山羊视网膜节细胞的形态学类型及其分布特点

利用荧光染料DiI逆行标记技术、激光共聚焦扫描技术和计算机图像处理方法,对北京奶山羊视网膜节细胞(RGCs)的形态学类型及其分布特点进行了系统研究。根据其细胞体的面积和树突野的大小,山羊RGCs分为RGA型(大细胞体和大树突野)、RGB型(小细胞体和小树突野)、RGC型(中小型细胞体和中大型树突野)3种细胞类型。然后根据树突分支特征和细胞体在RGCs中的位置,又将RGCs分为更多亚型(RGA1、RGA2、RGB1、RGB2、RGB3、RGC1、RGC2、RGC3、RGC4)。不同类型的RGCs在视网膜中央区和周边部出现的频率不同,在中央区以小型树突野的RGCs为多,占82%,大型树突野的RGCs仅占5.5%;而在视网膜周边部,尤其是颞侧周边部小型树突野的RGCs比例明显减少(42.5%),大型树突野的RGCs比例增多,尤其以RGA型增加的最为明显(33.4%)。结果表明,山羊视网膜中央区有优越的视力且在解析空间情报方面占优势;而在视网膜周边部则在解析时间情报方面占优势。     

雏鸡投射向圆核的视顶盖细胞的形态研究

目的研究雏鸡投射向圆核的视顶盖中央灰质层（SGC）细胞的形态学特征.方法通过灌流固定后向雏鸡圆核内注射或植入微量羰花青荧光染料DiI,逆向标记投射向圆核的视顶盖SGC细胞.结果标记到的SGC细胞分为4种类型.1型和2型细胞的胞体位于SGC的浅层,其树突的末端分别分布到视顶盖的F层和D层;3型和4型细胞的胞体位于SGC的深层,其树突的分支分别分布到视顶盖的H～J层和SGC内.1型和2型细胞的标记树突末端分别水平伸延形成丛状或二分歧和垂直伸延形成瓶刷状;3型和4型细胞的树突末端主要形成棒状,伸向视顶盖的H～J层和SGC层.结论鸡视顶盖SGC浅层细胞（1型和2型细胞）的树突分布到视顶盖的视网膜接受区,1型细胞以丛状或二分歧末端分布到视顶盖的F层,2型细胞以瓶刷状末端分布到视顶盖的D层,与终止于这些层的视神经终末部的形态一致.SGC深层细胞（3型和4型细胞）的树突分布到视顶盖的非视网膜接受区,树突末端主要形成棒状伸向视顶盖的H～J层和SGC层.     

双荧光逆向追踪法研究大鼠视网膜节细胞的中枢投射

目的：观察向上丘投射的大鼠视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)在视网膜内的分布、密度及细胞类型上的差异。方法：将 DiI 与荧光金(FG)注射入 SD 大鼠的同侧和(或)对侧上丘,不同时相荧光显微镜下观察两种荧光标记 RGCs 的分布情况。结果：视网膜与视神经内均可见荧光标记;视网膜内标记 RGCs 的数目随时间延长略有增加。DiI 与 FG 的标记效率无明显差异;RGCs 大多数为对侧投射;视网膜颞背侧区域可见双侧投射细胞;视网膜颞腹侧周边区集中存在同侧投射细胞,多数胞体较大;视网膜其它区域可见零星同侧投射细胞。结论：DiI 与 FG 可高效率逆行标记 RGCs 及部分突起;SD 大鼠视网膜内并存着向对侧、双侧及同侧脑区投射的 RGCs,后二者数量较少,分布局限;同侧投射以大胞体细胞为多。     

蜥蜴中脑神经通路和起源细胞的形态

本文采用 HRP 法研究了蛤蚧(Gekko gekko)和鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)视顶盖、中脑深核(NPM)与峡核之间的通路和起源细胞的形态。结果指出:1.顶盖与峡核大细胞部(Imc)呈相互区域对应投射;2.同侧顶盖—Imc 投射细胞主要位于第7层,系有径向树突的梨形细胞;同侧 Imc—顶盖投射细胞为小树突域的梨形或多角形细胞;3.顶盖注射标记的 NPM细胞呈纺锤形,染色浅;峡核注射标记的 NPM 细胞,其粗树突往往伸向顶盖;4.NPM 注射标记顶盖细胞和峡核细胞,前者主要位于顶盖第7层,后者散布在峡核大细胞部(Imc)和峡核小细胞部(Ipc)内。     

新生犊牛视网膜节细胞的形态分布

目的:研究比较新生犊牛视网膜节细胞(RGCs)的数量、大小和密度的形态学变化。方法:采用Nissl染色、荧光染料DiI逆行标记技术和计算机图像处理方法。结果:RGCs在视神经乳头下方形成一个沿鼻颞侧轴方向伸展的高密度区(P1,2608/mm2;P21,2174/mm2),即视条纹。由视条纹至周边部细胞密度递减,颞侧周边部最低(P1,mm2;P21,217/mm2);细胞大小则呈递增的变化,这种变化趋势在颞侧最明显。由P1到P21,RGCs总数和平均细胞密度均递减而细胞大小递增。结论:RGCs大小由视条纹至周边部递增而细胞密度递减,并且由P1到P21,RGCs总数和细胞大小递增而细胞密度递减。     

外伤性视神经损伤后视神经及视网膜形态的动态观察

目的:了解外伤性视神经损伤后的病理变化、溃变特点与时相间的关系。方法:参照Allen脊髓损伤法,造成视神经眶尖段间接600gcm力冲击、挤压伤。伤后对视神经和视网膜行形态学动态观察。结果:①伤后48h,视神经轻度肿胀和空泡反应;1周时损伤处视神经出现溃变,神经胶质细胞增生,视网膜神经节细胞(retinalganglioncells,RGCs)形态改变不明显;2周时神经纤维轴束间空泡样改变,局灶性坏死,RGCs核固缩和细胞数量减少。术后3月,视神经损伤部位直径缩小,形成胶质疤痕,RGCs数量明显减少,核固缩细胞增多。②RGCs数量于术后48h、1周、2周、1月和3月分别比正常对照组低3.35%、13.23%、19.74%、23.20%、29.28%。③视网膜细胞在48h内出现凋亡。结论:本实验模型可造成明确的视神经和视网膜损伤,神经元的损伤程度从节细胞、中间神经元、感光细胞的次序依次递减。视网膜和视神经损伤的严重程度与时间呈相关性。RGCs数量在48h至1周时下降速率最快。     

单色光对鸡视网膜节细胞密度和大小的影响

目的 研究单色光对鸡视网膜节细胞(RGCs)分布的影响.方法 采用二极管光(light-emitting diodes,LED)灯作为光源,将60只刚出壳的雄性从肉鸡分别饲养在红(660nm)、绿(560nm)、蓝(480nm)和白光(400～760nm)照下49d(n=15),光照强度15 lux,光照制度23h:1h(L:D).取两侧视网膜分别做Nissl染色和DiI标记RGCs,利用图像分析法观察视网膜面积、RCCs细胞密度与大小的变化.结果 蓝、绿光组视网膜面积、RGCs细胞总数显著高于红、白光组(10.35%和17.07%,P<0.05);绿光组RGCs平均细胞密度比其他光组高14.61%(P<0.05);绿光组视网膜中央区(CA)的RGCs密度最高,显著高于蓝光组28.91%(P<0.05),其CA/NP的比值比其他光组高29.71%(P<0.05);蓝光组CA的RGCs胞体面积最小,颞侧周边区(TP)和鼻侧周边区(NP)的胞体最大,其TP/CA的比值比其他光组高26.65%(P<0.05)且与其他光组相比差异显著(P<0.05).结论 蓝、绿光可使视网膜面积、RGCs细胞总数增加;从视网膜的中央区到周边部,绿光组的RGCs密度梯度下降幅度和蓝光组的RGCs大小梯度增大幅度最明显.     

荧光金逆行标记观察正常大鼠视网膜神经节细胞及轴突

使用荧光金通过立体定位仪逆行标记对正常大鼠视网膜神经节细胞及其轴突进行观察研究。成年SD大鼠6只(12眼),体重250±20g,按照标记后1周,2周分为2组,每组3只(n=6眼)。将荧光金注射到大鼠的外侧膝状体和上丘,观察视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)的数量和视网膜神经节细胞及其轴突的形态。结果显示:视网膜铺片的节细胞边界清楚,易于观察和计数。荧光金标记1周后,RGCs密度为2210±128个/mm2;标记后2周,RGCs密度为2164±117个/mm2。视网膜神经节细胞的轴突内荧光分布均匀,呈线性。结论是使用荧光金逆行标记能够可靠、有效地研究视网膜神经节细胞及其轴突。     

视网膜节细胞与视交叉上核AVP神经元的联系 Ⅰ.CB-HRP顺行追踪与免疫组化双重标记(英文)

本文运用CB－HRP顺行追踪与免疫组化双重标记技术研究视网膜节细胞与视交叉上核内AVP神经元间的联系，结果：（1）AVP神经元主要聚集在视交叉上核背内侧，散在分布于腹内侧和背内腹外交界区域；（2）HRP标记的节细胞轴突除主要投射到腹外侧外，还少量投射到背内侧AVP神经元间；（3）标记终末形成的膨体有些与AVP神经元的突起（树突）密切接触，还有个别贴附在AVP神经元胞体上．提示：视网膜节细胞轴突终末与视交叉上核内AVP神经无间可能有突触联系．为昼夜节律机制的研究提供了一个全新认识的形态学资料。     

神经肽Y样免疫反应神经元在蟾蜍视网膜的定位与分布

用免疫组织化学ABC方法研究神经肽Y(NPY)样免疫反应神经元在蟾蜍视网膜的定位、形态与分布。结果表明:NPY样免疫反应仅存在于无长突细胞中。在102个免疫反应阳性无长突细胞中,92%为Ⅰ型,8%为Ⅱ型。NPY样免疫反应阳性纤维分布于内网层并密集呈三条带,分别位于第1亚层,第2、3亚层交界处和第4、5亚层之间。在视网膜平铺片上,NPY样免疫反应阳性胞体均匀分布于视网膜中央区和周围区,其密度为27±8个/mm~2(均数±标准差)。它们的树突野呈对称和非对称两型,前者的树突野大小为300—500μm×100—300μm,后者的长突约为200—400μm。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.