同期鼻腔手术+悬雍垂腭咽成型术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨同期鼻腔手术+悬雍垂腭咽成型术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效情况。方法 对40例伴有鼻阻塞的OSAHS患者分A、B两组,Ａ组行鼻腔手术+悬雍垂腭咽成型术(UPPP),Ｂ组行悬雍垂腭咽成型术,术后6个月复查睡眠监测,比较术前术后呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)。结果 Ａ、Ｂ两组OSAHS患者术后AHI平均值均降低,Ａ组有效率较Ｂ组高。结论 同期鼻腔手术+悬雍垂腭咽成型术治疗鼻腔、咽腔双平面阻塞的OSAHS患者效果可靠,值得推广。     

超声刀辅助悬雍垂腭咽成形术的疗效评价与应用价值

目的 探讨应用超声刀进行悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP）治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）的效果及应用价值。 方法 将需行UPPP的OSAHS患者随机分成超声刀组（A组）及对照组（B组）各20例。A组在静吸复合麻醉下,应用剪型超声刀进行扁桃体切除及悬雍垂腭咽成形术;B组应用传统方法行扁桃体剥离及悬雍垂腭咽成形术。对比两组患者的术中出血量、手术时间、术后疼痛程度、术后效果以及并发症的情况。结果 A组术中出血量明显少于B组,术时缩短明显,术后疼痛及术后并发症情况差异无统计学意义。结论 超声刀辅助下悬雍垂腭咽成形术术中出血少,手术时间明显缩短。     

同期鼻腔扩容术联合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的探讨鼻腔扩容术同期联合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术（Han—uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,H．UPPP）治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome,OSAHS）的疗效。方法多道睡眠图（polysomnography,PSG）监测及临床检查确诊的OSAHS且阻塞平面为鼻腔及腭咽腔患者132例,同期行鼻腔扩容术和H．UPPP,术后6个月～1年复查PSG监测,观察联合手术治疗的效果。结果成功随访108例患者,有效率为83．33％（90／108）,术后患者夜间平均动脉血氧饱和度、血氧饱和度低于90％的时间占总睡眠时间的百分比、最低动脉血氧饱和度、Epworth嗜睡量表4个指标均较术前有明显改善（P〈0．01）;术后发生2例鼻腔出血,1例扁桃体窝出血,7例鼻腔粘连,未发生其他并发症。结论对存在鼻腔及腭咽腔平面狭窄的OSAHS患者,同期行鼻腔扩容联合H-UPPP,安全有效,可以作为此类患者的首选手术治疗方式。     

保留悬雍垂的腭咽微波成形术的临床疗效观察

目的：探讨腭咽微波成形术治疗腭咽平面阻塞所致的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的治疗效果。方法：对61例腭咽平面阻塞所致的OSAHS患者进行腭咽微波成形术,其中9例单纯行腭咽微波成形术,36例加双侧腭扁桃体切除术。16例加双侧腭扁桃体切除术及舌根微波消融术。结果：悬雍垂术后约2周开始回缩,约3个月接近或达到正常水平,保留咽腔的基本形态结构。无一例出现腭咽关闭不全。21例术后有咽部异物感,持续2～5个月渐消失。6个月后随访,治愈13例(21．31％),显效32例(52．46％),有效12例(19．67％),无效4例(6．56％),总有效率93．44％。结论：悬雍垂腭咽微波成形术手术时间短、出血少．术后效果满意。     

局麻下两切口行保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术治疗大扁桃体导致的中度OSAHS

目的 探讨在局麻下采用两切口行保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术治疗大扁桃体导致的中度OSAHS的方法和疗效。方法 39例患者均在局麻下采用两切口行保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术。两切口即每侧仅取一个切口,分别于两侧腭舌弓外上侧,较正常切除扁桃体切口稍偏外上约(0.5±0.2)cm,且与悬雍垂根部两侧软腭腹面传统的倒“U”形切口延续,以每侧仅一个切口一次切开,两侧共两个切口以缩短手术时间、减小操作难度。术后随访包括患者主观症状、咽腔检查及多导睡眠监测(PSG)。结果 本组所有患者自觉症状改善明显。术前与术后6个月、12个月PSG监测结果各指标比较,低通气指数(AHI)明显下降,最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)升高显著,均有统计学意义。术后6个月治愈33例,显效4例,有效1例,无效1例;术后12个月治愈32例,显效4例,有效2例,无效1例,总有效率97.4%。无并发症发生。结论 对于大扁桃体导致的中度OSAHS患者,用本方法治疗,手术时间减少、患者痛苦减轻,术后恢复较快,效果良好,安全性高,患者经济负担减轻。     

减少悬雍垂腭咽成形手术术中及术后出血的临床研究

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS) 发病率甚高,保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术仍是治疗以腭咽平面为主要阻塞部位的OSAHS患者的主要术式[1].出血是最常见的并发症之一,如何减少术中及术后出血是人们最关心的问题.如处理不当有引起大出血、窒息甚至死亡的危险,为探讨有效减少术中及术后出血的手术及围手术期治疗的方法,我们对2009-01-2009-10 治疗的行保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术患者共70例进行研究分析[2].     

改良UPPP手术治疗小儿OSAHS的疗效观察

目的观察改良腭咽成型术治疗小儿睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床疗效。方法 180例小儿睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者随机分为治疗组(n=90)和对照组(n=90),均行常规扁桃体切除术后,治疗组加行改良腭咽成形术,对照组则否。比较两组术后疗效及并发症情况。结果治疗组显效28例,有效60例,总有效率97.8%;对照组显效21例,有效56例,总有效率85.6%。治疗组无1例并发出血,对照组并发出血4例(4.44%),组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论改良腭咽成型术有利于扩大咽腔,避免术后原发性出血。     

颈前径路舌根手术加悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗重症阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的探讨经颈前径路舌根舌体手术加悬雍垂腭咽成型术治疗腭-咽平面、舌-咽平面阻塞所致的重症阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征.方法为因腭-咽平面、舌-咽平面阻塞所致的6例重症阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者施行了经颈前径路的舌根舌体手术、经口径路的悬雍垂腭咽成形术.术前行持续正压通气治疗,手术时行气管切开术,术后即入ICU病房监护12～48h.结果按照杭州会议制定的疗效评定标准,术后6及12个月的有效率均为100%,但痊愈、好转率有所变化,对舌的运动和感觉无影响.结论舌根舌体肥大所致的重症阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者,如不能经口行舌根舌体手术,则应在行悬雍垂腭咽成形术的同时,可经颈前径路行舌根舌体手术,术前正压通气治疗,术后入ICU监护,观察血压、心脏情况是预防术后并发症的必要手段.     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的探讨提高阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)手术疗效的方法.方法OSAHS患者30例,19例全麻下及11例局麻下完成悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP),其中3例行预防性气管切开术.结果术后随访半年,结果治愈6例(20%),显效12例(40%),有效6例(20%),无效6例(20%),总有效率为80%.术中出现呼吸障碍2例,术后扁桃体出血1例,暂时性腭咽功能不全6例.结论悬雍垂腭咽成形术麻醉方法的正确选择、术前预防性气管切开的应用,有助于提高手术疗效,减少并发症的发生.同时,阻塞部位的术前准确定位及手术方案设计、手术技巧也是重要因素.     

CO＿2激光与常规悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗鼾症的比较

采用ＣＯ２激光及常规术式行悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗鼾症各４０例。术后随访６至１２个月,ＣＯ２激光手术除２例失随访外３８例中显效与有效共３７例占９７．４％,常规手术１例失随访外３９例中显效与有效３８例占９７．４％。结果表明两种术式疗效相似。ＣＯ２激光手术操作简单,术中出血少,并对咽侧索肥大、扁桃体残体、舌扁桃体肥大及术后腭瘢痕狭窄的治疗有其独特的优越性。     

Significantly reducing post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage requiring surgery by double-layer suture: A retrospective analysis

BackgroundAlthough tonsillectomies carry a low-risk for adverse events, postoperative hemorrhage has been reported as the most common complication.AimTo compare the rates of postoperative secondary hemorrhage for tonsillectomy with or without double-layer suture.Material and methodsThis is a retrospective study of 5087 patients who underwent coblation tonsillectomy with or without suture from 2006 to 2016. All cases had been followed up 3 weeks and severe secondary hemorrhage cases requiring operation were analyzed.ResultsThe severe secondary hemorrhage rate was statistically higher in group without suture (1.96%) as compared with the group with suture (1.08%). The surgery time (36.55 ± 7.45) was longer in patients with suture as compared to patients without suture (31.50 ± 6.23). In the age between 18 and 49 years group, the higher secondary hemorrhage rate (2.44%) was found in patients without suture. The rate of postoperative hemorrhage (0.96%) was significantly higher in patients without suture as compared with patients with suture (0.36%) on postoperative 5th day.ConclusionsThe risk of severe secondary hemorrhage is reduced in coblation tonsillectomy with suture. The rate of secondary hemorrhage is lower in patients with suture in 18 to 49 years old group and on the 5th day after surgery.     

The effect of electrocautery versus cold scalpel technique on the incidence of early postoperative tonsillar pillar dehiscence after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with tonsillectomy

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to determine the effect of electrocautery versus cold scalpel technique on the incidence of early postoperative tonsillar pillar dehiscence after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with tonsillectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, matched-pair trial of patients undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with tonsillectomy. METHODS: Patients undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with tonsillectomy were randomly assigned to have the procedure performed with cold scalpel technique or with electrocautery. Thirty-three patients were enrolled. Twenty-seven patients returned for postoperative evaluation. RESULTS: The overall incidence of tonsillar pillar dehiscence was 38.8%. The incidence of dehiscence was 44.4% in the electrocautery group and 33.3% in the cold dissection group. CONCLUSION: Preliminary data suggest that the use of electrocautery is not associated with an increase incidence of wound dehiscence compared with cold dissection. Tonsillar pillar dehiscence rate is high, regardless of dissection method.     

Analysis of postoperative hemorrhage after adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy in children in own material

Hypertophy of pharyngeal tonsil and palatine tonsils is the most common cause of nasal obstruction in children. When the obstruction of the nasopharynx causes recurrent infections of upper respiratory tract, chronic otitis media secretoria or sleep apnoea, then adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy is indicated. The purpose of the study was analysis of postoperative hemorrhage after adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy. The influent of frequent infections of upper respiratory tract, disorders of blood clotting, chronic diseases, seasons of the year, operation time and general anesthesia on postoperative hemorrhage was estimated. A group of 1184 children after adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy was studied. Postoperative hemorrhage occurred in 59 children (4.98%). Early bleeding was frequently occurred after adenotonsillectomy and late bleeding after adenoidectomy. There was relationship between the time of general anesthesia and incidences of postoperative bleeding. Food or inhalation allergy, recurrent infections of upper respiratory tract and male sex are risk factors of postoperative hemorrhage after adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy.     

Complications of tonsillectomy: a comparison of techniques

OBJECTIVE: To compare the postoperative complications of intracapsular tonsillectomy using a microdebrider with traditional electrodissection tonsillectomy. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care pediatric referral center. PATIENTS: The medical records of 2944 patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy at our institution between January 1, 2002, and May 31, 2005, were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of delayed postoperative hemorrhage, return to the hospital or emergency department for pain or dehydration, and the need for revision surgery. RESULTS: There were 1731 patients in the intracapsular tonsillectomy group and 1212 in the traditional electrodissection tonsillectomy group. The incidence of delayed hemorrhage was 1.1% in the intracapsular tonsillectomy group and 3.4% in the traditional electrodissection tonsillectomy group (P < .001). For delayed hemorrhage requiring treatment in the operating room for control, the incidence was 0.5% in the intracapsular tonsillectomy group and 2.1% in the traditional electrodissection tonsillectomy group (P < .001). Treatment in the emergency department or hospital for pain or dehydration was necessary in 3.0% of the intracapsular tonsillectomy group and in 5.4% of the traditional electrodissection tonsillectomy group (P = .002). Eleven patients (0.64%) in the intracapsular tonsillectomy group required revision tonsillectomy. CONCLUSION: Intracapsular tonsillectomy has a lower incidence of postoperative hemorrhage and pain leading to hospital-based evaluation compared with traditional electrodissection tonsillectomy.     

Previous tonsillectomy as prognostic indicator for success of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

Factors that determine a successful outcome following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are not well defined. This study was undertaken to determine if prior tonsillectomy is predictive of a lower response rate to UPPP. A retrospective review of a cohort undergoing UPPP alone or in combination with nasal septoplasty for OSA was undertaken. Preoperative and postoperative polysomnograms were obtained to evaluate the severity of the OSA. The sample was a consecutive series of 79 patients with OSA. Clinical evaluation was performed by both an otolaryngologist and a pulmo-nologist. Surgical treatment in this group of 79 patients included 52 UPPP and 27 UPPP in patients with prior tonsillectomy. Concurrent septoplasty was undertaken in 17 patients. Criteria for outcome were based on comparison of preoperative and postoperative polysomnograms (i.e., apnea index, respiratory disturbance index change, and lowest saturation). A response to therapy was defined as a reduction in apnea index greater than 50%. A success was defined as apnea index less than 5, reduction of respiratory disturbance index greater than 50%, and nadir saturation greater than 82%. In 79 patients with OSA, 78% responded and 37% reflected therapeutic successes. Patients with history of prior tonsillectomy were less likely to have therapeutic improvement following UPPP. In 52 patients without previous tonsillectomy, 88% responded and 52% had a successful outcome. of those with previous tonsillectomy, 59% responded and 7% had a successful outcome. The status of previous tonsillectomy is an important prognostic indicator in the success of UPPP for the treatment of OSA. We speculate that the presence of palatine tonsils allows the removal of an extra measure of oropharyngeal tissue, thereby improving the likelihood of success for UPPP.     

The effect of ibuprofen on postoperative hemorrhage following tonsillectomy in children

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of ibuprofen on hemorrhage after tonsillectomy in children. All charts of children, who underwent tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy, were reviewed. The age at the time of surgery ranged between 3 and 16 years (mean age = 7.55 ± 3.01 years). Children were divided into two groups based on the drugs used for postoperative pain relief. Group I received paracetamol after surgery. Group II received ibuprofen after surgery. A total of 62 patients received ibuprofen and 109 patients were given paracetamol. Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage occurred in seven (4.1%) children, primary hemorrhage was noted in five patients and secondary hemorrhage occurred in two patients. While 3 of 62 children (4.8%) who were given ibuprofen had postoperative hemorrhage, 4 of 109 patients (3.7%) who were given paracetamol had hemorrhage There was no significant difference in hemorrhage rates between these two groups (p > 0.05). Hemorrhage following tonsillectomy is rare and frequently occurs in the early postoperative period. There is no significant increased risk of hemorrhage after ibuprofen administration and it can be used safely for post-tonsillectomy pain relief.     

Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty and tonsillectomy for the management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) is a widely accepted procedure for the management of snoring, but its role in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is currently unclear. The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of LAUP in treating moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of a surgical treatment protocol for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. METHODS: Between October 1993 and January 1999, 80 patients with moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and a significant component of retropalatal obstruction were treated with surgery at the Department of Otolaryngology at Northwestern University Medical School (Chicago, IL). Surgery consisted of LAUP with tonsillectomy (if tonsils were present) with the patient under general anesthesia or LAUP alone with local anesthesia (if the tonsils were absent). No patients received traditional uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Sixty-four of the 80 patients underwent both preoperative and postoperative polysomnograms. Surgical "response" was defined as a 50% decrease in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (the total number of apneic and hypopneic events per hour of sleep); surgical "cure" was defined as a 50% decrease in AHI and a final AHI of less than 20. RESULTS: The surgical response rate was 59% (38 of 64 patients), and the surgical cure rate was 39% (25 of 64 patients). Twelve patients (18.8%) had a higher AHI after surgery. The AHI (mean +/- SD) changed significantly from 51.4 +/- 30.9 preoperatively to 26.3 +/- 20.8 on postoperative polysomnogram (P = 7.0 x 10-9). Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty alone was performed in 33 patients with a response rate of 61% and a cure rate of 42%. Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty with tonsillectomy was performed in 31 patients with a response rate of 58% and a cure rate of 35%. The overall incidence of nasopharyngeal insufficiency was 0%. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggested that LAUP with adjunctive tonsillectomy is an effective treatment for patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and retropalatal obstruction with a lower complication rate than standard surgical therapy (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty).     

Factors associated with post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage

Despite the otolaryngologist's most diligent efforts to prevent it, hemorrhage is the most common, albeit sporadic, significant complication of tonsillectomy. For this retrospective study of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage rates, we examined the charts of 430 consecutive tonsillectomy patients who had been operated on by one of two general otolaryngologists at our institution. The two surgeons used the same removal technique (cold dissection and snare), but slightly different methods of hemostasis. We found that the overall bleeding rate was 4%; the primary (< 24 hr) hemorrhage rate was 0.23%, and the secondary rate was 3.7%. Factors that were positively correlated with postoperative bleeding were the patient's sex, the time of year the surgery was performed, the length of the procedure, the amount of blood lost during surgery, and the use of intraoperative vasoconstrictors and steroids. However, we believe the use of steroids can probably be discounted as a causative factor. The chi 2 test was used to determine statistical significance. None of the 21 patients who were operated on for peritonsillar abscess experienced any delayed postoperative bleeding. The mean decrease in hemoglobin was 2.3 grams; the lowest postoperative level was 6.6 grams. The highest incidence of delayed bleeding occurred on the eighth postoperative day. Two patients required transfusions, and both recovered without any adverse consequences. It appears that one controllable variable in preventing delayed bleeding following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy might be related to certain details of hemostatic technique. Vasoconstrictors and "field" cauterization might be associated with an increased temporal and spatial application of coagulating current. Although this technique is very effective in preventing primary hemorrhage, it does result in a deeper and more extensive zone of necrosis and the exposure of more and larger vessels when sloughing of the eschar occurs.     

Rate of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage after elective bipolar microcauterization of nonbleeding vessels

The objective of this paper is to describe an extended microscopic hemostasis technique involving cauterization of exposed blood vessels that were not actively bleeding in tonsillar fossa after bipolar tonsillectomy and to assess the rate of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage with this technique in children who had bipolar tonsillectomy. The medical records of children who underwent microscopic bipolar tonsillectomy with extended hemostasis between June 2008 and January 2011 were reviewed. Relevant history and physical examination, diagnosis, and characteristics of postoperative hemorrhage were recorded; 994 children (531 males, 463 females), aged between 1 and 18 years (6 ± 3 years), underwent tonsillectomy; of the 994 patients, 11 (1.1%) developed post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. No primary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage occurred. The hemorrhage was seen 6–13 days after the surgery. One patient had bleeding after having trauma to the neck on postoperative day 13. Of the 11 patients with post-tonsillectomy bleeding, 3 had blood clot with no active bleeding and 8 exhibited active bleeding after removal of blood clot. Of the 994 patients, 8 (0.8%) needed intervention to control active bleeding. Compared to previous studies of bipolar tonsillectomy, extended microscopic hemostasis achieved by cauterization of tonsil fossa non-bleeding blood vessels appeared to reduce bleeding rate after bipolar cautery tonsillectomy. The present study did not include a control arm; further randomized controlled studies are needed to establish the definite effect of extended microscopic hemostasis technique on the rate of hemorrhage rates after tonsillectomy techniques.