胰岛细胞瘤的外科诊治分析(附16例报告)

目的探讨胰岛细胞瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法对我院2000年6月～2006年12月收治的胰岛细胞瘤16例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组16例经手术治疗,功能性胰岛细胞瘤13例术后血糖均恢复正常,非功能性细胞瘤3例术后腹部症状消失。术后发生并发症3例,经治疗后痊愈出院。结论术前、术中影像学检查可以提高手术切除率。手术切除胰岛细胞瘤可以获得满意效果。     

A minute nonfunctioning islet cell tumor demonstrating malignant features

We report a patient with a minute nonfunctioning islet cell tumor, 8mm in diameter, which demonstrated malignant features by histology. The patient was a 43-year-old Japanese woman, who had an elevated carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 level, of 59U/ml (normal range, <37U/ml) identified on a health check to rule out malignancies. Ultrasonography and computed tomography demonstrated a well-defined pancreatic tumor, 8mm in diameter, in the body of the pancreas. Serum levels of pancreatic hormones were within normal limits, and thus a tentative diagnosis was nonfunctioning islet cell tumor. The size of the tumor remained unchanged for 1¹/₂ years, but, at this time, the serum level of CA19-9 was elevated to 253U/ml. Segmental pancreatectomy was performed because malignancy could not be ruled out. The resected specimen showed an endocrine tumor invading both the pancreatic parenchyma and the perineural spaces outside the tumor. In general, minute nonfunctioning islet cell tumors have been considered to be completely benign, but the present tumor showed clear malignant features. We might have to take surgical resection into consideration even if the size of such an endocrine tumor is minute.     

Laparoscopic Pancreatic Surgery for Islet Cell Tumors of the Pancreas

The experience with laparoscopic pancreatic surgery (LPS) in general, and pancreatic islet cell tumors (ICTs) in particular, is still limited. Because insulinoma is the most prevalent tumor and is mostly benign, single, and curable with surgical excision, it comprises most of the cases. Our experience with 17 cases (10 insulinomas, 2 gastrinomas, 1 nesidioblastoma, 4 nonfunctioning tumors) and those recorded in the literature (93 cases) show that laparoscopic surgery for small, solitary benign islet cell tumors located in the body and tail is feasible and safe and can result in rapid postoperative recuperation and a complication rate comparable or lower than that achieved with open surgery. It duplicates the success rate seen with conventional surgery regarding intraoperative localization and cure of disease. The main morbidity continues to be the occurrence of a fistula (18%), most often after enucleation, but the clinical course is benign in most instances. Preoperative imaging studies are required for localization, and the combined use of biphasic helical computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography (US) seems to be cost-effective. The use of laparoscopic US is an integral part of the laparoscopic procedure, and the information achieved is valuable for both confirming localization and decision making concerning the most appropriate surgical procedure. In cases of distal pancreatectomy, splenic salvage, preferably with preservation of splenic vessels, is feasible albeit more demanding and can be achieved in most cases.     

胰岛细胞肿瘤35例诊治分析

目的探讨胰岛细胞肿瘤的诊断和治疗，对胰岛细胞肿瘤发病情况进行分析。方法回顾性分析1953～2003年浙江大学医学院附属第二医院收治的胰岛细胞肿瘤35例，并结合国内有关文献报道进行诊治分析。结果35例胰岛细胞肿瘤经手术切除病理证实33例，其中胰岛紊瘤24例（72，7％，24／33），无功能胰岛细胞瘤7例（21．2％，7／33），胰高糖素瘤、胃泌素瘤各1例。国内同期文献报道胰岛细胞肿瘤2785例。结论胰岛细胞瘤主要是胰岛素瘤和无功能胰岛细胞瘤，其他肿瘤少见。对良性者宜行单纯肿瘤切除或胰腺部分切除，对恶性肿瘤应采用扩大范围的根治性肿瘤切除术为主的综合治疗，预后好于其他腹腔内脏器肿瘤。     

Intraoperative localization after stereotactic breast biopsy without a needle

BACKGROUND: Needle localization breast biopsy (NLBB) is the standard for the removal of breast lesions after vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB). Disadvantages include a miss rate of 0% to 22%, risk of vasovagal reactions, and scheduling difficulties. We hypothesized that the hematoma resulting from VABB could be used to localize the VABB site with intraoperative ultrasonography (US) for excision. METHODS: Twenty patients had VABB followed by intraoperative US-guided excision. RESULTS: The previous VABB site in 19 patients was successfully visualized with intraoperative US and excised at surgery. One patient had successful removal of the targeted area under US guidance, but failed to show removal of the clip on initial specimen mammogram. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of US in identifying hematomas after VABB for excision. This technique, which can be performed weeks after VABB, improves patient comfort and allows easier scheduling.     

How accurate is diagnostic imaging in determination of size and multifocality of renal cell carcinoma as a prerequisite for nephron-sparing surgery?

BACKGROUND: The indication for elective nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is under discussion in the urological literature. The main problem of NSS is the multifocality of RCC. The presented study was performed to asses the accuracy of pre- and intraoperative ultrasound (US), and computerized tomography (CT) in determination of tumor size and detection of multifocal lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tumor size was measured by preoperative US and CT and compared with the tumor diameters in gross sections of the neoplastic kidneys. Multifocality was determined by 3-mm step sectioning of the nephrectomy specimen, and the results were correlated with preoperative US and CT on the one hand, and the ex situ sonography of the nephrectomized kidney on the other hand. RESULTS: US and CT show similar results in the determination of the tumor size. In only 22.9%, preoperative US and CT were able to detect multifocal tumors. Ex situ sonography had a sensitivity of 40.0% and a specificity of 87.2% in this regard. CONCLUSIONS: In preparation for nephron-sparing surgery of renal cell carcinoma, neither preoperative routine imaging, nor intraoperative ultrasound can safely predict multifocal lesions of renal cell carcinoma.     

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目的 提高胰腺内分泌肿瘤的诊疗水平。方法 回顾性分析23例胰腺内分泌肿瘤病人的临床资料。结果 胰腺内分泌肿瘤以胰岛素瘤,非功能性胰岛细胞瘤及胃泌素瘤最为常见。肿瘤大小与症状轻重无关。该组胰岛素瘤为良性,其它60%为恶性,血管造影,门殂脉血激素水平测定及术中B超对胰岛素瘤的诊断阳性率分别为67%,83%及100%。胰岛素瘤均行肿瘤摘除术;胃泌素瘤及MEN-I因合并症急诊行全胃切除术;胰高血糖瘤行姑息切除术;非功能性胰岛细胞瘤恶性者因局部浸润及转移未予解除。结论 除非功能性胰岛细胞瘤外,胰腺内分泌肿瘤多有完整被膜,可行摘除手术。姑息切除亦可明显级解症状,即使为恶性,预后亦好于胰外分泌肿瘤。     

Management of islet cell tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia: a prospective study

As part of a study to manage islet cell tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), patients with MEN I and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) underwent surgery if a pancreatic islet cell tumor was identified on imaging studies. Patients with MEN I and either insulinoma or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide tumor (VIPoma) underwent surgery whether or not a tumor was identified. Each patient underwent preoperative portal venous sampling (PVS). Nine patients with MEN I and one with MEN II underwent surgery; seven had ZES, one had insulinoma, one had VIPoma, and one had both insulinoma and ZES. Eight of the nine patients with MEN I had an identifiable hormone gradient on PVS. Islet cell tumors were removed from the pancreas of each patient; two patients also had duodenal wall tumors, and three patients had malignant islet cell tumors. No patient with ZES and MEN I was cured of ZES despite the fact that islet cell tumor was removed from the region of the gastrin gradient in five of six patients. The single patient with MEN II and ZES and the three additional patients with MEN I and either insulinoma or VIPoma were cured by islet cell tumor resection. The results indicate that islet cell tumors in patients with MEN I can be both extrapancreatic and malignant. In patients with MEN I and ZES, ZES cannot be cured by tumor resection, and PVS cannot be used to select patients for curative surgery. It appears that gastrinoma in patients with MEN II, as well as either insulinoma or VIPoma in patients with MEN I, can be cured by islet cell tumor resection.     

Large cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine morphology of the lung

We experienced a surgical case of large cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine morphology (LCCNM) of the lung. A 76-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because a routine chest X-ray examination had revealed a nodular shadow in the left lung field. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed accumulation of fluorodeoxyglucose in an area corresponding to the shadow. Transbronchial lung biopsy failed to give a definitive diagnosis, therefore, open lung biopsy was performed because of suspected lung cancer. Needle biopsy was performed, and the tumor was diagnosed as large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma by rapid intraoperative pathological examination. As sampling of hilar lymph nodes revealed no metastasis, left upper segmentectomy was performed for severe obstructive pulmonary disease. Immunohistochemical examination finally diagnosed the tumor as LCCNM. The patient is doing well without recurrence at ten months after surgery.     

Ultrasound-guided laparoscopic resection of pancreatic islet cell tumors

Pancreatic islet cell tumors represent a diverse group of neuroendocrine lesions. These tumors may be singular or multiple, benign or malignant, sporadic, or part of the constellation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Tumors such as insulinomas and gastrinomas produce gastrointestinal peptides that lead to diagnosis. Nonfunctioning lesions may be found incidentally or by screening patients at high risk for such tumors. Successful management of patients with pancreatic islet cell tumors relies on accurate localization and sound operative technique. With proper preoperative localization, advanced laparoscopic methods can be used to manage patients with these pancreatic neoplasms. Preoperative localization of pancreatic islet cell tumors was difficult in the past. Standard imaging and localizing modalities, such as computed tomography scanning, magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, transabdominal sonography, and portal venous sampling, yield only 24% to 75% accuracy. Consequently, many biochemically suspected lesions cannot be imaged with current techniques. Decreased tactile sensation of laparoscopy adds complexity to intraoperative identification. Endoscopic sonography and laparoscopic sonography provide accurate preoperative and intraoperative localization to enhance laparoscopic and open resection. The authors treated two patients with islet cell neoplasms using endoscopic sonography to preoperatively visualize the tumors and laparoscopic sonography to guide laparoscopic enucleation. Their approach and difficulties are discussed.     

Intraoperative ultrasonography in an era of minimally invasive urology

Abstract:   Recent evidence has suggested certain advantages of the intraoperative use of ultrasonography (US) for urology. Advances in US technology include availability of compact, specially-formed US probes (i.e. endoluminal, laparoscopic, transrectal, and transvaginal) and new US functions (such as Doppler, harmonic, 3D, virtual sonography, 4D, contrast-enhanced, elastography, the fusion system with computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, and augmented reality). These have the potential to enhance visualization of the surgical anatomy, even beyond the surgical view, and thus increase the precision of surgery. US has been demonstrated to be the most widely-used intraoperative imaging, with the advantages of its real-time nature, non-invasiveness and easy-handling. Importantly, it can be performed by urologists, who in contemporary practice are going to need increasing familiarity with intraoperative imaging. This review article focused on US intervention and intraoperative US, and current data were summarized regarding the advantages, limitations, and future potential of US technology in the modern era of minimally-invasive urology.     

Localization and surgical treatment of the pancreatic insulinomas

OBJECTIVES: Insulinomas are rare tumours that originate from the islet cells of the pancreas. The aims of this study were to gain an understanding of the clinical features of insulinomas and to establish the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. METHODS: A review was carried out in 20 patients with insulinoma surgically treated in our institution over the last 10 years. Presenting symptoms, biochemical studies, preoperative and intraoperative localization studies, operative management and complications were analysed. RESULTS: The male-to-female ratio was 8:12, with a mean age of 46.4 years. Each patient suffered from significant neuroglycopenic symptoms, usually manifested by dizziness, sweating, headache and confusion. The preoperative median serum levels of glucose, insulin and C-peptide at the termination of the fast were 37.5 mg/dL, 23.5 microU/mL, 5.6 ng/mL, respectively. Preoperative tumour localization was achieved by means of ultrasonography (US), computed tomography, selective angiography or intra-arterial calcium injection with hepatic venous sampling, and sensitivities of these examinations were 81.8, 73.7, 94.1 and 100%, respectively. Intraoperative localization was carried out by a combination of manual palpation and intraoperative US with retrospective sensitivities of 80 and 100%, respectively. Enucleation was carried out in 16 patients and distal pancreatectomy in 4. The mortality and morbidity rates were 0 and 10%, respectively. One patient developed late diabetes mellitus type 1 after distal pancreatectomy. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the diagnosis of insulinoma can be made on the basis of the results of a supervised fast, careful palpation with intraoperative US is essential for intraoperative detection of insulinomas and surgical resection is the best choice for treatment of benign insulinomas.     

Evaluation of tumor thrombi in the inferior vena cava with intraoperative ultrasound

To report and discuss four cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in which preoperative investigations yielded contradictory results regarding the cranial extension of propagation of the tumor thrombus into the vena cava. An intraoperative ultrasound scan (IOU) was performed in all cases to identify the exact level of the tumor thrombus. We have performed an IOU of the vena cava in four patients with RCC propagation into the inferior vena cava. Preoperative investigations were performed in all patients and consisted of abdominal Ultrasound scan (USS), contrast enhanced CT scan and gadolinium enhanced MRI scan. Intraoperative ultrasound has identified correctly the cranial extension and the absence of tumor thrombus infiltration in all patients. The thrombus reached the suprahepatic vena cava in two cases and was confined to the infrahepatic vena cava in the remainder. Preoperative imaging investigation had failed to determine the correct cranial extension of the tumor thrombus in two patients.IOU is a very useful tool to accurately assess the precise extent of tumor thrombus and eventually the presence of vein wall infiltration. These data are of paramount importance to plan the optimal surgical approach. According to our experience this type of investigation identifies the cranial extent of a tumor thrombus inside the vena cava better than standard imaging techniques.     

Multiple gastrinoma successfully resected with the aid of intraoperative arterial secretin injection test

Since gastrinoma is likely to develop in multiple sites, we should pay special attention to the removal of all daughter tumors, as well as the main tumor, during surgery for this disease. In a 24-year-old woman with pituitary prolactinoma, multiple gastrinomas were detected in a limited area of the pancreaticoduodenal region by preoperative imaging techniques, selective arterial secretin injection (SASI) test, and intraoperative inspection using ultrasonography. A pancreatoduodenectomy was performed, and it was intraoperatively confirmed that the serum gastrin concentration in the portal vein had decreased from 753 to 83 pg/ml (normal,<120pg/ml). However, intraoperative SASI test for the remnant pancreas showed a positive response, which prompted us to perform a histological examination of frozen sections obtained from the body and tail of the pancreas, despite the normal appearance. Many islet cell microtumors were discovered, and the remnant pancreas was completely removed. Postoperativelly, all of the tumors were immunohistochemically proven to be microgastrinomas. The patient is still disease-free, 2 years after the surgery, with a serum gastrin level of less than 30pg/ml. This report stresses the role of the intraoperative SASI test in preventing residual microgastrinomas before closure of the abdomen.     

Small Nonfunctioning Islet Cell Tumor in the Body of the Pancreas: Report of a Case

Islet cell tumors of the pancreas are uncommon, and nonfunctioning tumors are even rarer than functioning ones. We report the case of a 67-year-old woman with a small nonfunctioning islet cell tumor, 6 × 5mm in diameter, which was detected incidentally by ultrasonography, and subsequently confirmed by double-helical computed tomography. Diagnosis was established by histopathological examination after 80% distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy, and by various laboratory tests. Histologically, the islet cell tumor showed highly cellular spindle or epithelioid cells, which were positive for Grimelius stain. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the tumor cells were positive for chromogranin A, but negative for somatostatin, insulin, glucagon, and gastrin. Its small size, location, and benignity make this a very rare type of nonfunctioning islet cell tumor.     

A case of nonfunctioning islet cell tumor with hyperammonemia and hyperamylasemia

A case of nonfunctioning islet cell tumor with hyperammonemia and hyperamylasemia is reported. A 67-year-old female was admitted in an unconsciousness state, with a large abdominal mass about 10×10 cm in size. Hyperammonemia and hyperamylasemia were evident. Blood sugar levels, electroencephalogram (EEG), and brain scan were normal. After admission, lactulose and gabexate mesilate were administered for the hyperammonemia and hyperamylasemia. Serum ammonia levels returned to the normal range within 2 weeks, but serum amylase levels failed to decrease. Results of the oral glucose tolerance test were normal. A contrast computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed a tumor with a homogeneous enhancement pattern. Angiography demonstrated a hypervascular pancreatic tumor. Distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed on the basis of a preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic tumor with extrapancreatic growth. Histological examination showed nonfunctioning islet cell tumor, with evidence of vascular invasion of tumor cells. Production of pancreatic hormones was not noted. The patient promptly returned to normal consciousness, and no elevation of ammonia or amylase was observed other than an incidental elevation of the latter due to pseudocyst formation. The hyperamylasemia was obviously related to tumor growth, and the pancreatic tumor itself may have contributed to the hyperammonemia.     

Intraoperative ultrasonographic localization of islet cell tumors. A prospective comparison to palpation.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate prospectively the value of intraoperative ultrasound scanning (IOUS) in localizing islet cell tumors by comparing results of IOUS to those of palpation during 44 consecutive laparotomies for gastrinoma (36) or insulinoma (8). All patients had preoperative radiographic imaging studies and selective venous sampling for hormones, which guided the subsequent laparotomy. Any suspicious finding by palpation and/or IOUS was resected. Pathologic evidence of islet cell neoplasm served as the reference standard. Five patients were excluded from analysis because neither palpation nor IOUS had suspicious findings and no islet cell tumor was found. Seven pancreatic insulinomas were found in seven patients. IOUS was as sensitive as palpation at localizing insulinomas. Twenty-three pancreatic gastrinomas were found in 19 patients. IOUS was equal to palpation in the ability to localize gastrinomas. Gastrinomas that were successfully imaged by IOUS were significantly larger than gastrinomas that were not imaged. Twelve extrapancreatic gastrinomas were found in nine patients, and palpation was more sensitive than IOUS at localizing these small duodenal wall tumors. Five patients (11%) had their surgical management changed by IOUS. Two patients had pancreatic tumors (one gastrinoma and insulinoma) enucleated that would not have been found without IOUS, and three patients had resections of pathologically proven malignant islet cell tumors based on sonographic findings. All five patients were cured with short follow-up. The present results demonstrate that palpation and IOUS are complementary because IOUS can image tumors that are not palpable and IOUS can provide additional information concerning malignant potential not detected by palpation.     

Intraoperative ultrasound of the pancreas in hyperinsulinism

In four cases of hyperinsulinism proven clinically and by blood chemistry the value of intraoperative sonography of the pancreas is emphasized. An insulinoma could be localized preoperatively in two patients. In one of these two cases intraoperative sonography detected additional insulinomas. In the remaining two patients the negative preoperative examinations and surgical palpation was confirmed by using this method: diffuse islet cell hyperplasia was the final diagnosis in both cases.     

术中超声在胰岛素瘤诊治中的应用

目的 探讨术中超声在胰岛素瘤诊治中的价值.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2007年12月郑州大学第一附属医院普通外科收治的44例胰岛素瘤患者术中超声的应用情况.其中男性19例,女性25例,年龄17～67岁,平均年龄40.5岁.病史4个月～13年,平均38个月.所有患者均接受手术治疗,术中均进行了超声检查.结果 其中43例术中超声准确定位肿瘤、明确肿瘤毗邻关系;另1例为胰岛细胞增生症,肿瘤检出率100%.手术并发症发生情况:胰漏1例,胰腺炎l例,无胆漏和大出血发生.结论 术中超卢是目前胰岛素瘤定位诊断的简单有效的方法,且有效提高手术成功率、降低手术并发症.     

术中自体血回输用于肿瘤患者的研究进展

术中自体血回输目前已广泛应用于各类手术患者的围术期血液保护。对于肿瘤患者，术中回收的自体血中可能存在循环肿瘤细胞，应用自体血回输具有潜在的肿瘤复发、转移的风险。因此，术中自体血回输能否用于肿瘤患者尚存争议。本文主要从术中自体血回输的应用现状、术中自体血回输在肿瘤患者手术中的应用、术中自体血回输对肿瘤患者预后的影响等方面进行综述，为肿瘤患者术中使用自体血回输提供参考。