十六酸拉米夫定酯固体脂质纳米粒的肝靶向研究

目的　制备十六酸拉米夫定酯固体脂质纳米粒 (LAP -SLN)和半乳糖苷修饰的十六酸拉米夫定酯固体脂质纳米粒(LAP -GSLN) ,探讨并比较二者的肝靶向作用。方法　采用薄膜超声分散法制备LAP -SLN和LAP -GSLN ;透射电镜研究其形态、粒径及粒径分布 ;RP -HPLC测定载药量、包封率。小鼠尾静脉给药后 ,RP -HPLC测定拉米夫定 (Lamivudine ,LA)在血清及肝、肾、肺、脾中的浓度。结果　LAP -SLN和LAP -SLN的粒径分布分别为 2 80 .8± 98.2nm和 2 5 7.4± 92 .3nm ,载药量分别为 9.6 3%和 9.11% ,包封率分别为 97.6 9%和 95 .82 %。LA -sol,LAP -SLN和LAP -GSLN的靶向效率分别为 0 .89,1.2 6和 4 .6 6。结论　LAP -SLN和LAP -GSLN在体内具有良好的肝靶向性 ,对提高药物疗效 ,减少用量 ,降低毒副作用有一定意义。LAP -GSLN的靶向作用强于LAP -SLN。     

紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体的制备

目的:制备紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体(pac-GLs),并对制备的脂质体的性质进行评价.方法:用薄膜水化-高压均质法制备紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体,纳米粒度测定仪测定其粒径,高效液相法测定其包封率.结果:制备的紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体中的药物浓度为(1.00±0.10)mg/ml,包封率为(94±3)%.结论:本研究制备的紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体包封率较高,质量可控,重复性好.     

促黄体激素释放激素a(LHRHa)靶向鸦胆子油脂质体的制备及质量评价

目的 制备促黄体激素释放激素a(LHRHa)靶向鸦胆子油脂质体并评价其质量.方法 采用薄膜分散法结合生物素-链霉亲和素桥接法制备LHRHa靶向鸦胆子油脂质体,正交设计优选处方,透射电镜下观察脂质体形态,采用Zetasizer Nano ZS分析仪测定脂质体粒径、Zeta电位,葡聚糖凝胶柱层析结合分光光度法测定包封率,通过离心加速实验及渗漏率考察脂质体稳定性,体外细胞实验鉴定脂质体靶向性.结果 所得优化处方为磷脂与胆固醇比4∶1,药物与脂质比3∶10,DSPE-PEG-Biotin与卵磷脂质量比为3％,超声乳化时间为8min.按此处方制备的脂质体形态圆整,粒径为155.1±14.5nm,Zeta电位为-24.1±0.54mV,平均包封率达92.2％,对卵巢癌A2780/DDP细胞的亲和力约为普通脂质体的2.7倍.结论 LHRHa靶向鸦胆子油脂质体制备工艺可行,同时具有包封率高、稳定性及靶向性良好等优点.     

多西他赛热敏脂质体的制备及含量和包封率的测定

目的制备多西他赛(DTX)热敏脂质体(docetaxel-loaded thermosensitive liposomes,DTL),建立其含量和包封率测定方法。方法采用薄膜分散法制备DTL并用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定脂质体中多西他赛的含量。采用高速离心法分离脂质体与游离药物并测定包封率。结果制备的DTL粒径均一,平均粒径为104 nm,相变温度为42.20℃。辅料和溶剂不干扰主药含量测定,线性范围为1.0～100.0μg/ml(r=1);多西他赛平均回收率为99.50%(RSD=0.65%)。药物在脂质体中的包封率大于98%。结论薄膜分散法可用于制备DTL。药物含量和包封率测定方法简便快速,准确可靠,专属性强。     

交错融合脂质体的制备

目的研究交错融合脂质体（IFVs）的制备。方法采用改良方法制备交错融合脂质体（IFVs）,应用激光散射粒度分析仪（PCS）对其粒径大小及分布情况进行测定,利用高压液相色谱仪测定其包封率。结果 IFVs脂质体粒径为100 nm左右。包封率为（69.0±5.4）%,远高于其他类型脂质体,并且性质稳定。结论 IFVs是一种大单层脂质体,其特点是粒径均匀（100 nm）,包封容积大,可达20~25μl/μmol脂质,可以携带足够量药物。     

99Tcm-Cl2MDP-明胶微粒的制备及其肝脾靶向性研究

目的 研究粒径300-500nm、表面带正电荷的明胶微粒对二氯亚甲基二膦酸盐(Cl2MDP)的包封技术，并观察明胶微粒和载药明胶微粒在SD大鼠体内的分布。方法 通过静电吸附将Cl2MDP连接到明胶微粒表面完成药物包封。用^99Tc^m标记，进行SD大鼠生物学分布实验和显像，观察明胶微粒和Cl2MDP-明胶微粒的组织靶向特征。结果 通过静电吸附法可将Cl2MDP连接到明胶微粒表面，其药物包封效率约为20%，最大载药量达6mg/mg明胶微粒；生物学分布实验和放射性核素显像示其具有较好的肝脾靶向性，可将Cl2MDP定向输送到巨噬细胞，肝脾的摄取超过注射量用60%。结论 该明胶微粒具有良好的肝脾网状内皮系统靶向性，是较理想的肝脾巨噬细胞为作用靶点的药物靶向输送载体；明胶微粒通过静电吸附的方法包封Cl2MDP简便要行，具有较高的药物包封效率和载药量。     

基于普朗尼克双配体修饰的载药纳米靶向聚合物胶束制备工艺的筛选及靶向性评价

目的 优选载多柔比星(阿霉素,DOX)纳米靶向聚合物胶束的制备工艺,并对其体外释放行为和体外靶向性进行考察.方法 以琥珀酰亚胺法合成靶向聚合物材料,以包封率、载药量和总评归一化值为评价指标,利用星点设计-响应面法优化薄膜水化法设计考察投药量、有机溶剂体积、水化体积对纳米胶束制备的影响,并优选处方.以与羟基磷灰石(HA)和离体骨片共同孵育考察骨靶向性;以乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231)为模型做体外细胞摄取考察肿瘤细胞靶向性.结果 成功合成靶向聚合物材料P123-ALN和P123-DP-8,优选纳米胶束最佳制备工艺为:DOX投药量5.48 mg,有机溶剂体积7.28 ml,水化体积8.58 ml.根据筛选出的最佳制备工艺,确定混合载体材料的比例为4∶1时,制备的双配体修饰的纳米靶向聚合物胶束P123-ALN/P123-DP-8@DOX符合纳米制剂的制备要求,包封率为76.97％,载药量3.70％,粒径122.97 nm,ζ电位-12.60 mV,缓释和体外靶向性良好.结论 用最优处方制备的纳米靶向聚合物胶束可为后续骨靶向给药奠定基础.     

表阿霉素脂质体的制备与质量评价

目的:制备盐酸表阿霉素脂质体,建立HPLC含量测定方法并优选包封率测定方法.方法:采用薄膜分散-pH梯度法制备盐酸表阿霉素脂质体;采用HPLC测定药物含量;采用葡聚糖凝胶色谱、超滤及透析3种分离方法测定脂质体的包封率.结果:制备的表阿霉素脂质体粒径较小、分布较窄;3种方法测得盐酸表阿霉素脂质体的包封率分别为96.1%,98.4%,92.9%;结论:薄膜分散-pH梯度法适于制备盐酸表阿霉素脂质体,含量测定方法可靠.超滤法可以准确、快速地测定脂质体包封率.     

葡萄糖修饰的载胰岛素脂质体以包封率为指标的制备工艺研究

目的基于乙醇对脂质双分子层膜的去稳定作用制备得较高包封率的载胰岛素脂质体。方法本研究以空白大单室脂质体在乙醇存在的条件下对胰岛素进行主动载药。考察了脂质处方、乙醇浓度、孵育温度、孵育时间、PEG2000-succ-Chol用量、药脂比等对包封率的影响。结果乙醇存在条件下空白大单室脂质体对胰岛素进行主动载药而得粒径（180±70）nm的小多室脂质体,包封率为28%～32%。结论该方法制备所得的胰岛素脂质体比文献报道的包封率提高了近2倍,而且避免了使用有机溶剂,最大程度保护了胰岛素的生物活性。     

叶酸受体靶向载紫杉醇高分子造影剂体外寻靶及超声显影实验研究

目的探讨叶酸受体靶向载紫杉醇（PTX）高分子造影剂（FOL—PLGA—PTX）的体外寻靶能力与超声显影情况。方法通过单乳化法及碳二亚胺法制备叶酸受体靶向载PTX高分子纳米微球,利用Malvern激光仪检测造影剂平均粒径和表面电位,用HPLC检测包封率和载药量,并通过免疫荧光法和流式细胞术检测造影剂表面叶酸连接情况及和荧光抗体的结合率。体外培养人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,观察靶向造影剂与细胞的结合情况,评价其体外寻靶能力。考察靶向造影剂经高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）辐照后增强超声显影特性,并以DFY型定量仪进行定量。采用两独立样本t检验及单因素方差分析分析数据。结果叶酸受体靶向载PTX高分子超声造影剂的平均粒径为（244．43±13．32）nm,包封率及载药量分别为（86．23±1．23）％和（8．62±0．12）％;流式细胞术测得FOL—PLGA-PTX表面叶酸平均连接率高达（98．49±1．28）％,体外细胞寻靶实验中FOL—PLGA-PTX与SKOV3细胞平均结合率为（84．32±4．25）％,高于非靶向造影剂组（16．45±2．89）％（F=289．45,t=10．654,P〈0．01）和游离叶酸干预组（36．33±3．23）％（t=8．923,P〈0．01）;FOL-PLGA—PTX经HIFU体外辐照前后平均灰度值分别为39．32±3．64和126．44±7．15,差异有统计学意义（t=4．829,P〈0．01）。结论成功制备了叶酸受体靶向载PTX高分子超声造影剂,其包封率与载药量均较高,具备良好的体外寻靶能力与HIFU辐照增强超声显影特性。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.