The effect of adherence therapy on medication adherence,health beliefs,self-efficacy,and depressive symptoms among patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder

Medication adherence is a crucial health issue in major depressive disorder (MDD) that requires regular monitoring and attention. Hence, there are multiple reasons for medication non-adherence among them. This study aimed to examine the effect of adherence therapy (AT) on medication adherence, health beliefs, self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms among patients diagnosed with MDD. One group pretest-posttest, repeated measures time-series design was conducted. A sample of 32 patients was recruited conveniently; they received eight weekly sessions of AT. A self-reported questionnaire was used to measure variables. The analysis showed that the mean scores of the baseline indicated non-adherence, moderate general benefits beliefs about the medication, high beliefs that medication is harmful, high beliefs that doctors overuse medication, high beliefs about potential adverse effects from medication, low perception of MDD severity, and high threatening perception regarding MDD, a moderate degree of confidence in the ability to taking medications, and patients had moderately severe depressive symptoms (M = 16, 3.2, 3.1, 4.1, 3.8, 50, 3, 16 respectively). Over four measurement points, adherence therapy enhanced positive beliefs towards taking medication and illness, increased medication adherence self-efficacy, improved medication adherence, and decreased depressive symptoms (F = 68.57–379.2, P < 0.001). These improvements were clinically significant in all variables immediately post-AT but declined minimally over time. The study indicated that integrating AT as part of the pre-discharge protocol is one core component to sustaining positive healthcare outcomes. Continuous efforts should be paid in terms of the long-term sustainability of an intervention to enhance adherence and clinical outcomes.     

HIV-infected patients' adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: a phenomenological study

Adherence to the treatment regimen is essential to the success of highly active antiretroviral therapy for patients who are infected with HIV. The evidence suggests that poor adherence to antiretroviral drug therapy is a major problem that has the potential to diminish effective viral suppression, promote viral resistance, and place patients at risk for hospitalization, opportunistic infections, and an increased risk of HIV transmission. The primary aim of this study was to understand patients' experiences regarding their adherence to antiretroviral drug therapy. Thus, 19 participants were recruited for in-depth interviews regarding their adherence to drug regimens. All the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by using Benner's phenomenological analysis approach. Four main themes emerged from the data: (i) choosing to live and the decision to start taking medications; (ii) strategies for adhering to the regimen and managing the side-effects; (iii) relationships with healthcare providers; and (iv) advantages of the medications as a motivator to continue one's adherence to the regimen. Studying and understanding the experiences of patients can provide new insights and strategies in order to enhance patients' adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy.     

Assessing adherence to antiretroviral therapy in randomized HIV clinical trials: a review of currently used methods

Antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection requires high levels of adherence to both maintain plasma HIV RNA at undetectable levels and prevent the emergence of drug resistance. As adherence to treatment is a major criterion for the evaluation of therapeutic outcomes, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) conducted among HIV-infected patients commonly include an assessment of adherence. However, there is still no gold-standard tool for assessing adherence behaviors in HIV RCTs. The methods currently used to collect and analyze adherence data are varied, which makes the comparison of results between studies difficult. The scope of this article is to review and discuss the range of adherence measures currently used in RCTs conducted among HIV-infected adults.     

Antiretroviral therapy adherence among patients living with HIV/AIDS in Thailand

The importance of antiretroviral therapy adherence for patients living with HIV/AIDS has been well documented. Despite this critical need, many do not follow prescribed regimens. To examine the barriers that lead to non‐adherence, we used cross‐sectional survey data from a randomized controlled intervention trial in northern and north‐eastern Thailand. Of the 507 patients that were enrolled in the trial, we analyzed 386 patients on antiretroviral therapy in order to examine the barriers to adherence. In addition to demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, physical health, access to care, social support, and internalized shame, HIV disclosure and family communication were examined. The correlation analysis revealed that adherence is significantly associated with internalized shame, access to care, depressive symptoms, and family communication. Based on the multiple logistic regression analysis, depressive symptoms, access to care, HIV disclosure, and family communication were significant predictors of adherence. Having depressive symptoms remains a significant barrier to adherence, while access to care, HIV disclosure, and family communication play important positive roles. Our findings underscore the critical importance of addressing these various challenges that can influence adherence to antiretroviral therapy.     

HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and risky sexual behavior in adolescents: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey

Background

High incidence rates of HIV/AIDS infections among youth draw attention to the need for emphasizing the reduction of risky sexual behavior, a major contributor to the spread of HIV/AIDS. Few researchers have examined the relationship between self-efficacy for HIV/AIDS preventions, depressive symptoms, and adolescent risky sexual behavior. This insufficient understanding limits nurses’ ability to provide effective programs for reducing adolescents’ risky sexual behaviors.

Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships among HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and risky sexual behavior in Taiwanese adolescents.

Design

A cross-sectional, correlational study.

Settings

Seven vocational high schools located in a metropolitan area in southern Taiwan.

Participants

A convenience sample of 16-18-year-old vocational high school Taiwanese adolescents (n = 734) participated in this study.

Methods

Several self-administrated questionnaires, including HIV/AIDS Preventive Self-efficacy scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, Safe Sex Behavior Questionnaire, and a form for demographic data, were used to collect data.

Results

Taiwanese adolescents who had higher HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy scores had less overall risky sexual behavior. Adolescents who had less depressive symptoms had higher HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy. More depressive symptoms were correlated to more risky sexual behavior.

Conclusion

Improving Taiwanese adolescents’ HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy could be useful to reduce risky sexual behaviors in this population. Results of this study may assist nurses in understanding factors related to adolescents HIV/AIDS related risky sexual behavior and its’ preventions. However, future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify whether depressive symptoms is a major influential factor that might interfere with the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS prevention programs.     

Adult patients' adherence to anti-retroviral treatment: a survey correlating pharmacy refill records and pill counts with immunological and virological indices

Background

Providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and enables them to live productive lives, but only if these drugs are taken regularly every day for the rest of their lives. Patients’ ART adherence levels are difficult and expensive to estimate. If simple available measures, such as pharmacy refill records, could be correlated with laboratory test results for improved CD4 counts (indicating immunological recovery) and decreased viral loads (VLs – indicating virological recovery), these could be used as preliminary measures of adherence.

Objective

The objective was to determine whether the combination of pharmacy refill records and pill counts (including counts for all medications in the HAART regimen) could predict immunological and virologic responses through increased CD4 cell counts and suppressed VL.

Results

Correlations were compiled for patients’ pharmacy refill records, pill counts, CD4 cell counts, VL counts and self-reported ART adherence at one clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. There was a weak positive, relationship between ART adherence, CD4 cell counts and VL. Pharmacy refills and pill counts adherence measurement methodologies scored high on sensitivity and positive predictive values.

Conclusions

Pharmacy refill records and pill counts are useful indicators of patients’ ART adherence levels, but should be supplemented with CD4 and VL counts at regular intervals.     

血友病合并HIV/HCV感染者52例高效抗反转录病毒疗效分析

目的探讨血友病合并人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)/丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染者高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)方案[司他夫定(d4T) 拉米夫定(3TC) 依非韦仑(EFV)]的疗效。方法观察52例合并HIV/HCV感染的血友病患者在接受“d4T 3TC EFV”抗HIV治疗后CD4T淋巴细胞计数、HIVRNA载量的变化情况及药物的不良反应。结果抗HIV治疗后,CD4T淋巴细胞计数均有不同程度的升高,平均每月增长(7.70±4.80)个/mm3,HIVRNA载量显示不同程度下降,50例患者的HIVRNA载量在治疗后2~7个月均低于检测水平;29例患者出现三酰甘油升高,22例出现血尿酸升高。结论“d4T 3TC EFV”方案是合并HIV/HCV感染的血友病患者安全、有效的HAART方案。     

教育指导提高艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗的效果观察

目的探讨有效的教育指导方法,提高我国艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗效果。方法对我院103例艾滋病患者开始抗病毒治疗前及治疗1、3、6、9、12个月末进行教育指导。结果患者对疾病及药物治疗的认知程度显著改善,治疗过程中未出现擅自停、换药物和私自退出治疗的情况,病毒复制被控制,实现了免疫功能重建。结论优质的教育指导能够使患者保持良好的服药依从性,取得最佳的抗病毒治疗效果,提高患者生存质量。     

艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗依从现状的调查分析

目的 调查我国某农村地区艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗的服药依从性现状,并分析影响服药依从性的相关因素.方法 采用问卷对安徽省阜阳市70例艾滋病患者进行匿名调查,内容包括患者服药情况及其社会人口学资料、治疗情况、副反应、服药知识.采用SPSS 13.0统计软件对数据进行整理分析.结果 70例患者过去4 d内服药依从率为50%～100%,平均85.51%,服药依从(服药依从率≥95%)的患者占42.9%.患者漏服药物的主要原因包括外出或干农活而不在家、忘记、怕被注意到服药和应服药时睡着了.经分析发现,患者的年龄、子女个数和服药知识是影响其服药依从性的相关因素.结论 所调查艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗的服药依从性为中等水平,有待于进一步提高.针对患者漏服药物的常见原因和主要相关因素,可通过对患者提醒、督导,提高和改善患者的服药知识,从而提高艾滋病患者的服药依从性,保证其治疗效果并促进艾滋病治疗和预防工作.     

运动恐惧在急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者自我效能与运动依从性间的中介效应

目的 探讨运动恐惧在急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术后患者自我效能与运动依从性间的中介效应.方法 采用便利抽样法,于2021年5-8月选取上海2所医院心内科急性心肌梗死行PCI术的435例患者,采用心脏病患者运动恐惧量表、运动自我效能量表...     

Role of depressive symptoms and self‐efficacy of medication adherence in Korean patients after successful percutaneous coronary intervention

This cross‐sectional study sought to identify the prevalence of medication adherence and to explore the role of depression and self‐efficacy on medication adherence among patients with coronary artery diseases. Participants were recruited among outpatients who successfully underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug‐eluting stent at academic medical centres in Cheonan, South Korea. Medication adherence was evaluated by the eight‐item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale using a validated Korean version. Prevalence of non‐adherent to medication was 60.3%. With non‐depressed and high self‐efficacy as reference and after adjusting for age and gender, the models showed that those with depression and low self‐efficacy are more likely to be non‐adherent to medication. Therefore, future studies should focus on the development of interventions designed to reduce depression and increase self‐efficacy for improving patient adherence to cardiovascular medications following PCI.     

Depression and medication adherence among older Korean patients with hypertension: Mediating role of self‐efficacy

Many studies have reported the negative effects of depression on adherence to antihypertensive medication. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this relationship in elderly patients with hypertension. The aim of this cross‐sectional study is to examine the mediating role of self‐efficacy in the relationship between depression and medication adherence among older patients with hypertension. The data were collected from October to December 2014. A total of 255 older patients with hypertension were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Self‐efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale, and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Hierarchical linear regression analysis and the Sobel test were used to examine the mediating role of self‐efficacy in the relationship between depression and medication adherence. Depression and self‐efficacy were statistically significant predictors of medication adherence in older patients with hypertension. Self‐efficacy partially mediated the relationship between depression and medication adherence. Interventions targeting self‐efficacy could increase the confidence of patients in their ability to actively take their medicines. Moreover, health care providers should be aware of the importance of early detection of depression in older patients with hypertension. Future studies with longitudinal data are warranted to clarify the multidirectional relationships between depression, self‐efficacy, and medication adherence.     

抗逆转录病毒疗法对艾滋病患者心血管系统影响的超声影像学评价

HAART问世后,由于其强效抗逆转录病毒作用,AIDS病程进展延缓,病人存活期延长,生活质量提高,死亡率降低.然而,脂肪营养不良、高血脂、高血糖及胰岛素抵抗被认为是抗逆转录病毒药物的副作用被广泛报道.HIV感染和抗逆转录病毒药物的毒副作用均可引起心血管损害,但其确切关系尚不清楚.超声心动图作为首选的检查方法,被广泛应用于评价HAART疗效及其心血管毒副作用的研究中.     

高效抗逆转录病毒疗法对艾滋病的治疗效果及其耐药情况

目的评价高效抗逆转录病毒疗法（highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART）对艾滋病患者的疗效,并观察其耐药情况。方法 2008年11月,对23例接受免费HAART治疗1～3年的艾滋病患者的HIV-RNA病毒载量、HIV-1耐药、CD4＋T淋巴细胞绝对计数、常规生化检测结果进行分析。结果 23例艾滋病患者在HAART治疗1～3年后有6例（26.1%）患者HIV-RNA载量在水平线以下,17例（73.9%）HIV-RNA载量未达到检测线以下。5例患者（21.7%）的HIV-1发生了耐药,服药依从性良好的患者仅9例（39.1%）。结论 HAART对艾滋病患者的疗效较差、耐药率高、服药依从性差。     

Effects of empowerment-based illness management on the medication adherence and recovery of persons with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Medication adherence and recovery rates are <50% among persons with schizophrenia; therefore, this health concern needs attention. Empowerment is a vital element for behavioural change, but previous studies have presented different results and lack specific connotations about empowerment. Therefore, this study systematically reviewed and meta-analysed the effects of empowerment-based illness management on the medication adherence and recovery of persons with schizophrenia. The databases searched included the PROSPERO registration network, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycAricle, and Airiti Library. The research steps were based on PRISMA. RoB 2.0 was used for article quality evaluation, the effect size was calculated using RevMan software, and the random-effect model and standardized mean differences (SMD) were established. Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 859 participants were used to investigate the effect of empowerment on medication adherence. The trials involved the use of effective strategies as inducing medication motivation, promoting self-medication management, and providing support resources. A moderate effect was observed (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI 0.18–0.99). Ten RCTs involving 1473 participants were used to investigate the effect of empowerment on recovery. These trials involved the use of such effective strategies as using self-strength, connecting external forces, understanding personal needs, and overcoming self-stigma. A moderate effect was observed (SMD = 0.55, 95% CI 0.10–0.99). Empowerment in illness management can effectively promote the medication adherence and recovery of persons with schizophrenia. In the future, nurses can use self-strength care to promote medication motivation and connect internal and external forces to assist a person's medication adherence and recovery.     

上海地区艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者原发性耐药基因调查及抗病毒治疗效果观察

目的 了解上海地区伴有HIV-1原发性耐药的艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）对高效抗反转录病毒治疗（HAART）效果的影响,评估长期抗病毒治疗方案,为调整治疗策略提供依据。方法 从上海市艾滋病治疗数据库中随机选取2007-2013年期间被诊断为HIV-1的感染者,在未治疗前进行原发性耐药检测。对其中原发性耐药的病例进行1~7年不等的随访检测,通过CD4+T淋巴细胞计数及病毒载量结果评估抗病毒治疗效果。结果 1 543例HIV-1感染者中发现HIV原发性耐药42例,其中失访8例,死亡1例,停药1例,最后获得32例原发性耐药者。32例中非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NNRTI）耐药相关突变11例,核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NRTI）耐药相关突变7例,蛋白酶抑制剂（PI）耐药相关突变6例;对NRTIs和NNRTIs同时耐药突变有3例,同时发生对PIs和NNRTIs的耐药相关突变1例,同时发生对PIs和NRTIs的耐药相关突变2例;对整合酶抑制剂（IN）耐药相关突变2例,平均原发性耐药率为2.7%。随访监测CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和病毒载量变化结果显示,32例患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞数量在HAART治疗前和治疗后的0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6和7年（1个月）时分别为249.5157.4、304.9188.7、356.3206.4、441.4245.7、455.4256.8、453.2168.5、458.2202.4、454.066.8和432.0100.4个/l。服药依从性指标评估显示所有病例均每年检测病毒载量,除了2例病例病毒载量为600拷贝/ml和700拷贝/ml外,其余病毒载量检测均低于检测下限,病毒抑制率为100%。上述病例在随访期间,均因毒副反应而更换为其他一线药物或二线药物。结论 通过随访观察上海地区伴原发性耐药的HIV/AIDS对抗病毒的治疗效果,在原发性耐药率低的流行地区,如果治疗管理规范,患者服药依从性好,并经常开展公共卫生原发性耐药监测,在条件有限的情况下可不考虑进行治疗前原发性耐药检测。     

Age and Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Reported Symptoms in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons on Antiretroviral Therapy

Few studies have evaluated age and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of gastrointestinal, metabolic, general malaise, neurologic, or other self-reported symptoms by age and race/ethnicity among 1574 HIV-infected women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study and 955 HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. All patients had known dates of initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. It was observed that women aged 50 years or more were less likely to experience gastrointestinal symptoms (24% vs. 27%; multivariable P = 0.024), but more likely to experience general malaise (47% vs. 37%; multivariable P = 0.004), neurologic (44% vs. 38%; multivariable P = 0.048), or other symptoms (40% vs. 28%; multivariable P < 0.001) compared with women less than 40 years of age. Only neurologic symptoms had a higher prevalence among older MSM (52% vs. 37%; multivariable P = 0.002), largely driven by paresthesias (48% vs. 31%; multivariable P = 0.004), the most common individual symptom reported by men. Caucasian women generally had the highest prevalence of symptoms, and African American women had the lowest prevalence. Few racial/ethnic differences were noted for MSM. Depression and a prior diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were the strongest and most consistent predictors of clinical symptoms in both cohorts. In summary, the prevalence of reported symptoms varies with patient race/ethnicity, age, and modifiable factors, such as depression and HIV disease stage. Clinicians should consider these factors when counseling patients regarding potential adverse effects of antiretrovirals or symptoms associated with HIV disease.