超声刀腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的特点和处理

目的 探讨超声刀无钛夹法腹腔镜胆囊切除术(UHS-LC)胆管损伤的特点、处理方法及预防措施.方法 回顾性分析近5年行UHS-LC1863例的临床资料,11例发生胆管损伤,全部经手术修复,随访1～5年.结果 11例胆管损伤分别为:右肝管损伤3例,肝总管损伤2例,胆总管横断3例,胆总管穿孔2例,胆总管横断合并左、右肝管同时损伤1例;损伤于手术中发现9例,手术后发现2例.11例患者共施行再手术13次,无胆管狭窄,无死亡病例.结论 手术时一定要弄清肝总管、胆总管与胆囊管三者的关系,采用顺逆相结合的方法,遵循"辨-切-辨"原则,腹腔镜下打结技术对术者要求较高,尤其是三孔法LC,过分牵拉Calot三角易造成出血和副损伤,在靠近胆总管的地方尽量使超声刀刀头的背面朝上,并且其背面绝对不能直接接触胆总管,术中及术后早期发现胆管损伤者,应即刻妥善处理.     

Post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy bile leak secondary to an accessory duct of Luschka.

Intraperitoneal bile collection following laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been reported to occur in 0.2-2% of cases and appears to be slightly higher than when the open technique is used. When the injuries of the common bile duct, technical problems with the cystic duct, diathermic injuries to the biliary tree, and iatrogenic interruption of congenital anomalous of the biliary tree are excluded, the iatrogenic transaction of the cholecystohepatic ducts commonly known as the 'Ducts of Luschka' should be considered as the cause of the biliary leak. This article reports a case of bile leakage due to an unrecognized division of a large duct of Luschka within the gall bladder fossa during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and reviews clinical diagnosis, radiological confirmation, and the appropriate treatment for this uncommon complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy bile leak secondary to an accessory duct of Luschka.

Complications produced by the sectioning of a nonvisualized duct of Luschka are uncommon during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. From 1999 through 2003, we performed 1351 laparoscopic cholecystectomies in our department and observed 2 cases (0.15%) of bile leakage due to duct of Luschka injury. Injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is usually produced by an excessively deep plane of dissection and by the anatomical localization of this accessory duct. Clinical symptoms are scarce after duct of Luschka injury. Numerous diagnostic methods have been used to detect these injuries. Nevertheless, careful clinical examination is still of the utmost importance. Noninvasive treatments are usually effective. In patients who present with acute abdomen, as in our cases, or who are not cured by noninvasive treatments, exploratory laparotomy is the best approach. The surgical treatment consists of a lavage of the abdominal cavity, closure of the duct of Luschka, and intraoperative cholangiography to confirm that the biliary tree is intact.     

Cystic duct leak after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Cystic duct leak is a rare complication of laparoscopic surgery. To study the incidence, presentation, and management of cystic duct leak (CDL) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) a retrospective study of centers doing large numbers of LC was done. Methods: Patient information was obtained by a questionnaire sent to experienced laparoscopic surgeons. This queried demographic information, course of the original operation, presentation, diagnostic studies, and management of CDL after LC. Results: Some 22,165 LCs were performed by 24 surgeons; there were 58 cases of CDL (0.26%); 21% of the surgeons reported no CDLs; 60% of CDLs occurred in the first 25% of each surgeon's experience, but CDLs continue to occur even in their most recent 10% of cases. Preoperative symptoms, prior surgery, and comorbid conditions did not predict CDL. Acute cholecystitis was present at initial surgery in 47%. Symptoms of CDL an average of 3.1 days post-LC were abdominal pain 78%, fever 26%, nausea 35%, vomiting 22%, abdominal distention 26%, and shoulder pain 12%. WBCs and LFTs were elevated in more than two-thirds of the cases. ERCP was most frequently used to diagnose CDL (53%) and was successful in 97%, although sonogram (40%) and HIDA scan (26%) and CT (26%) were also used. Management included ERCP and ductal decompression in 27 patients, percutaneous drainage in 13 patients, open laparotomy in 14, laparoscopy in three, and observation in two. Patients were discharged an average of 7.4 days post discovery of leak. Stents were removed an average of 30 days post ERCP. Ninety-four percent were complete cures. There was one post-treatment abscess. Two deaths due to multisystem failure unrelated to leak occurred. Conclusions: Cystic duct leak is rare and fairly easily diagnosed. It occurs more frequently during the learning curve, but also after much experience. ERCP and ductal decompression play a large role in treatment, but almost all standard methods of treatment yield successful outcomes with low morbidity.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术Luschka胆管损伤的原因及对策

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)Luschka胆管损伤的原因、预防方法及处理措施。方法:回顾性分析8例LC Luschka胆管损伤患者的临床资料。结果:术中发现Luschka胆管损伤7例,其中6例经迷走胆管漏处再上钛夹后治愈,1例经ENBD治愈;另1例术后发生胆漏、胆汁性腹膜炎,再次经腹腔镜探查并在胆囊壶腹部迷走胆管漏口处上钛夹,并经腹腔引流后治愈。结论:提高对Luschka胆管的认识,是预防迷走胆管损伤和减少术后误诊的关键;建立通畅的腹腔引流、胆管引流、腹腔镜探查是治疗LC Luschka胆管损伤后胆漏的主要方法。     

Bile duct of Luschka leading to bile leak after cholecystectomy--revisiting the biliary anatomy

Bile ducts of Luschka (also called supravesicular ducts) are small bile ducts in the gallbladder bed. Although they do not drain any liver parenchyma, they can be a source of bile leak or biliary peritonitis after cholecystectomy in both adults and children, as shown in this case report. As a reminder, variations of biliary anatomy in the gallbladder bed and cholecysto-hepatic triangle of Calot, are reviewed.     

Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage for bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Bile duct injuries are a potential complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). A patient who underwent successful endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) for a bile duct injury sustained during LC is presented. Of particular note, the patient also had Chilaiditi's syndrome. A 59-year-old woman was admitted with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis and Chilaiditi's syndrome. LC was performed. Postoperatively, the patient complained of abdominal discomfort. Laboratory examination revealed cholestasis. Bilious material began spilling from an intraabdominal drain. Subsequent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed bile leakage. ENBD was performed. Repeat ERCP 10 days later failed to show a bile leak or stenosis of the common bile duct. The patient improved rapidly and had no complaints after the procedure. ENBD is a useful endoscopic technique to prevent peritonitis from bile leakage after LC. Chilaiditi's syndrome is not a contraindication for LC.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆道损伤的处理策略

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）术后胆道损伤时合理的处理策略.方法 回顾性分析11年间我院处理的17例LC手术后胆道损伤的临床资料,其中胆囊床小胆管损伤4例,采用缝扎或内镜下胆道引流;主要胆管部分损伤8例,采用单纯修补、内镜下引流、放置支架或胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合;胆总管或肝总管完全横断4例,予对端吻合或胆肠吻合;左右肝管横断1例,二期整形后行胆肠吻合.胆道再狭窄患者予内镜下扩张并置入支架,效果不佳者行胆肠吻合.结果 所有患者均无重大并发症发生,疗效满意.结论 LC手术胆道损伤重在预防,一旦损伤,需由有经验的胆道专科医生依据损伤情况选择干预方式,方能达到最好疗效.     

Management of major bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the presentation, characteristics, related investigation, and treatment results of major bile duct injuries (MBDI) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 27 patients who were treated between January 1995 and December 2002 for MBDI after LC at a single unit in a tertiary center. Major bile duct injury was defined according to the Strasberg classification. All patients underwent magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to delineate the biliary anatomy and assess the level of injury. On the basis of the cholangiographic findings, all patients underwent Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy after a waiting period of 8-12 weeks.Results: A total of 29 hepaticojejunostomies were performed in 27 patients. Seventeen patients (63%) presented with biliary fistula and ascites; 10 (27%) presented with obstructive jaundice. In 14 patients (52%) the MBDI was identified during the LC. Twenty patients (74%) had undergone one or more procedure before referral. Eight patients (30%) had E1, five patients (18.5%) had E2, nine patients (33%) had E3, and five pattients (18.5%) had E4 injury. Two patients had early anastomotic stricture, for which redo hepaticojejunostomy with access loop was performed.Conclusions: Major bile duct injury after LC commonly presents with biliary fistula and ascites. High-injuries are common after LC. Hepaticojejunostomy repair yields excellent results in these cases.Presented at the First European Endoscopic Surgery Week, at the annual meeting of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES), Glasgow, Scotland 15–18 June 2003     

Bile leak from duct of Luschka after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: We report a case of bile leak from an accessory duct of Luschka during cholecystectomy during liver transplantation. METHODS: Radiological findings suggested that the collection was septated. An intra-operative cholangiogram was obtained by cannulation of the accessory hepatic duct. RESULTS: An infected biloma with Clostridium perfringens was drained surgically. The bile leak that emanated from the gall bladder fossa was found to communicate with an accessory right hepatic duct draining a segmental duct in the right liver lobe. The bile leak resolved completely after direct suture of the accessory duct. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive use of electrocautery to the liver bed during donor cholecystectomy may injure subcapsular ducts in the gallbladder fossa. In liver transplantation, dissection should be kept close to the serosal lining of the gall bladder, preserving the areolar tissue in the gall bladder bed, to avoid injury to the duct of Luschka.     

Delayed presentation of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Bile duct injury is a serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with 50% of bile duct injuries showing a delayed presentation. We experienced four patients (one male and three female) with bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed and referred by a local practitioner. The patients' ages ranged from 34 to 63 years. Symptoms included abdominal pain, anorexia, jaundice, ascites, ileus, fever, and tarry stool. Ductal injuries were a result of electrocautery burn in two patients and biliary strictures were due to malapplication of endoclips in the remaining two. The observed bile duct injuries, confirmed by ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and cholangiographic studies, were successfully treated by choledochotomy with a silastic T-tube stent. To avoid bile duct injuries, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be performed by a well trained and experienced hepatobiliary surgeon, who should ensure accurate identification of the anatomical structures of Calot's triangle, careful dissection and management of intraoperative bleeding, and a lower threshold for conversion to open surgery.     

Managing bile duct injury during and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now the treatment of choice for gallstones, but there has been concern that bile leakage after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy is more frequent than after an open cholecystectomy. We have experienced 16 patients with bile duct injury after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Five patients had a circumferential injurury to the major bile duct, and we employed a converted open technique for biliary reconstruction. The other 11 patients had partial injurury to the major bile duct, and we performed laparoscopic restoration; all 11 of these patients received endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) on the day after the operation and stenting for biliary decompression and drainage. No complications were identified and the duration of hospitalization in these patients was significantly shorter than in those who had the converted procedure. If intraoperative cholangiography is performed routinely, the presence and form of bile duct injury can be clearly identified, and the decision to restore the site of injury or to convert to the open technique for biliary reconstruction can be made immediately. Received for publication on May 26, 1998; accepted on Aug. 28, 1998     

国产超声刀在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨国产超声刀在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopiccholecystectomy,LC)中的临床应用价值。方法36例在全麻下行改良LC,21例使用国产USI超声刀(USI组),15例使用进口超声刀(GEN组)。结果2组手术均获成功,无中转开腹。术中未发生仪器故障。USI组手术时间(42.6±7.5)min,术后引流量(34.3±14.0)ml,术后住院(4.9±0.9)d,胆囊管凝切速率(335.1±180.3)μm/s,胆囊动脉凝切速率(524.2±127.8)μm/s,胆囊管变性范围(2047.6±376.3)μm;GEN组手术时间(47.0±9.0)min,术后引流量(38.0±3.9)ml,术后住院(4.3±0.9)d,胆囊管凝切速率(403.5±120.1)μm/s,胆囊动脉凝切速率(513.5±125.9)μm/s,胆囊管变性范围(2266.7±306.3)μm。2组上述指标比较差异均无显著性(P>0·05)。结论国产USI超声刀性能指标稳定,各主要指标符合临床要求,手术视野清晰,解剖层次清楚,可以满足脏器、组织的切割和止血。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤术后胆漏的处理

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)胆管损伤术后胆漏的预防与处理。方法:回顾分析2000年1月至2008年6月我院9例LC胆管损伤术后胆漏患者的临床资料,总结胆漏的原因、预防措施及处理。结果:9例全部痊愈出院。随访3~60个月无黄疸、发热等胆管炎症状。结论:LC胆管损伤后胆漏重在预防。肝内胆管分支损伤及肝外胆管侧壁损伤可采取保守治疗,腹腔引流联合内镜治疗明显缩短病程。肝外胆管横断伤需腹腔引流4周,周围炎症基本消退再行肝门胆管盆式空肠内引流术。     

Unexpected bile duct carcinoma presenting with port-site metastasis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholecystolithiasis

On March 1, 1999, a 71-year-old woman was diagnosed as having cholecystolithiasis, for which she underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a local hospital. Intraoperative cholangiography was not performed. No malignant lesion was detected in the gallbladder. In March 2000, a subcutaneous tumor was pointed out at the port site in her abdomen, and resected. Histological examination revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma. On detailed examination, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed a tumor, about 2 cm in diameter, in the lower bile duct. On June 1, she underwent pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy at our institute, and several disseminated lesions were detected at the port site and in the abdominal cavity. There have been few reports of bile duct carcinoma that developed peritoneal dissemination caused by leakage of bile during cholecystectomy. Leakage of bile should be prevented during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, even in patients not diagnosed as having cancer preoperatively. Received: August 16, 2001 / Accepted: February 8, 2002 Offprint requests to: M. Suzuki     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的转归

目的:研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)后胆总管残留结石的处理及转归。方法:回顾分析我院1992年4月至2006年6月15 000余例LC术后28例胆总管残留结石的原因、治疗及转归。结果:LC术后28例胆总管残留结石中结石自行排出3例,ERCP确诊25例,25例通过EST成功取石,其中1例为术后胆漏并发胆管结石。结论:通过加强术前检查、术中仔细操作和术后积极处理,可减少LC术后胆总管残留结石及其他严重并发症的发生。     

Management of bile duct injury during and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Bile duct injury (BDI) is perhaps the most feared complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Proper management of iatrogenic BDI is mandatory to avoid immediate or later life-threatening sequelae. The results of surgery depend mainly on the type of injury, prompt detection of the injury, and timing of the surgery. Methods: Twelve patients with BDI after LC were treated. Eight of them were referred to our institution for further treatment. The follow-up evaluation was focused on clinical outcome and biochemical analysis. Results: Five of the patients had minor BDI with leakage. In all of them, the BDI was recognized postoperatively. Two of these patients were managed by endoscopic retrograde cholongio pancreatographic sphincterotomy and stent placement. The other three patients underwent open laparotomy and bile duct ligation. Seven of the patients had major BDI. In two patients, biliary injuries were identified at the time of LC, and the procedure was converted to laparotomy. At the time of conversion, primary suture repair with T-tube drainage of the injured bile duct was performed. Strictures developed in these patients after 2 and 6 months, respectively, and they were treated with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. In five additional patients, BDI was recognized postoperatively. One of these patients died because of delayed detection of biliary peritonitis. At this writing, during a median follow-up period of 52 months, neither clinical nor biochemical evidence of biliary disease has been found in the remaining patients. Conclusions: Laparoscopic BDI has a high morbidity and mortality rate. Late recognition of the BDI remains a problem.