超声诊断纤维板层型肝癌伴感染1例

<正>患者女,65岁,发热、腹痛。实验室检查:白细胞14.1×109/L,中性粒细胞12.2×109/L,肝炎系列(-)。超声检查:肝右前叶可见大小8.4 cm×9.1 cm混合回声包块,边界欠清晰,未见明显包膜,中央见不规则液性暗区,范围约5.3 cm×5.0 cm×5.8 cm,其内未见血流信号;周边为实性稍高回声,其内可见丰富血流信号(图1),并可测得动脉血流频谱;其余肝实质回声均匀。超声诊     

超声诊断儿童膀胱颈损伤1例

患儿男,4岁.于2h前车撞及小腹部,其后未排尿,来诊.X片提示:骨盆骨折.超声检查;两肾未见异常.膀胱充盈欠佳,腔内可见絮状低回声飘动,膀胱下方(相当于前列腺区)可见3.5 cm×3.1cm×2.7cm大小的低回声,边界较清,其内未见血流信号(图1).膀胱上方可见2.1 cm×1.2 cm大小的不规则无回声区,两侧髂窝均可见少量不规则液性无回声区.提示:(1)膀胱内絮状低回声(积血可能性大);(2)膀胱下方低回声(血肿?),考虑膀胱颈损伤可能性大;(3)腹盆腔少量积液.入院后留置尿管,引流出血性尿液,2h后经导尿管灌注生理盐水后再行超声检查见膀胱充盈良好,形态正常,腔内可见一导尿管回声,导尿管水囊上方可见1.5 cm×0.7cm大小的低回声区,内未见血流信号.     

膀胱原发非霍奇金淋巴瘤超声表现1例

<正>患者女,86岁,因"尿痛及血尿4个月余"入院。全身体格检查未见明显阳性体征及肿大淋巴结。尿常规检查:隐血(+++),白细胞(++)。超声检查:膀胱欠充盈,膀胱壁不光滑,左前上壁可见大小约6.5 cm×2.5 cm×5.0 cm团状弱回声,边界较清晰,形态较规则,内未见明显血流信号(图1)。考虑膀胱癌可能。增强CT示膀胱左前上壁增厚,见一软组织块影,最大层面约4.5 cm×     

B超诊断子宫峡部妊娠1例

患者 ,女 ,39岁。停经 35天 ,无阴道出血 ,查尿 HCG( ) ,要求药物流产 ,B超所见 :膀胱充盈好 ,子宫前位 ,宫体大小 10 .4cm× 9.5 cm× 5 .3cm。表面欠光滑 ,肌壁回声不均 ,左前侧壁可见大小 2 .4cm× 2 .6 cm中强团块 ,子宫右侧可见5 .6 cm× 5 .5 cm衰减团块与子宫关系密切。宫内膜厚 1.3cm,于宫颈内口近峡部可见两个囊性暗区 ,大小分别为 2 .3cm×0 .8cm、 1.8cm× 0 .9cm,周边回声增厚、增强 ,内未见明显中强光团 (图 1)。宫颈厚 3.5 cm,宫颈管内部回声欠均匀 ,边缘可见少量暗区 ,双附件显示欠清。子宫直肠窝未见液性暗区。提示 :(1)…     

超声诊断胎儿肾上腺神经母细胞瘤1例

孕妇28岁,孕1产0,孕40周,因早期破水入院.急诊彩超检查发现紧贴胎儿左肾上极可见一3.4 cm×2.7 cm类圆形囊性结构,囊壁较厚,欠光滑,其内透声尚可(图1).左肾无明显受压.彩色多普勒检查于囊壁上及其内均未见明显血流信号.超声提示:胎儿左肾上方囊性包块,建议胎儿出生后复查.胎儿出生后42天复查彩超,左肾上方原有囊性包块明显长大,大小约6.7 cm×4.5 cm,形态规则,左肾及腹主动脉略受压,但与左肾无明显关系;囊壁较厚,欠光滑,未见明显乳头状突起,囊腔内可见浓密的点状强回声及带状强回声漂浮,呈"云雾状"(图2);彩色多普勒检查囊壁及囊内均未见明显血流信号.超声提示:胎儿腹膜后囊性包块,可能来源于左侧肾上腺.行手术切除,术后病理确诊为来源于左肾上腺的神经母细胞瘤(neuroblastiona, NB).     

脐尿管腺癌超声表现一例

<正>患者,男,57岁,因肉眼血尿就诊。查体(-),超声检查:膀胱顶部可见5.4cm×3.8cm×5.0cm实性不均质稍低回声包块,边界欠清,轮廓欠规整,向前浸润至腹壁下,距皮肤约0.5cm,CDFI可见少量血流信号(图1)。超声提示:下腹部腹壁实性占位病变,考虑来源于脐尿管。CT:膀胱前上壁局部不均匀增厚,可见软组织肿块影向腔内外隆起,约4.9cm×5.3cm,其内密度明显不均匀,可见     

左肾肾盂癌合并右侧壁膀胱癌超声表现1例

患者男,52岁.无痛性肉眼血尿1d,血尿自行消失.超声检查:膀胱右侧壁见1.5cm×1.3cm实性略强回声结节,表面欠光滑,内回声尚均,膀胱壁连续.CDFI:肿物内部;左肾集合系统分离2.3cm,分离的集合系统内几乎充满实性略低回声,内回声欠均(图2),CDFI及CDE未见明显血流信号.     

超声诊断膀胱憩室并憩室内肿瘤1例

患者男,68岁,因反复血尿就诊.超声检查:膀胱适度充盈,膀胱壁略增厚,于膀胱后壁6点处见膀胱壁中断约2.3 cm,其后方见8.3 cm×6.0 cm的无回声区,与膀胱相通,无回声区内见5.0 cm×3.8 cm的略强实性回声团,形态尚规则,内部回声欠均匀,可见斑点状强回声(图1),彩色多普勒显示团块内细小的血流信号.双肾大小、形态正常,皮质均匀,集合系统分离,双侧均宽1.5 cm,双输尿管未见扩张.     

卵巢甲状腺肿性类癌超声表现一例

患者女,42岁.因超声体检发现卵巢囊肿6个月入院.术前妇科检查:左侧附件区触及大小4.0 cm×6.0 cm包块,无压痛,右侧附件区未触及包块,无压痛.术前经阴道超声检查:子宫前位,大小5.2 cm×4.8 cm×4.8 cm,子宫内膜厚1.0 cm,肌层回声欠均匀.前壁宫底部可见大小0.9 cm×0.6 cm和0.7 cm×0.5 cm低回声结节.宫内O型节育器回声、位置正常.宫颈内可见多个囊性无回声区,其中一个大小0.5 cm×0.8 cm.右侧卵巢大小正常,左侧卵巢内可见大小5.7 cm×4.2 cm囊实性团块(图1),囊内充满细小点状回声,实质部分内见条点状血流信号,盆腔无液性无回声区.超声诊断:(1)左卵巢囊实性团块.(2)子宫多发小肌瘤.     

超声诊断腹股沟区隐睾并扭转1例

患儿男,1岁。无明显症状,左侧阴囊无睾丸,近日来左腹股沟区略隆起。似精神欠佳,无全身状态就诊。超声检查:左侧阴囊内无睾丸声像,但见范围约3.6cm×1.2cm偏强回声包块(图1),回声不均匀,形态不规整,边界欠清。该侧腹股沟区可见约4.7cm×1.2cm液性暗区,暗区内有细小光点悬浮,并见多个宽窄不一分隔样回声及形态不规整实性中强回声,中心部为1.3cm×1.3cm的类圆形较均匀中强回声结节,包满感,边界尚清(图2),未见明显血流信号。阴囊异常结构与腹股沟区暗区分界不清,似与腹腔相通;右侧睾丸大小形态结构未见明显异常。超声诊断:(1)左侧隐睾;(2)左侧腹…     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.