儿童腺病毒肺炎并发噬血细胞综合征7例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童腺病毒肺炎并发噬血细胞综合征（HLH）的临床特征。方法 回顾性分析2019年3~9月7例腺病毒肺炎并发HLH患儿的临床资料。结果 患儿年龄11个月至5岁，其中2岁以下5例，男性5例，均无基础疾病。患儿均以持续高热伴咳嗽住院，热峰在39~41℃之间。随着疾病进展，出现肝大7例，脾大6例。血常规两系或三系减少，伴血清铁蛋白（SF）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、降钙素原（PCT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）升高。吞噬血细胞现象6例。肺部影像学提示肺炎改变。7例均经病原学宏基因检测鉴定为人腺病毒7型感染，同时HLH基因检测无异常，确诊为继发性HLH。7例均采用人免疫球蛋白治疗，地塞米松+依托泊苷化疗4例，单用地塞米松3例，血浆置换4例。死亡2例，好转出院5例。与5例存活患儿相比，2例死亡病例血常规中三系降低更明显，CRP、PCT、SF、LDH升高更明显。结论 腺病毒肺炎并发HLH的主要临床特征为持续高热，外周血出现进行性两系或三系降低及肝脾肿大等其他器官系统受累。CRP、PCT、SF、LDH显著升高可能提示预后不良。     

Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Iran: report from a single referral center

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare condition characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenia, and widespread accumulation of lymphocytes and histiocytes, sometimes with hemophagocytosis, primarily involving the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and liver. HLH can either occur sporadically (secondary HLH) or as part of a familial syndrome (primary HLH), including familial HLH and the distinct immunodeficiency syndromes. Herein the authors report 6 Iranian patients with primary HLH and their outcome from a single tertiary-care center.     

A CASE OF SYMPTOMATIC IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA DURING MUMPS

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare condition characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenia, and widespread accumulation of lymphocytes and histiocytes, sometimes with hemophagocytosis, primarily involving the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and liver. HLH can either occur sporadically (secondary HLH) or as part of a familial syndrome (primary HLH), including familial HLH and the distinct immunodeficiency syndromes. Herein the authors report 6 Iranian patients with primary HLH and their outcome from a single tertiary-care center.     

Immunosuppression: Preliminary results of alternative maintenance therapy for familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL)

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) describes a group of disorders with similar clinical features that are associated with a very high mortality rate. Patients with HLH, and particularly the infantile form referred to as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL), are often treated with multiple courses of epipodophyllotoxins, such as etoposide, for prolonged periods of time. Because of the concern regarding the risk of epipodophyllotoxin-induced acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) we have explored the use of immunosuppression as maintenance therapy for patients with FHL while they await the only known definitive treatment, i.e., bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We report 2 infants with FHL who had significant central nervous system involvement at diagnosis. Both were initially treated with etoposide, methotrexate, and glucocorticosteroids. Once clinical improvement was achieved these patients were successfully maintained in clinical remission of FHL on daily cyclosporine A (CSA) and glucocorticosteroids along with intermittent intrathecal methotrexate for 5 months until appropriate unrelated donors could be identified for BMT.     

FAMILIAL HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS: AN AUTOPSY STUDY

We describe four classical cases of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL), a macrophage-related, autosomal recessive fatal disorder. Parental consanguinity was present in three cases. All patients presented with fever, neurological involvement of varying degrees, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenias, deranged liver function tests, and coagulogram, hypofibrinogenemia (three cases), and hyperlipidemia (one case). An antemortem diagnosis could not be made, although it was suspected in one case. Necropsy (done in three cases and postmortem liver biopsy in one case) revealed classical features of FHL. Florid lymphohistiocytic infiltrate exhibiting hemophagocytosis was seen in the bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and brain (examined in two case). In addition to this, focal infiltrates were seen in the kidneys, lung, pancreas, testes, adrenals, and skin. Marked lymphoid depletion was seen in one case in the lymph nodes and spleen.     

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with Munc13-4 mutation: a cause of recurrent fatal hydrops fetalis

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is an autosomal recessive disorder of immune regulation that leads to a hyperinflammatory syndrome responsible for fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and coagulopathy. Although presentation usually occurs in early infancy, antenatal presentation is extremely rare. To our knowledge, we are first to report genetically confirmed FHL in 2 consecutive siblings who presented with hydrops fetalis that led to spontaneous intrauterine death at 38 and 30 weeks of gestation. Because the diagnosis of FHL has important implications for genetic counseling, we suggest that FHL be considered in the differential diagnosis of nonimmune hydrops fetalis.     

Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pediatric patients: a single center experience and factors that influenced patient prognosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome of excessive immune activation. Secondary HLH syndrome develops as a complication of infection, drugs, rheumatologic conditions, or malignancy. The main objectives of this work were to identify the etiology of secondary HLH and prognostic factors associated with mortality. Patients diagnosed with secondary HLH, between January 2011 and December 2016, were retrospectively included in this study. We analyzed clinical and laboratory findings as well as prognostic factors from 24 pediatric patients diagnosed with secondary HLH. The mean age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 79.9?±?68.7?months (range: 2–202) and 54.2% of the patients were male. The most frequent HLH-2004 criterion was fever (100%). Underlying triggers of HLH were as follows: 13 (54.1%) infections, juvenile idiopathic arthritis in 5 patients (20.8%), drugs in 3 patients (12.5%), malignancies in 2 (0.8%), Kawasaki disease in 1 (0.4%) patient, and 1 (0.4%) with unknown triggers. The median time of diagnosis was 3?days (1–67?days). Overall, the mortality rate was 20.8%. In our logistic regression model, factors associated with mortality were decreased albumin levels (OR1?=?2.3[1.48–3.43]) and etoposide usage (OR2?=?1.22 [1.14–1.89]). The patient’s 30-day survival was inferior among patients whose albumin level was 2?g/dL or less compared to those over 2?g/dL. Increased awareness of the underlying condition is critical in HLH patients. Our study emphasizes the prognostic significance of albumin level.     

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by Gaucher disease in a preterm neonate

Objective: To present the diagnostic workup in an extremely low birth weight infant patient with signs of both sepsis and hemophagocytosis. Participants: A preterm infant presented with clinical and laboratory signs of early-onset sepsis including hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, direct hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated liver enzymes. Methods: Despite extensive septic workup, no underlying infection was detected. Additional hyperferritinemia and other elevated inflammatory parameters raised the suspicion of a primary or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Results: However, further metabolic analysis yielded a positive result for Gaucher disease (GD) type 2, a rare, but possible trigger of HLH. Conclusions: Our case shows that GD may lead to the picture of a secondary HLH and that a metabolic workup should always be performed in patients in whom primary HLH has been excluded.     

Sensorineural hearing loss in a case of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Severe sensorineural hearing loss (bilateral >80 dB) was diagnosed in a case of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL). The female patient developed HLH at 3 months of age and underwent allogeneic cord blood transplantation at 11 months of age following 7 months of immuno-chemotherapy. The type 2 FHL patient had a homozygous perforin gene mutation of 1090-1091delCT, and was noted to have hearing loss at 3.5 years of age. Retrospective evaluation did not clarify the exact causes of hearing loss. Reports on Kawasaki disease, suggesting a correlation between severe inflammatory status in infancy and the development of sensorineural hearing loss, may shed some light on this rare complication in this case of FHL. Considering the markedly improved prognosis of FHL due to recent advances made in the molecular diagnosis and in the management including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, auditor by screening might be warranted for surviving FHL patients.     

Occurrence of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis at less than 1 year of age: analysis of 96 patients

We analysed data of 96 infants (under 1 year of age) with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) from the registry of an HLH study conducted during 1986–2002 in Japan. The cases were classified into five groups. The diagnosis of familial HLH (FHL) as group 1 (n =27) was made with positive family history and/or recent molecular test for perforin and Munc13–4 mutations. Neonatal enterovirus- or herpes simplex virus-associated HLH as group 2a (n =7), Epstein-Barr virus–associated HLH (n =12) as group 2b, adenovirus- or cytomegalovirus-associated HLH as group 3 (n =9) were mostly diagnosed by viral isolation or by the detection of viral genome. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated macrophage activation syndrome was classified as group 4 (n =4) and the remaining without known triggers as group 5 (n =37). The peak onset age was 1–2 months for group 1, 1–2 weeks for group 2a, 12 months for group 2b, none for group 3, 9 months for group 4 and 2 months for group 5. Future novel diagnostic measures are required to define the precise nature of HLH in group 5. Conclusion:These data may provide useful information for neonatologists/ paediatricians in the differential diagnosis of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in early infancy.     

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Malaysian children

OBJECTIVES: To study the clinical presentation, therapy and outcome of children diagnosed with both primary and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) at the University of Malaya Medical Centre. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with HLH between 1998 and 2004 were studied. Clinico-pathological data of these patients were prospectively collected and analysed. RESULTS: Thirteen consecutive patients (eight boys) with a median age of 28 months were seen. All patients presented with high-grade unremitting fever and almost all, with hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenias. Neurological manifestations, which ranged from irritability to seizures and coma, were seen in 10 (77%) patients. Other common presenting features include liver dysfunction (46%) and skin rash (38%). All patients were treated using the HLH-94 protocol chemotherapy which consisted of a combination of etoposide, dexamethasone and cyclosporine. Complete response was seen in seven patients while two required bone marrow transplantation and one developed secondary acute myeloid leukaemia. Two patients died before treatment could be commenced. Overall mortality rate in our series was 46%. CONCLUSIONS: Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is an uncommon disease with a high fatality rate. Due to its protean clinical manifestations, it may be underdiagnosed. Early detection and prompt institution of appropriate therapy is necessary to improve the outcome in affected patients.     

Lipoprotein Alterations and Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase Reduction in Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

ABSTRACT. Serum lipid abnormalities are common in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (FHL), a disorder also characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia and a prominent lymphohistiocytic accumulation in the mononuclear phagocyte system. The lipoprotein pattern in nine children with FHL was studied with a quantitative method measuring cholesterol and triglycerides in each major class of lipoproteins. Triglycerides were markedly elevated during active FHL in serum, very low density lipoproteins, and low density lipoproteins. Cholesterol was increased in very low density lipoproteins whereas both triglycerides and cholesterol were extremely low in high density lipoproteins. These lipoprotein abnormalities, reversible on successful therapy, are compatible with a depressed lipolytic activity. Post-heparin levels of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in plasma were studied in four children and found to be markedly low during active FHL. We suggest that inflammatory cytokines, which may strongly suppress lipoprotein lipase activity, can be important mediators in the pathophysiology of FHL and that they may participate in the development of the lipid abnormalities.     

Lipoprotein alterations and plasma lipoprotein lipase reduction in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Serum lipid abnormalities are common in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (FHL), a disorder also characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia and a prominent lymphohistiocytic accumulation in the mononuclear phagocyte system. The lipoprotein pattern in nine children with FHL was studied with a quantitative method measuring cholesterol and triglycerides in each major class of lipoproteins. Triglycerides were markedly elevated during active FHL in serum, very low density lipoproteins, and low density lipoproteins. Cholesterol was increased in very low density lipoproteins whereas both triglycerides and cholesterol were extremely low in high density lipoproteins. These lipoprotein abnormalities, reversible on successful therapy, are compatible with a depressed lipolytic activity. Post-heparin levels of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in plasma were studied in four children and found to be markedly low during active FHL. We suggest that inflammatory cytokines, which may strongly suppress lipoprotein lipase activity, can be important mediators in the pathophysiology of FHL and that they may participate in the development of the lipid abnormalities.     

单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗Ⅱ型格里塞利综合征继发性噬血细胞综合征1例

Ⅱ型格里塞利综合征作为罕见病,容易继发噬血细胞综合征,临床进程凶险,病死率高,且易漏诊。本研究通过报道苏州大学附属儿童医院收治1例经过基因筛查明确诊断的患儿的发病过程和预后转归,提高了临床医师对此疾病的诊治水平。患儿临床表现为银色头发、睫毛,反复肺部感染,高热不退,铁蛋白明显升高,纤维蛋白原下降。基因检测结果示患儿 ...     

噬血性淋巴组织细胞增生症20例

目的 探讨噬血性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)的临床特点.方法回顾性分析2009年4月-2010年5月本院血液科收治的20例HLH患儿临床表现及血常规、肝功能、血液生化、病原学、免疫学检测、血清铁蛋白及骨髓涂片检查等实验室指标,参照HLH-2004治疗方案治疗.结果患儿主要表现为持续发热,肝、脾、淋巴结大,全血细胞减少,肝功能受损,凝血障碍,低纤维蛋白血症,高三酯甘油血症,自然杀伤细胞比例降低.12例中性粒细胞＜1.0×109 L-1,16例Hb<90 g·L-1,18例血小板<100×109 L-1,血细胞二系降低者18例,三系同时降低12例.ALT升高20例,AST升高18例,LDH升高20例,胆碱酯酶升高13例.三酰甘油升高18例,血清铁蛋白＞1 500 μg·L-1 8例,ESR增快9例;CRP增高11例,自然杀伤细胞比例降低12例,骨髓增生活跃17例,增生低下3例,12例骨髓涂片找到噬血细胞.20例发病与感染相关者中,与EB病毒感染相关性噬血细胞综合征3例,巨细胞病毒感染相关4例,铜绿假单胞菌感染1例.治愈3例,好转15例,疗效不佳自动出院2例.结论 HLH临床表现多样,及时诊治可改善预后.     

An unusual cause of fever

A 5‐month old infant presented with a short history of fever of unknown origin. He initially appeared well although there was a resting tachycardia during periods of normal temperature, and pancytopenia. He remained febrile in spite of antibiotic therapy and by 48 h he had developed marked hepatosplenomegaly and coagulopathy. At 72 h a bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy showed haemophagocytosis. By this time the infant was encephalopathic and haemodynamically unstable with multi‐organ dysfunction. Treatment with high‐dose methylprednisolone and cyclosporin was commenced with an initial good response. Unfortunately the patient ultimately died of infective complications of treatment and reactivation of the underlying disease process. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disorder of the mononuclear phagocyte system characterised by proliferation of morphologically benign histiocytes resulting in hypercytokinaemia and uncontrolled activation of immune cells. The diagnosis of familial HLH should be considered in any infant with fever, splenomegaly and cytopenia of at least two cell lines. HLH may be cured by immunosuppressive therapy and eventual stem cell transplantation but rapid disease progression to multi‐organ failure results in a high mortality.     

Successful Engraftment and Survival Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in a Child with Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare disorder mainly affecting children. Symptoms include prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenias. Allogeneic stem cell transplant appears to provide the best overall cure rate in this disease. The authors report a young boy, the second child of consanguineous parents, diagnosed with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplant form HLA matched father.     

儿童慢性活动性EB病毒感染18例病例系列报告

目的探讨慢性活动性EB病毒感染（CAEBV）患儿的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗和预后,为其诊治提供参考。方法回顾性分析2010年1月1日至2017年12月31日18例CAEBV患儿的临床资料,包括起病方式、临床表现、实验室检查（EB病毒DNA及抗体谱、细胞因子等）、治疗和随访情况。结果18例CAEBV患儿进入本文分析,男8例、女10例。发病年龄1.0~13.9岁。该病起病方式13例为EB病毒再发感染,5例为EBV相关噬血细胞综合征（EBV-HLH）。临床表现主要为反复发热,肝、脾、淋巴结肿大,肝功能损害,血细胞减少;18例EB病毒衣壳抗原（VCA）-IgM首次检测均阴性,EB VCA-IgG均强阳性,血清（18/18）、骨髓（14/14）及活检组织EBV-DNA（肝1/4,淋巴结2/3）强阳性;IL-4、IL-10及IFN-γ升高者分别占67%（12/18）、89%（16/18）、72%（13/18）。B细胞、总T细胞及CD8+T细胞、NK细胞比例降低。患儿主要接受抗病毒药物、丙种球蛋白、免疫抑制剂、联合化疗、利妥昔单抗和造血干细胞移植等治疗。1例失访,14例（78%）死亡,EBV-HLH起病者生存期明显缩短。结论CAEBV起病方式、临床表现多样,治疗方案差异较大,病死率高,预后差。EBV DNA及抗体谱、细胞因子及淋巴细胞亚群改变呈一定的特异性,可为该病的早期诊断、进行有计划造血干细胞移植等提供参考。     

儿童慢性活动性EB病毒感染18例病例系列报告

目的探讨慢性活动性EB病毒感染（CAEBV）患儿的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗和预后，为其诊治提供参考。方法回顾性分析2010年1月1日至2017年12月31日18例CAEBV患儿的临床资料，包括起病方式、临床表现、实验室检查（EB病毒DNA及抗体谱、细胞因子等）、治疗和随访情况。结果18例CAEBV患儿进入本文分析，男8例、女10例。发病年龄1.0~13.9岁。该病起病方式13例为EB病毒再发感染，5例为EBV相关噬血细胞综合征（EBV-HLH）。临床表现主要为反复发热，肝、脾、淋巴结肿大，肝功能损害，血细胞减少；18例EB病毒衣壳抗原（VCA）-IgM首次检测均阴性，EB VCA-IgG均强阳性，血清（18/18）、骨髓（14/14）及活检组织EBV-DNA（肝1/4，淋巴结2/3）强阳性；IL-4、IL-10及IFN-γ升高者分别占67%（12/18）、89%（16/18）、72%（13/18）。B细胞、总T细胞及CD8+T细胞、NK细胞比例降低。患儿主要接受抗病毒药物、丙种球蛋白、免疫抑制剂、联合化疗、利妥昔单抗和造血干细胞移植等治疗。1例失访，14例（78%）死亡，EBV-HLH起病者生存期明显缩短。结论CAEBV起病方式、临床表现多样，治疗方案差异较大，病死率高，预后差。EBV DNA及抗体谱、细胞因子及淋巴细胞亚群改变呈一定的特异性，可为该病的早期诊断、进行有计划造血干细胞移植等提供参考。     

Clinical characteristics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis related to Kawasaki disease

It is difficult to predict the prognosis or clinical course of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) due to the various underlying causes. The authors analyzed the clinical and laboratory findings and outcomes in patients with HLH who had initially been diagnosed with Kawasaki disease (KD), and evaluated the clinical significance of each factor. Among the 21 patients with HLH, 5 had initially been diagnosed with KD and 16 had other etiologies. A comparative analysis was performed for fever duration, presence of cytopenia, serum ferritin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride, fibrinogen, hyponatremia, reactivation, and survival rate in those HLH patients associated with KD (group I) and other causes (group II). In patients in group I, a higher level of reactivation (20%), a lower survival rate (P = .001), higher AST (P = .031) and ferritin (P = .005), and frequent hyponatremia (P = .000) were found compared to patients in group II. Interestingly, patients in group I was older than the average of age of most KD patients. A high index of suspicion on the progression from KD to HLH would be mandatory when the KD patients show elevated AST and ferritin and the presence of hyponatremia, and especially so if the patient is of older age.