Revascularization,stenting, and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock

Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated a reduction in mortality with early revascularization of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock, and recent single-center studies have particularly suggested further benefit for coronary stenting. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of revascularization and coronary stenting for patients with shock from a multicenter, international perspective. Patients with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock (n = 583) who enrolled between April 1999 and June 2001 were prospectively identified from the large, multinational, observational Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. We examined the use of coronary reperfusion strategies, adjunctive therapy, and hospital mortality in this group of patients. Cardiac catheterization (52%) and revascularization (43%) were performed in approximately half of the cardiogenic shock patients. Elderly patients (age >/=75 years) comprised 40% of the shock cohort. Regional differences were seen in the use of revascularization, adjunctive medical therapy, and type of revascularization used (coronary stenting). Total hospital mortality was 59%, but case fatality rates ranged from 35% for patients who underwent coronary stenting to 74% for patients who did not undergo any cardiac catheterization. Percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary stenting was the most powerful predictor of hospital survival (odds ratio 3.99, 95% confidence interval 2.41 to 6.62). Thus, cardiogenic shock continues to be a devastating complication of AMI, and relative underuse of a revascularization strategy may be related to the large proportion of elderly patients in this population. In this multinational registry study, coronary stenting was the most powerful independent predictor of hospital survival.     

急性心肌梗死合并心原性休克患者的血运重建治疗

心源性休克是急性心肌梗死患者最严重的并发症。虽然已经有了多种药物治疗、综合的监护管理以及先进的器械辅助,但急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者依旧保持着较高的死亡率。多项研究表明,尽早进行血运重建治疗是目前唯一可以明显改善急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者预后的治疗措施。因此尽早进行血运重建治疗是急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者治疗中最重要的一环。该文综述了其研究进展。     

Thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock

The adverse impact of the development of cardiogenic shock in the setting of acute myocardial infarction was first described by Killip and Kimball in 1967. While the inhospital mortality rate in patients with myocardial infarction and no evidence of heart failure was only 6%, the mortality rate in those patients who developed cardiogenic shock was 81%. Despite advances in cardiovascular care and therapy since that initial report, including universal institution of cardiac care units, advances in hemodynamic monitoring, new inotropic and vasodilating agents, and even increasing utilization of thrornbolytic therapy, the mortality from acute myocardial infarction, when complicated by cardiogenic shock, remains disturbingly high, and cardiogenic shock remains the leading cause of death of hospitalized patients following acute myocardial infarction.The grave prognosis associated with this condition has resulted in increased interest in potential therapeutic interventions, particularly in the area of reperfusion therapy. Several studies suggest that, in contrast to the beneficial effects of thrombolytic therapy in most patient populations suffering acute myocardial infarction, mortality rates are not decreased in those patients with cardiogenic shock at the time of lytic administration. Thrombolytic administration does, however, appear to lead to a modest reduction in the percent of patients with myocardial infarction who will subsequently develop cardiogenic shock during hospitalization.Reperfusion rates with lytic therapy in patients with cardiogenic shock are disappointingly low, in the range of 42–48%, significantly lower than those achieved in patients without cardiogenic shock. These low perfusion rates may, in part, be explained by decreased coronary blood flow and perfusion pressure in patients with left ventricular pump failure.Although promising as adjunctive therapy, it is unclear whether institution of balloon counterpulsation has any long-term benefit in patients with cardiogenic shock treated with thrombolytic therapy. Whether other or additional interventions, such as coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), decrease mortality rates in patients with cardiogenic shock remains to be determined.     

急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克的临床特征

目的分析急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克患者的临床特征。方法连续收集我院1995年2005年初发急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者资料,按照是否有心源性休克分为两组。分析患者一般情况、化验指标、危险因素、并发症和病死率的差异。结果休克组年龄显著高于非休克组[（70±9）岁vs（63±12）岁,P<0.01];两组间血清磷酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、WBC和电解质水平无显著差异;休克组吸烟者明显少于非休克组（19%vs52%,P<0.01）,其他危险因素无显著差异;休克组心律失常和心脏破裂的发生率显著增高,病死率明显高于非休克组（83%vs8%,P<0.01）。结论高龄是心肌梗死并发心源性休克的关键因素之一,心源性休克患者临床情况更为凶险,预后不良。     

Treatment options for acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock

Hospital survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock has improved during recent years. Before the 1990s, emphasis on a medical and supportive approach to treatment of these high-risk patients (including thrombolytic therapy) was not clearly associated with improving outcomes. However, in the past decade, the interventional approach to treatment of acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (mainly acute infarct angioplasty) has led to an improving prognosis across a broad spectrum of patients with cardiogenic shock.     

急诊介入治疗对老年急性心肌梗死并心原性休克的疗效观察

目的探讨急诊冠状动脉介入治疗对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)并心原性休克的近期及中期疗效.方法对20例平均年龄(71.4±6.4)岁的老年AMI患者的21支梗死相关动脉(IRA)的29处靶病变行急诊介入治疗.术前IRA平均狭窄(99.9±0.4)%,心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流 0级15例,1～2级5例.对其中15处靶病变置入支架15枚.结果病例、IRA及靶病变的介入治疗成功率分别为95.0%、 95.2% 及96.6%,成功者94.7%恢复TIMI 血流3级.无因手术并发症及术中死亡发生者.平均开通时间(19.8±3.9)min,术后住院期间8例(40%)死亡.发病距治疗≤6h的10例全部存活,>6h者仅存活2例(P<0.01).对出院的12例患者随访7个月以上全部存活,无任何不良心脏事件发生.结论急诊介入治疗(尤其是急诊冠状动脉支架术)对高龄AMI并心原性休克高危患者有显著疗效,其主要优势为再通快、TIMI血流 3级率高、近期及中期病死率降低,发病≤6h者介入治疗疗效更为显著.     

Utilization of coronary angiography and revascularization after acute myocardial infarction in men and women risk stratified by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether men and women are equally likely to receive coronary angiography and revascularization after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) when they are risk stratified according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) practice guidelines for post-MI care. BACKGROUND: Several previous studies have suggested that women may undergo angiography and revascularization procedures less frequently than men. METHODS: In 439 consecutive patients admitted to a public hospital with AMI, rates of coronary angiography and revascularization were compared in men and women categorized, according to ACC/AHA practice guidelines, as having strong (class I or IIa) or weaker (class IIb) indications for angiography. RESULTS: Women were older and more likely to be diabetic or hypertensive, but men and women were equally likely to meet class I/IIa criteria for post-MI angiography (both 51%). Angiography rates were nearly identical in men and women overall (63% vs. 64%), as well as in patients in class I/IIa (80% vs. 82%) and class IIb (46% vs. 46%) (all p > 0.80, with >80% power to detect important differences); the only multivariate predictors of post-MI angiography were age and ACC/AHA class. Significant coronary artery disease was equally prevalent in men and women undergoing angiography, and men and women were equally likely to undergo revascularization, whether they were in class I/IIa (both 55%, p = 0.90) or class IIb (59% vs. 58%, p = 0.88). No significant differences in mortality were noted between men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being older and having more risk factors than men, women were equally likely to undergo coronary angiography and revascularization procedures after AMI, and they had in-hospital clinical outcomes that were at least as favorable.     

2004 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: implications for emergency department practice

The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association last published evidence-based guidelines for the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in 1999. In mid-2004, in recognition of the evolution and improvement of many of the most basic tenets of clinical management of STEMI since that time, an updated edition of the STEMI guidelines has been published. These guidelines offer many evidence-based recommendations that are pertinent to the out-of-hospital and emergency department care of STEMI patients, including initial evaluation, risk stratification, stabilizing management, and the choice between pharmacologic and mechanical revascularization. These are presented and discussed here.     

Coronary stenting in acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock

AIM: To assess immediate and long-term results of urgent coronary stenting in patients with cardiogenic shock. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty three patients (15 men, 8 women mean age 58-/+12 years) with myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock treated with vasopressors and intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP). Culprit lesions were localized in left anterior descending and right coronary arteries in 16 and 7 cases, respectively. Prior to stenting 18 and 5 patients had TIMI grade 0 and 1 flow, respectively. RESULTS: Stents (n=26, Seaquence and Ephesos, length 12-28 mm, diameter 2-3.5 mm) were successfully implanted in all patients after balloon predilation. After stenting TIMI grade 3 flow was achieved in 15 patients, 8 patients had TIMI-2 flow without angiographic signs of dissection or residual stenosis. There were 4 inhospital deaths and 19 patients (83%) were discharged. One angioplasty and 2 coronary artery bypass grafting procedures because of restenosis and reocclusion were successfully performed during first 4 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Urgent stenting combined with IABP was effective method of treatment of cardiogenic shock with 83% inhospital survival and 61% freedom from repeat revascularization.     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗老年急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的临床观察

目的探讨急诊PCI对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克(CS)的近期和中期疗效,并分析患者院内存活率的影响因素。方法选择行PCI的老年AMI合并CS患者共86例,按治疗结果分为院内病死组(病死组,32例)和院内存活组(存活组,54例),采用logistic回归分析死亡的预测因素,统计患者的临床特点、影像学特点、介入治疗成功率、院内病死率及存活时间。结果病死组既往有心肌梗死患者高于存活组(43.8%vs24.1%,P=0.049),存活组发病至PCI时间明显低于病死组[(9.8±3.2)hvs(12.7±5.9)h,P=0.004];病死组梗死发生部位为前降支,发生率明显高于存活组(59.4%vs35.2%,P=0.025);Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示1年生存率为51.2%。logistic多元回归分析显示,发病至PCI时间及梗死相关动脉与院内病死率显著相关(P<0.05)。结论急诊PCI对老年AMI合并CS患者有较好的近期和中期疗效。     

Free-radical lipid peroxidation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock

The pattern of variation in primary and end products of erythrocyte lipid peroxidation (LPO) was examined in 131 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The levels of LPO products were found to be increased dramatically, the magnitude and duration of the increase being dependent on the severity of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction. The changes were particularly marked in true cardiogenic shock. The level of LPO products fell significantly on day 2-3 of myocardial infarction where it stabilized until the end of the study in patients with uncomplicated infarction treated with alpha-tocopherol acetate in addition to a symptomatic therapy. This pattern is attributed to an inhibitory effect this antioxidant may have on LPO.     

急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克的干预进展

心源性休克是急性心肌梗死（AMI）最严重的并发症之一,其发病率为7％～10％。近些年,随着经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）、冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）等血运重建技术的熟练应用和多巴胺、主动脉球囊反搏技术（IABP）的有效配合,以及新型药物左西孟坦和心室辅助装置（VAD）、体外膜氧合（ECMO）的应用,其病死率由70年代的70％～80％下降到50％。本文综述了急性心肌梗死并发的心源性休克的诊断标准、病理生理机制、尤其是干预手段的应用进展。     

急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克的住院死亡率危险因素分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克患者住院死亡率的危险因素,为临床识别高危患者提供依据。方法回顾性分析89例急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的患者资料,应用单变量及多变量logistic回归分析其基线特征因素和治疗因素与住院死亡率的关系。结果急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克患者的住院死亡率为51.7％（46例）。其中病死组平均年龄[（74.1±10.1）岁]高于非病死组平均年龄[（66.8±11.4）岁],急诊PCI比例[10例（21.7%）]低于非病死组[26例（60.5%）],差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示年龄（OR=2.109,95％CI：1.29～3.44）、持续性室性心动过速/心室颤动（OR=4.831,95％CI：1.05～22.26）及急诊冠状动脉血运重建（OR=0.171,95％CI：0.06～0.48）与住院死亡率显著相关（均P＜0.05）。结论高龄、持续性室性心动过速/心室颤动是急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者住院死亡率增加的危险因素,而急诊冠状动脉血运重建则是保护性因素。     

冠脉介入治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的初步临床观察

目的探讨冠状动脉介入治疗对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克的疗效.方法急诊下对16例平均年龄(71.4±4.7)岁的AMI患者的16支梗死相关动脉(IRA)的21处靶病变进行介入治疗.术前IRA平均狭窄99.7%±0.3%,冠状动脉血流(TIMI)0级14例,1～2级2例.其中21处靶病变置入支架20枚,1例失败. 结果IRA和靶病变介入治疗的成功率分别为93.7%及95.2%,87.5%者TIMI血流恢复至3级.无手术并发症及术中发生死亡.平均开通时间(24.3±4.3)min,术后住院期间5例(31.2%)死亡.对出院的11例患者平均随访12个月全部存活.结论急诊冠状动脉介入治疗对高龄AMI合并心源性休克高危患者疗效显著.     

急性心肌梗死合并心原性休克死亡危险因素分析

目的 探讨ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死合并心原性休克(cardiogenic shock,CS)患者的近期预后和影响病死率的独立危险因素,为CS患者的死亡风险评估提供参考.方法 采用国际多中心CREATE研究的中国ST段抬高急性心肌梗死患者517例资料,平均年龄(68.5±10.3)岁,男性患者占57.6%.用单变量和多变量logistic回归分析合并CS患者的基线特征因素和治疗因素与30 d病死率的相关性.结果 517例CS患者30 d的病死率为62.3%(322例).将全部变量进行多因素logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.46,95%GI:1.18～1.81)、前壁梗死(OR=2.01,95%CI:1.29～3.11)、入院基线血糖＞7.8 mmol/L(OR=2.17,95%CI:1.26～3.73)、血钠＜130 mmoL/L(OR=2.21,95%CI:1.21～4.04)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)＜40%或重度左心功能障碍(LVD)(OR=3.78,95%CI:2.28～6.27)、未紧急血运重建(OR=3.53,95%CI:1.20～10.41)和使用利尿剂(OR=1.90,95%CI:1.21～2.97)是30 d病死率增加的独立危险因素.仅包含基线特征变量的logistic回归分析显示,上述前5项基线变量是死亡的独立基线危险因素.受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析两个回归模型均有较高的判别死亡高危患者的能力,ROC下面积分别为0.81(95%CI:0.77～0.86)和0.80(95%CI:0.75～0.84).结论 STEMI并发CS的患者30 d病死率超过60%,年龄等基线因素和未紧急血运重建等治疗因素是影响30 d病死率的独立危险因素.     

冠脉介入治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的初步临床观察

目的:探讨冠状动脉介入治疗对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克的疗效。 方法:急诊下对16例平均年龄(71.4±4.7)岁的AMI患者的16支梗死相关动脉(IRA)的21处靶病变进行介入治疗。术前IRA平均狭窄99.7％±0.3％,冠状动脉血流(TIMI)0级14例,1～2级2例。其中21处靶病变置入支架20枚,1例失败。 结果:IRA和靶病变介入治疗的成功率分别为93.7％及95.2％,87.5％者TIMI血流恢复至3级。无手术并发症及术中发生死亡。平均开通时间(24.3±4.3)min,术后住院期间5例(31.2％)死亡。对出院的11例患者平均随访12个月全部存活。 结论:急诊冠状动脉介入治疗对高龄AMI合并心源性休克高危患者疗效显著。     

COVID-19 complicated by acute myocardial infarction with extensive thrombus burden and cardiogenic shock

A patient with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) developed acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by extensive coronary thrombosis and cardiogenic shock. She underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and placement of a mechanical circulatory support device but subsequently died from shock. This report illustrates the challenges in managing patients with COVID-19, AMI, and cardiogenic shock.     

主动脉内球囊反搏对急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的疗效观察

目的探讨主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）在急性心肌梗死（AMI）合并心源性休克患者中的应用价值。方法 2007年5月至2009年3月给予13例AMI合并心源性休克的患者急诊行IABP循环支持治疗,以同时期同一疾病未经IABP治疗的15例患者作为对照组进行比较,观察其循环复苏前后的基础心率、血压（收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压）、心功能、尿量、多脏器衰竭、恶性心律失常、30d病死率等指标的变化。结果 2组间年龄、性别、院前时间、冠状动脉病变支数、再发心梗次数及IABP治疗前心功能分级（Killips分级）、收缩压、舒张压差异无统计学意义,而患者的心功能恢复情况、30d病死率、恶性心律失常发生率、多器官功能衰竭发生率、循环支持药物的应用等有显著性差异（P〈0.01）,IABP治疗组较对照组明显获益（P〈0.01）。与治疗前比较,IABP循环支持治疗后患者收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、心功能分级、尿量明显提高,心率明显下降（P〈0.01）。结论对AMI合并心源性休克患者尽早进行IABP治疗具有明显的循环支持疗效,可以为下一步的治疗争取时间并能明显减少并发症、降低病死率。