哮喘患者诱导痰中GM-CSF mRNA表达的研究

目的利用非创伤方法获取样本的方法,在细胞和分子水平上探讨哮喘气道炎症的指标.方法3%高渗盐水诱导痰液,利用逆转录-聚合酶链反应技术(RT-PCR)检测哮喘患者治疗前后诱导痰中炎性细胞粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)信使核糖核酸(mRNA)表达和各种炎性细胞的变化.结果哮喘组15例,痰中嗜酸细胞百分数为(33.4±6.7)%,与慢性支气管炎(慢支炎)组(15例)的(2.1±0.4)%和对照组(10例)的(0.8±0.3)%比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);哮喘组诱导痰中的炎性细胞GM-CSFmRNA为0.32±0.05,与慢支炎组的0.19±0.02和对照组0.06±0.03比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.05),慢支炎组与对照组比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).哮喘患者(7例)治疗后诱导痰中嗜酸细胞为(32.6±11.9)%,与治疗前(29.6±8.7)%比较,差异无显著性(P＞0.05);诱导痰中炎性细胞GM-CSFmRNA表达为0.42±0.12,与治疗前的0.66±0.26相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论诱导痰中炎性细胞GM-CSFmRNA表达增高是一较特异的气道炎症指标.     

TLR4/PI3K信号相关分子在气道上皮细胞诱导的哮喘气道平滑肌细胞迁移功能中的作用

目的 探讨TLR4、PI3K和NF-kB在气道上皮细胞诱导的哮喘气道平滑肌细胞(airway smooth muscle cells,ASMCs)迁移中的作用.方法 细胞消化法培养原代哮喘ASMCs,TNF-α刺激上皮细胞系RTE细胞收集细胞培养上清液,ELISA检测上清液中IL-8和RANTES的含量,以TLR4抗体、渥曼青霉素(Wortmannin)、二硫代氨基吡咯烷(PDTC)作为工具药,改良Boyden趋化小室检测其在上皮细胞诱导的哮喘ASMCs跨膜迁移中的作用.结果 各TNF-α组RTE培养上清液中IL-8和RANTE水平均显著增高(P＜0.01),20 ng/ml组较其他组显著增高(P＜0.01).各哮喘组ASMCs的跨膜迁移数较正常组均显著增加(P＜0.01),各处理组哮喘ASMCs的跨膜迁移数亦较哮喘组明显增加(P＜0.01),TNF-α+TLR4抗体组、TNF-α +Wortmannin组和TNF-α+Wortmannin+PDTC组哮喘ASMCs跨膜迁移数较TNF-α组明显减少(P＜0.01);TNF-α+Wortmannin +PDTC组ASMCs跨膜迁移数亦低于Wortmannin组(P＜0.05).结论 TLR4/PI3K信号相关分子参与哮喘气道上皮细胞诱导的ASMCs跨膜迁移,可能是哮喘气道重塑的机制之一.     

气道上皮IL-25促进哮喘气道重塑

目的:通过检测白细胞介素-25(IL-25)在嗜酸细胞性哮喘(EA)及非嗜酸细胞性哮喘(NEA)患者的血清、诱导痰及气道上皮中的表达,探讨其在支气管哮喘气道重塑中的作用。方法:选取初诊的哮喘患者55例,健康对照组27例,所有受试者均进行肺通气功能检查,然后采集空腹静脉血及诱导痰。据诱导痰中嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)的比例将哮喘患者分为EA组和NEA组。采用ELISA检测血清及诱导痰中IL-25的水平,同时对其中的10例EA组患者、10例NEA组患者及10例健康对照者行电子支气管镜气道黏膜活检,免疫组织化学技术分析IL-25在气道上皮的表达,HE染色测量气道重塑的重要指标-基底膜厚度,并行血清及诱导痰中IL-25的水平与基底膜平均厚度的相关性分析。结果:与正常对照组相比,EA和NEA组哮喘患者的肺功能轻度受损。ELISA结果显示哮喘患者血清及诱导痰中IL-25的水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而EA和NEA组哮喘患者间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。免疫组织化学结果显示哮喘患者气道上皮IL-25的表达明显高于对照组,HE染色显示气道黏膜下的基底膜厚度明显增加(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示哮喘患者血清及诱导痰中IL-25水平与气道黏膜下基底膜平均厚度成正相关。结论:IL-25可能有促进哮喘气道重塑的作用,嗜酸性粒细胞与基底膜厚度无明显相关性,其在哮喘气道重塑中的作用可能是有限的。     

莫西沙星对脂多糖诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎性反应的影响

目的探讨莫西沙星(MXF)能否调节脂多糖(LPS)诱导的体外巨噬细胞的炎性反应。方法 Real-time PCR和Western blot检测巨噬细胞TLR4、SPHK1、NF-κB mRNA及蛋白的表达。ELISA检测各组细胞上清液TNF-α和IL-1的分泌。结果低及中等浓度(8,16 mg/L)的MXF可抑制LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TLR4、SPHK1和NF-κB p65 mRNA及蛋白的表达,TNF-α和IL-1分泌量的升高,而高浓度(64 mg/L)则起促进炎性反应的作用。结论低中浓度MXF可抑制LPS诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的炎性反应,而高浓度则相反。     

酵母多糖在Wistar大鼠真菌性眼内炎中的致病作用

目的 观察真菌酵母多糖诱导的Wistar大鼠眼内炎模型的组织病理学特征、血眼屏障的改变和玻璃体内肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)的表达情况.方法 采用随机数字表法将大鼠分为生理盐水对照组(SC组,n=168)、眼内炎组(EO组,n=168).EO组玻璃体腔注射真菌酵母多糖溶液诱导眼内炎动物模型,SC组注入等量无菌生理盐水.注射后6、12 h及1、2、3、5、7 d,观察各组大鼠眼部炎性反应表现,并分别摘除眼球行组织病理学检查,同时取其房水检测蛋白质浓度.取玻璃体检测TNF-α、IL-1β水平.结果 注射后6 h～3 d,EO组眼内可见严重炎性反应,注射后7 d炎性反应基本消退.注射后1 d,EO组眼内白细胞浸润数量为(482.63±191.15)细胞/眼,达到高峰;注射后3 d浸润细胞数量迅速下降至(131.25±57.95)细胞/眼.注射后I d,EO组TNF-α和IL-1β浓度分别为(331.17±99.81)、(2 156.09±1 440.27)ng/L,均达到高峰并持续至注射后2 d,随后迅速下降;注射后7d,EO组TNF-α和IL-1β浓度分别为(5.55±5.27)、(43.66±18.73)ng/L.在各观察时点,均可观察到EO组房水蛋白质浓度较SC组注射后6 h显著增高(均P＜0.01).结论 真菌酵母多糖在Wistar大鼠可诱导出严重的实验性眼内炎,大量白细胞眼内浸润、血眼屏障破坏和玻璃体TNF-α、IL-1β的高水平表达是本实验性眼内炎模型的主要病理特点.     

IL-6促进小鼠小胶质细胞系BV2坏死性凋亡

目的 探究在神经炎性反应中小胶质细胞凋亡的调控机制。方法 脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导小鼠小胶质细胞系BV2,构建神经炎性反应细胞模型,使用白介素-6(IL-6)拮抗剂塞妥昔单抗(siltuximab)处理LPS诱导的BV2细胞。CCK-8法检测细胞增殖;流式细胞测量术检测细胞凋亡;ELISA检测IL-6与TNF-α含量;RT-qPCR检测BV2细胞M1极化标志物IL-1β、IFN-γ与M2极化标志物CD206、Arg-1表达;Western blot检测JAK-STAT3信号通路关键蛋白及坏死性凋亡相关蛋白(RIP1)和RIP3表达。结果 LPS诱导后BV2细胞的增殖活力下降,凋亡增加,炎性因子IL-6与TNF-α含量增加(P<0.01)。M1极化标志物IL-1β、IFN-γ表达增加(P<0.01),M2极化标志物CD206、Arg-1表达减少(P<0.01)。JAK-STAT3通路关键蛋白磷酸化增加(P<0.01),RIP1、RIP3蛋白表达增加(P<0.01)。IL-6拮抗剂siltuximab处理细胞后,JAK-ST...     

单肺通气对小儿围手术期炎性细胞因子的影响

目的:观察单肺通气 (OLV) 方式对小儿围手术期炎性细胞因子影响.方法:选择 40 例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级肺部手术小儿, 随机分为长时间组(Ⅰ组)和间断双肺通气组 (Ⅱ组), 每组20例.两组患者分别在麻醉诱导后(T1)、 OLV 30 min(T2)、 60 min(T3)及术后 2 h(T4)采取静脉血, 测定血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL-6、 IL-8、 IL-10)浓度.用Datex-Ohmeda Anesttesia Delivery Unit(ADU)监测呼吸力学参数: 气道锋压(Ppeak)、气道平台压(Pplat)、气道阻力(Raw)、分钟通气量(MV)等.结果:两组TNF-α、 IL-6、 IL-8和 IL-10于 T3时明显上升(P<0.05), Ⅱ组T3、 T4时TNF-α和IL-8均明显低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05), 而 IL-10高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05).两组患儿呼吸动力学参数比较无统计学差异.结论:单肺通气期间间断双肺通气可减轻小儿围手术期炎性反应.     

绞股蓝皂苷减轻脂多糖诱导大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞系PC12损伤

目的 探讨绞股蓝皂苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤(PC12)细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 LPS处理PC12细胞建立神经元炎性损伤模型;实时定量PCR检测炎性因子表达,CCK-8法检测细胞活力,蛋白印迹检测NF-κB蛋白。结果 不同剂量(0、100、300和1 000 ng/mL)的LPS刺激PC12细胞12 h后,TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1βmRNA水平随剂量的增加而逐渐升高。LPS导致细胞活力下降到85.7%,不同浓度绞股蓝皂苷(30, 100μg/mL)预处理细胞6 h后,30和100μg/mL绞股蓝皂苷能够使细胞活力分别恢复至96.2%和97.9%。绞股蓝皂苷预处理后,LPS诱导的TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的mRNA水平升高都受到不同程度的抑制。LPS刺激导致NF-κB通路信号蛋白p65的磷酸化(p-p65)水平上调,但绞股蓝皂苷预处理能够使升高的p-p65下调。结论 绞股蓝皂苷通过抑制NF-κB信号通路减轻LPS诱导的PC12细胞炎性反应,从而起到保护神经元损伤的作用。     

CysLT2受体拮抗剂HAMI3379抑制LPS诱导小鼠小胶质瘤细胞系的炎性反应

目的探究半胱氨酰白三烯2(CysLT2)受体拮抗剂HAMI3379对LPS诱导小鼠小胶质细胞(BV-2)炎性反应的调控作用及其可能的作用机制。方法体外培养BV-2,将BV-2分为对照组、LPS(100 ng/mL)组、HAMI3379(0.01、0.1和1μmol/mL)组和LPS+HAMI3379组。CCK-8法检测BV-2细胞的增殖;ELISA检测细胞上清液中炎性因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-10的含量;Western-blot检测PKCα、IKBα、NF-κB p50和p65蛋白的表达。结果LPS能够激活BV-2细胞,促进其细胞的增殖(P<0.05);显著增加细胞上清液中炎性因子IL-1β、TNF-α的分泌,减少IL-10的分泌(P<0.05);且显著上调PKCα、IKBα、p65蛋白的表达水平(P<0.05)。CysLT2受体拮抗剂HAMI3379能够显著减轻上述变化(P<0.05)。结论CysLT2受体拮抗剂HAMI3379能够抑制LPS激活BV-2细胞,抑制炎性反应,其作用机制可能与抑制PKCα/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

PPAR-γ激动剂抑制IFN-γ和TNF-α诱导的肾小管上皮细胞趋化因子表达

目的探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)激动剂15-脱氧-12,14-前列腺素J2(15d-PGJ2)对IFN-γ和TNF-α共同诱导HK-2肾小管上皮细胞趋化因子表达的影响。方法在IFN-γ和TNF-α联合刺激HK-2细胞的同时加入不同浓度的15d-PGJ2共同作用48 h,用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和ELISA分别检测CXCL9、CXCL10和CXCL11的mRNA表达和蛋白分泌水平。结果在HK-2细胞中,IFN-γ和TNF-α联合刺激能够诱导趋化因子CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11的mRNA表达和蛋白分泌;经不同浓度的15d-PGJ2干预后,CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11的mRNA表达和蛋白分泌均被抑制,在15d-PGJ2浓度为2.0 ng/mL时,15d-PGJ2对CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11的mRNA和蛋白分泌的影响最大,与IFN-γ联合TNF-α组(15d-PGJ2浓度为0 ng/mL)相比,CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11的mRNA分别下降76.8%、78.7%和81.9%,培养上清中趋化因子蛋白分泌分别下降66.9%、86.6%和39.9%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PPAR-γ激动剂可抑制IFN-γ和TNF-α联合作用诱导的肾小管上皮细胞趋化因子CXCL9、CXCL10和CXCL11表达。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.