（I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ）每天灌胃1次,5天后取骨髓观察嗜多染红细胞的微核率。结果：两种商陆水煎剂的I、Ⅱ剂量组诱发小鼠微核率虽有数目变化,但无统计学意义,且与阴性对照组相比;P＞0．05,与阳性对照组相比均有显著差异,P＜0．01。而Ⅲ、Ⅳ剂量组诱发微核率与阴性对照组相比：P＜0．01,与阳性对照组相比无显著差异。讨论：本实验结果提示孕妇禁忌中药商陆诱发小鼠微核率具有明显的剂量效应关系。因此,在临床应用药时,特别是育龄妇女更应慎重。     

非梗阻性无精子症和严重少精子症患者微核率的观察

目的探讨外周血淋巴细胞微核率与非梗阻性无精子症(A组)和严重少精子症(B组)形成的相关性,为进行病因学研究和采取干预措施提供理论依据。方法分别对38例A组和32例B组患者及30例已经生育的男性,按外周血淋巴细胞微核试验方法进行培养检测,分别计数微核,计算微核细胞率和微核率。结果微核细胞率、微核率分别为:实验A组5.19±1.58‰、6.37±1.63‰,B组4.51±1.55‰、5.94±1.61‰;对照组为1.87±1.63‰、2.27±1.72‰,实验A、B组和对照组对比差异皆有统计学意义(P0.01),实验A、B组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论非梗阻性无精子症和严重少精子症患者外周血淋巴细胞微核率明显增高,表明两者有遗传损伤即具染色体不稳定性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.