佳木斯地区大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌质粒介导头孢菌素酶、超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型分布

目的 了解佳木斯地区临床分离的大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌中质粒介导头孢菌素酶(AmpC酶)和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)流行情况及主要的基因型别.方法 127株临床分离无重复大肠埃希菌81株与阴沟肠杆菌46株,采用酶提取物三维实验检测产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株,聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增质粒型AmpC酶与ESBLs基因及其序列测定以确定其基因亚型.结果 46株阴沟肠杆菌中,单产AmpC酶者、单产ESBLs者、高产AmpC酶并产ESBLs者分别占21.7％、28.3％、6.5％;81株大肠埃希菌中,单产AmpC酶者、单产ESBLs者、高产AmpC酶并产ESBLs者分别占19.8％、38.3％、9.9％.大肠埃希菌ESBLs基因型为TEM、SHV、CTX-M,质粒AmpC酶基因型为DHA.阴沟肠杆菌ESBLs基因型为TEM、SHV、CTX-M,质粒AmpC酶基因型为DHA.结论 CTX-M型和DHA-1型分别是本地区大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌ESBLs和质粒介导AmpC酶的主要流行基因型.     

下呼吸道感染细菌产AmpC酶和超广谱β内酰胺酶的检测

目的：了解临床下呼吸道感染标本常见革兰阴性杆菌分离株中AmpC酶和超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检出情况。方法：通过酶提取物三维试验检测单产AmpC酶、同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株；采用美国国家临床实验室标准委员会(NC—CLS)表型筛选和确认试验检测单产ESBLs菌株。结果：从临床下呼吸道标本分离对第一、二代及一种以上第三代头孢菌素耐药的226株常见革兰阴性杆菌，包括阴沟肠杆菌、弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌中，分别检出单产AmpC酶、同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs及单产ESBLs细菌34株、15株、109株，总检出率分别为15．0％、6．6％、48．2％。AmpC酶检出率在阴沟肠杆菌中最高，为57．9％；ESBLs检出率以肺炎克雷伯菌最高，其次为大肠埃希菌，分别为78．5％、77．8％。结论：下呼吸道产AmpC酶和ESBLs细胞感染常见，前以阴沟肠杆菌为主，后多见于肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌。     

大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌AmpC酶的检测

目的了解我院大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌产AmpC酶情况。方法按NCCLS推荐的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)确证试验,对369株大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌进行ESBLs酶的检测,并用改良三维试验、三维试验抑制试验及AmpC酶诱导试验对表型可疑产AmpC酶的菌株进行检测。结果73株表型可疑产AmpC酶的菌株中检出34株产AmpC酶,大肠埃希氏菌24株,肺炎克雷伯氏菌10株,其中有5株大肠埃希氏菌2、株肺炎克雷伯氏菌同时产ESBLs酶。2株肺炎克雷伯氏菌诱导产AmpC酶。结论产生AmpC酶是大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌对头孢类抗生素耐药的又一重要机制,实验室应对其检测和监测给予足够重视,以指导临床合理选用抗生素、减缓对细菌耐药的选择性压力、避免医院感染的发生和流行。     

用纸片双抑制剂平行抑制试验分析阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶

目的建立一种能快速有效分析阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶的方法。方法分别以大肠埃希菌(ATCC 25922)、肺炎克雷伯菌(ATCC 700603)、阴沟肠杆菌(029、029M和1194E)为β-内酰胺酶阴性对照、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、普通型阴沟肠杆菌、持续高产型AmpC酶、高诱导型AmpC酶标准菌株,用纸片双抑制剂平行抑制试验(DDIST)对华山医院连续的不重复的58株阴沟肠杆菌临床菌株进行AmpC酶分析,用三维试验检测高产AmpC酶以验证：DDIST。结果三维试验法从58株阴沟肠杆菌中检出持续高产型AmpC酶产株21株,DDIST检出持续高产型AmpC酶产株18株、高诱导型AmpC酶产株6株。结论DDIST是一种能快速有效分析阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶的方法。     

用纸片双抑制剂平行抑制试验分析阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶

目的　建立一种能快速有效分析阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶的方法。方法　分别以大肠埃希菌(ATCC25922)、肺炎克雷伯菌(ATCC700603)、阴沟肠杆菌(029、029M和1194E)为β内酰胺酶阴性对照、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、普通型阴沟肠杆菌、持续高产型AmpC酶、高诱导型AmpC酶标准菌株,用纸片双抑制剂平行抑制试验(DDIST)对华山医院连续的不重复的58株阴沟肠杆菌临床菌株进行AmpC酶分析,用三维试验检测高产AmpC酶以验证DDIST。结果　三维试验法从58株阴沟肠杆菌中检出持续高产型AmpC酶产株21株,DDIST检出持续高产型AmpC酶产株18株、高诱导型AmpC酶产株6株。结论　DDIST是一种能快速有效分析阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶的方法。     

铜绿假单胞菌高活性β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

我们用改良三维法 ,检测了 14 1株铜绿假单胞菌的高产AmpC β内酰胺酶和超广谱 β内酰胺酶 (ESBLs) ,并对其耐药表型及耐药机制进行分析 ,报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　菌株来源　 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年期间从我院住院患者各类标本中分离的铜绿假单胞菌为受试菌 ,大肠埃希菌ATCC2 5 92 2为三维试验指示菌。质控菌株有肺炎克雷伯菌ATCC70 0 6 0 3(SHV 18) ,大肠埃希菌DH5a产酶工程株 3株 :包括TEM 1、SHV 1和ACT 1(质粒型AmpC酶 ) ,阴沟肠杆菌 0 2 9(野生型AmpC) ,阴沟肠杆菌 0 2 9M(持续高产型AmpC) ,阴沟肠杆菌1194EC(高度诱…     

三维试验检测革兰阴性杆菌ESBLs及AmpC酶

目的了解革兰阴性杆菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、染色体头孢菌素酶(AmpC)的分布及分离率。方法准确鉴定菌株,采用底物为头孢噻肟的三维试验,测定菌株中ESBLs及AmpC酶。结果临床分离175株革兰阴性杆菌中产ESBLs 49株,阳性率28.0%,包括阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和弗劳地枸橼酸菌。产AmpC酶22株,阳性率12.6%,包括阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产酸克雷伯菌。其中阴沟肠杆菌产ESBLs及AmpC酶分离率均居首位(分别为55.6%、33.3%)。3株铜绿假单胞菌同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs。结论我院产ESBLs菌以阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主。产AmpC酶以阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主。超超广谱β-内酰胺酶(SSBLs)菌株在医院有流行。     

三维试验检测革兰阴性杆菌ESBLs及AmpC酶

目的了解革兰阴性杆菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、染色体头孢菌素酶（AmpC）的分布及分离率。方法准确鉴定菌株,采用底物为头孢噻肟的三维试验,测定菌株中ESBLs及AmpC酶。结果临床分离175株革兰阴性杆菌中产ESBLs 49株,阳性率28.0%,包括阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和弗劳地枸橼酸菌。产AmpC酶22株,阳性率12.6%,包括阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产酸克雷伯菌。其中阴沟肠杆菌产ESBLs及AmpC酶分离率均居首位（分别为55.6%、33.3%）。3株铜绿假单胞菌同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs。结论我院产ESBLs菌以阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主。产AmpC酶以阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主。超超广谱β-内酰胺酶（SSBLs）菌株在医院有流行。     

老年人下呼吸道感染肠杆菌科细菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测及相关因素分析

目的分析产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的老年人下呼吸道感染的常见肠杆菌科细菌的耐药性及特点。方法对老年人下呼吸道感染的肠杆菌科细菌用梅里埃ATB152微生物分析仪进行鉴定,检测ESBLs表型和药物敏感试验。结果在检测的肠杆菌科细菌中,ESBLs总阳性率为41.3%,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌的产酶率分别为41.9%、51.9%和35.1%,261株产ESBLs的肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南全部敏感,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、头孢他啶等头孢类抗菌药物的耐药率高达96%~100%,但是对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率较低,为18.4%~61.2%;对阿米卡星的耐药率为51.2%~88.6%。261株产ESBLs的肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南全部敏感,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、头孢他啶等头孢类抗菌药物的耐药率高达96%~100%,但是对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为18.4%~61.2%;对阿米卡星的耐药率为51.2%~88.6%。结论老年人下呼吸道感染产ESBLs的菌株对除碳青酶烯类之外的抗菌药物耐药率明显高于非产酶株。其治疗应选用亚胺培南或β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合制剂。     

改良的纸片表型筛选法用于AmpC酶的检测

目的 建立并评价一种检测大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产AmpC酶的新方法.方法 采用改良的纸片表型筛选法,以头孢西丁三维试验和多重PCR法作为对照,对临床分离的耐第三代头孢菌素的164株大肠埃希菌和40株肺炎克雷伯菌进行AmpC酶的检测.结果 164株大肠埃希菌中,改良的纸片表型筛选法检出8株产AmpC酶的阳性菌株（8/164,4.88%）,其中有2株同时产ESBLs酶;40株肺炎克雷伯菌中未检出产AmpC酶菌株,但检出2株（2/40,5.00%）诱导产AmpC酶菌株.头孢西丁三维试验在大肠埃希菌中检出AmpC酶阳性菌株8株（8/164,4.88%）,在肺炎克雷伯菌中未检出产AmpC酶株.多重PCR法检出大肠埃希菌AmpC酶耐药基因阳性9株（9/164,5.49%）,肺炎克雷伯菌阳性2株（2/40,5.00%）.结论 改良的纸片表型筛选法可用于检测大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产AmpC酶和诱导产酶株,并可同时检测产ESBLs酶菌株,该法操作简便、结果可靠、无需特殊仪器,可在普通临床实验室应用.     

In-vitro activity of FCE 22101 and other beta-lactam antibiotics against Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third generation cephalosporins

The in-vitro activity of FCE 22101 was compared with those of imipenem, aztreonam, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and latamoxef against 225 Enterobacteriaceae (209 clinical isolates and 16 derivatives of Escherichia coli K12) chosen for their resistance (MIC greater than or equal to 8 mg/l) to third-generation cephalosporins. The beta-lactamases produced by the strains of Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Esch. coli were identified. The mean MICs of FCE 22101 were 2-8 mg/l for Ent. cloacae, Citrobacter freundii and Morganella morganii. For Ent. cloacae, the MICs were slightly higher for the cephalosporinase non overproducing (5.5-8 mg/l) than for the cephalosporinase overproducing (4.5 mg/l) strains. The mean MIC was 9 mg/l for Serratia spp. but for half of the strains the MICs were greater than or equal to 16 mg/l. The MICs of FCE 22101 were 0.5-1 mg/l for the resistant clinical isolates or isogenic derivatives of K. pneumoniae and Esch. coli producing extended broad-spectrum beta-lactamases (SHV-2, SHV-3 or CTX-1), whether measured in the presence of clavulanate or not, and against the sensitive controls. This showed that the compound was not affected by these new beta-lactamases. The MICs of imipenem, on the average four to five times lower than those of FCE 22101, were found to be very similar for resistant and sensitive strains. The MICs of aztreonam were high (32-128 mg/l) for C. freundii, K. oxytoca and cephalosporinase overproducing strains of Ent. cloacae. There was cross-resistance between the third-generation cephalosporins, but the MICs of latamoxef remained low (1 mg/l) against M. morganii, Klebsiella spp. and Esch. coli.     

对头孢吡肟敏感的疑似产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属的分子生物学特征

目的 了解初筛试验疑似产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)但确证试验未能确认,而对头孢吡肟敏感的大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中的ESBLs和质粒介导的AmpC酶.方法 纸片扩散法检测18株细菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性;PCR及多重PCR法检测细菌中的ESBLs和质粒AmpC酶基因;质粒转移接合试验检测耐药质粒的可传递性;细菌基因间重复一致序列(ERIC)-PCR法检测供体大肠埃希菌和受体E.coli J53及其接合子的同源性;脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对11株大肠埃希菌和6株肺炎克雷伯菌进行同源性分析.结果 18株细菌均为2005年1月至12月期间上海华山医院临床分离的菌株,其中大肠埃希菌11株,肺炎克雷伯菌6株,产酸克雷伯菌1株,按常规方法对细菌进行重新鉴定和药敏试验.18株细菌经美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)推荐的ESBLs初筛试验结果均为ESBLs产生可疑菌株,但确证试验未能确认;所有菌株的头孢吡肟抑菌圈直径均在18 mm以上,显示敏感.PCR检测结果显示,11株大肠埃希菌中有9株产CIT型质粒AmpC酶,DNA测序及序列比对结果证实为CMY-2型AmpC酶,未发现TEM、SHV、CTX-M、PER、VEB、SFO等广谱或ESBLs;6株肺炎克雷伯菌中有5株产DHA型质粒AmpC酶,DNA测序及序列比对结果证实为DHA-1型AmpC酶;5株产DHA-1型AmpC酶的肺炎克雷伯菌株中,4株同时伴有广谱或ESBLs:其中2株产SHV-11型广谱酶,另2株分别产CTX-M-14型ESBLs和SHV-62型ESBLs;1株产酸克雷伯菌亦单产DHA-1型AmpC酶;质粒转移接合试验结果表明,携带耐药基因的质粒可从供体菌转移至敏感细胞中;PFGE结果显示,6株肺炎克雷伯菌的谱型各不相同,而11株大肠埃希菌可分为5种谱型,其中B型包含7株细菌,这7株细菌均产生质粒介导的CMY-2型AmpC酶,并分离自外科病房,提示可能存在克隆菌株的流行传播.结论在确证试验未能确认的疑似产ESBLs中,对头孢吡肟敏感的大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属细菌主要产生质粒介导的AmpC酶,但尚有少数菌株同时伴有产ESBLs.对同时产生ESBLs和AmpC酶的菌株,临床微生物实验室必须报告这些菌株对头孢吡肟耐药.     

Multicentre evaluation of the VITEK 2 Advanced Expert System for interpretive reading of antimicrobial resistance tests

Interpretive reading analyses the complete resistance profiles of bacteria to multiple antibiotics and infers the resistance mechanisms present; it aids therapeutic choice and enhances surveillance data. We evaluated the Advanced Expert System (AES), which interprets MICs generated by the VITEK 2. Ten European laboratories tested 42 reference strains and 76-106 of their own strains, representing important resistance genotypes. Interpretive reading by the VITEK 2 AES achieved full agreement with genotype data for 88-89% of strains, with the correct mechanism identified as one of two possibilities for a further 5-6%. Mechanisms inferred with 90% agreement with reference data included methicillin resistance in staphylococci, glycopeptide resistance in enterococci, quinolone resistance in staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae, AAC(6')-APH(2")-mediated aminoglycoside resistance in Gram-positive cocci, erm-mediated macrolide resistance in pneumococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and acquired penicillinases in Enterobacteriaceae. VanA, VanB and VanC phenotypes of enterococci were distinguished reliably, and ESBL production was accurately inferred in AmpC-inducible species as well as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Mechanisms identified, but only as possibilities among several, included IRT-type beta-lactamases and individual aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Enterobacteriaceae. Most disagreements with reference data concerned pneumococci found to have high-level penicillin resistance by the VITEK 2 AES but previously determined, phenotypically, to have intermediate resistance. When ESBL production was inferred in E. coli and klebsiellae, the VITEK 2 AES edited susceptible results for cephalosporins (except cefoxitin) to resistant; when an acquired penicillinase was inferred in Enterobacteriaceae, piperacillin results were edited to resistant; and when staphylococci were found methicillin resistant, resistance was reported for all beta-lactams. Further editing may be desirable (e.g. of cephalosporin results for salmonellas inferred to have ESBLs).     

Evaluation of the MicroScan ESBL plus confirmation panel for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the performance of the MicroScan ESBL plus confirmation panel using a series of 87 oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli of various species. METHODS: Organisms tested included 57 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) strains comprising Enterobacter aerogenes (3), Enterobacter cloacae (10), Escherichia coli (11), Klebsiella pneumoniae (26), Klebsiella oxytoca (3) and Proteus mirabilis (4). Also included were 30 strains resistant to oxyimino cephalosporins but lacking ESBLs, which were characterized with other resistance mechanisms, such as inherent clavulanate susceptibility in Acinetobacter spp. (4), hyperproduction of AmpC enzyme in Citrobacter freundii (2), E. aerogenes (3), E. cloacae (3), E. coli (4), Hafnia alvei (1) and Morganella morganii (1), production of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase in K. pneumoniae (3) and E. coli (3) or hyperproduction of K1 enzyme in K. oxytoca (6). RESULTS: The MicroScan MIC-based clavulanate synergy correctly classified 50 of 57 ESBL strains as ESBL-positive and 23 of 30 non-ESBL strains as ESBL-negative (yielding a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 76.7%, respectively). False negatives among ESBL producers were highest with Enterobacter spp. due to masking interactions between ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamases. False-positive classifications occurred in two Acinetobacter spp., one E. coli producing plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase and two K. oxytoca hyperproducing their chromosomal K1 beta-lactamase. CONCLUSION: The MicroScan clavulanate synergy test proved to be a valuable tool for ESBL confirmation. However, this test has limitations in detecting ESBLs in Enterobacter spp. and in discriminating ESBL-related resistance from the K1 enzyme and from inherent clavulanate susceptibility in Acinetobacter spp.     

Antibacterial activity of piperacillin and tazobactam against beta-lactamase-producing clinical isolates

The effectiveness of a combination of the recently developed penam sulphone tazobactam with piperacillin was studied in clinical isolates with defined beta-lactamase production. The combination was highly effective against piperacillin-resistant beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus, TEM-1-producing Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris isolates. It was less effective against E. coli isolates producing the OXA-1 enzyme and marginally active against TEM-1-producing Klebsiella spp. isolates. The presence of tazobactam at a concentration of 10 mg/l markedly reduced the minimal inhibitory concentrations for piperacillin in most of the beta-lactamase-derepressed Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens and Citrobacter freundii isolates; however, this synergism was much less pronounced in beta-lactamase-derepressed Klebsiella spp. isolates. The selection frequency of resistant clones from clinical E. cloacae and C. freundii isolates could be markedly reduced by the addition of 10 mg/l tazobactam to the piperacillin-containing selective medium. Resistant clones could be obtained only from part of the wild-type strains at 2 or 4 times the MIC of piperacillin in the presence of tazobactam, whereas resistant clones could be selected up to 64 times the MIC of piperacillin without the addition of tazobactam. This aspect deserves attention with respect to the rapid selection of beta-lactamase-derepressed clones from nosocomial pathogens.     

浙江省台州地区不同来源的大肠埃希菌耐药性分析及产超广谱-内酰胺酶、头孢菌素酶的基因分型

目的 了解浙江省台州地区的分散式供水、食品从业人员粪便及临床标本分离的大肠埃希菌耐药状态、产超广谱-内酰胺酶(ESBLs) 和头孢菌素酶(AmpC)情况及相关耐药基因的类型。 方法 从分散式供水标本、食品从业人员肛拭及临床标本中分离培养的各100株大肠埃希菌进行药敏试验,用ESBLs确证试验、AmpC酶检测试验检测实验菌株的表型,以 PCR扩增和序列分析检测相关的耐药基因。 结果 从食品从业人员肛拭分离到的菌株耐药性高于分散式供水中分离的菌株,而临床标本分离到的菌株耐药性更高;从100株集中式供水分离的菌株中检测出产ESBLs菌6株,基因型为TEM-1合并CTX-M-9。100株食品从业相关人员肛拭分离的菌株中检测出产ESBLs 17株,基因型为TEM-1合并CTX-M-9,CTX-M-9;检出产AmpC酶3株,基因型为MOX-1、DHA-1。100株临床标本中分离出产ESBLs 33株,基因型为TEM-1合并CTX-M-9、CTX-M-9、CTX-M-25;检出产AmpC酶9株,基因型为MOX-1、DHA-1、FOX-1。 结论 在分散式供水及正常食品从业相关人员粪便中检出产ESBLs、AmpC酶的大肠埃希菌与在临床分离的标本中的产ESBLs、AmpC酶的大肠埃希菌携带的基因型有一定的相似性。     

Detection and reporting beta-lactam resistance phenotypes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: a multicenter proficiency study in Spain

The ability of 57 Spanish microbiology laboratories in detecting and reporting beta-lactam resistance phenotypes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was evaluated. Laboratories received 6 well-characterized isolates expressing the most widespread extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Spain (4 CTX-M type, 1 TEM type, and 1 SHV type), 3 isolates producing AmpC-type enzymes (2 plasmid mediated and 1 E. coli hyperproducing its chromosomal AmpC), and 3 quality control strains. Ninety-one percent of laboratories recognized all ESBL producers correctly, and therefore, low error rates were observed when testing cephalosporins and aztreonam. The highest error rates were observed with combinations of penicillin plus beta-lactamase inhibitor, although more than 60% of cases were due to the interpretation made by the microbiologists. Correct recognition of all AmpC beta-lactamase-producing strains occurred in only 47.4% of laboratories. These isolates were wrongly reported as ESBL producers and penicillinase hyperproducers in 7.6 % and 5.8% of cases, respectively. Detection of the AmpC-type phenotype by Spanish laboratories needs to be improved.     

对肺炎克雷伯菌产β-内酰胺酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的对临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌产β-内酰胺酶情况以及不同产酶模式进行耐药性分析。方法采用法国BioMerieux VITEK2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪对临床分离菌株进行鉴定及药敏检测。超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检测，采用美国临床实验室标准化协会推荐的纸片表型确证试验。头孢菌素酶（AmpC）的检测，采用头孢西丁纸片琼脂法筛选，筛选阳性菌株再经改良三维试验确证为AmpC阳性菌株。结果137株肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs和AmpC的阳性率为37．2％和8．8％，其中ESBLs阳性的肺炎克雷伯菌产AmpC的阳性率为58．3％。产ESBLs的菌株对头孢唑啉、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟及安曲南的耐药率均为100％，此外，AmpC阳性菌株对头孢替坦的耐药率为41．7％。二者对亚胺培南及厄它培南耐药率最低，均为0％。结论β-内酰胺酶的产生是肺炎克雷伯菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药的主要原因，碳青霉烯类抗生素仍然是产β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌的有效抗生素。     

In vitro evaluation of cefepime and other broad-spectrum beta-lactams in eight medical centers in Thailand. The Thailand Antimicrobial Resistance Study Group

The introduction of cephalosporins has had an important impact on the resistance rates to several clinically utilized beta-lactam antimicrobial agents. Most Thailand medical centers have not documented the levels of emerging resistant pathogens causing invasive infections. This study shows using reference-quality MIC techniques (Etest, AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden), that carbapenem), "fourth-generation" cephalosporins (cefepime and cefpirome), and piperacillin/tazobactam were the most active agents tested against Gram-negative bacilli (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp., indole-positive Proteae, Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus spp. when compared to "third-generation" cephalosporins (ceftazidime and ceftriaxone). The rank order of activity for all species was imipenem (2.9% resistant) > cefepime (7.7%) > piperacillin/tazobactam (11.1%) > cefpirome (13.4%) > ceftriaxone (21.1%) > ceftazidime (29.9%). The incidence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase production among E. coli (15.7%) and K. pneumoniae (45.6%) was significant. Cefepime and imipenem were active against the majority of these isolates. The activity of cefepime was also shown to be very good against, 1) organisms capable of producing AmpC enzymes, 2) staphylococci species that were susceptible to oxacillin, and 3) many strains of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Thailand seems to be quite high among certain commonly encountered pathogens, and imipenem and cefepime have activity (susceptible and intermediate potency) against > 90% of these organisms.