内源性事件相关电位的研究进展与临床应用

内源性事件相关电位是反映思维、特异性认知和情感等精神心理活动的特殊诱发电位。其中N400、失匹配负波、关联性负变等被认为是大脑皮质整合的结果,在临床功能紊乱实践中可作为大脑认知障碍的严重程度、诊断、康复治疗效果、疗效观察、患者预后及转归判断的客观评定手段。内源性事件相关电位的临床应用已经成为国内外认知神经科学中的研究热点。     

强迫性神经症患者失匹性负波的临床研究

目的 探讨强迫性神经症患者失匹配负波（MMN）的特征.方法 应用美国Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪,对36例强迫性神经症患者和35名正常成人进行了MMN测定并分析.结果 与健康对照组相比,强迫性神经症患者MMN潜伏期延迟[健康组（193士25）ms,强迫性神经症组（209±23）ms,P＜0.05],同时波幅降低[健康组（9.0±1.9）μV,强迫性神经症组（6.1士1.8）μV,P＜0.01].结论 事件相关电位中的MMN可反映强迫性神经症患者自动加工过程,可用于临床测定.     

房间照片视觉事件相关电位用于测谎的实验研究

以受试者居住的房间照片和陌生的随机编组成刺激序列，进行事件相关电位测试。结果熟悉的房间照片比陌生房间照片引了的Ｐ３波波幅高，波面积大，说明以房间照片为刺激，利用测谎蚵行的。Ｐ３反映大脑地刺激的认知加工过程。但利用Ｐ３进行测谎时应给予被测者一定的任务并设法提高其注意力以配合测试。     

首发抑郁症患者治疗前后认知电位P300和失匹性负波的变化

目的了解抗抑郁剂治疗对抑郁症首次发病患者的认知电位P300和失匹性负波(MMN)的影响.方法对64例抑郁症首次发病患者于治疗基线和治疗12周采用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)17项评定症状严重程度,采用脑诱发电位仪进行事件相关电位P300和MMN检测,并与36例健康人进行P300和MMN指标对照研究.结果①治疗前抑郁症组患者的P300潜伏期和MMN潜伏期均比对照组延迟,P300和MMN波幅均低于对照组(P＜0.01).②治疗后患者组P300和MMN潜伏期均显著缩短,P300波幅和MMN波幅均明显提高(P＜0.05).③治疗后临床病情缓解组(HAMD总分≤7)P300潜伏期与对照组比较无显著差异(P＞0.05),缓解组的P300和MMN波幅均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);MMN潜伏期比对照组明显延长(P＜0.01).结论首发抑郁症治疗后认知电位P300和MMN有明显改善.病情缓解患者的P300波幅、MMN潜伏期和MMN波幅未完全恢复正常.     

事件相关电位中错误相关负电位神经发生源的研究

目的 研究健康个体事件相关电位中错误相关负电位(ERN)的神经发生源.方法 以24名健康志愿者为被试,采用高密度事件相关电位记录技术,由修改后的视觉Eriksen Flanker任务引出ERN,经LORETA技术对ERN差异波顶点前后125 ms时间窗口内的神经发生源进行研究.结果 被试者的错误反应率为(10.29±5.91)%,错误反应次数与ERN差异波平均波幅呈正相关(r=0.53,P＜0.01);与正确判断反应相比,错误判断反应引出的ERN波幅明显增大(P＜0.001),潜伏期延迟(P＜0.05);差异波顶点后25～74 ms时ERN激活的脑功能区主要为额上回、额中回、额内侧回(Brodmann 6区),差异波顶点后75～124 ms时ERN激活的脑功能区位于中央后回(Brodmann 2区).结论 ERN神经发生源位于额叶(Brodmann 6区)及顶叶中央后回.     

难治性与一般性抑郁症患者失匹性负波MMN的对比研究

目的 探讨难治性与一般性抑郁症患者失匹性负波MMN的变化差异. 方法 对24例难治性抑郁症患者(难治组)、25例一般性抑郁症患者(非难治组)进行事件相关电位MMN检查,与24名健康志愿者(对照组)的结果进行比较. 结果 与对照组相比,难治组、非难治组潜伏期均显著延迟(P＜0.05),波幅均显著降低(P＜0.01);与非难治组相比,难治组潜伏期显著延迟(P＜0.05),波幅差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 抑郁症患者的信息自动加工功能受损,难治性抑郁受损程度大于一般性抑郁症患者.提示MMN变化指标可能是难治性和一般性抑郁患者的共病标记.     

首发抑郁症患者治疗前后认知电位P300和失匹性负波的变化

目的了解抗抑郁剂治疗对抑郁症首次发病患者的认知电位P300和失匹性负波(MMN)的影响。方法对64例抑郁症首次发病患者于治疗基线和治疗12周采用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)17项评定症状严重程度,采用脑诱发电位仪进行事件相关电位P300和MMN检测,并与36例健康人进行P300和MMN指标对照研究。结果①治疗前抑郁症组患者的P300潜伏期和MMN潜伏期均比对照组延迟,P300和MMN波幅均低于对照组(P<0.01)。②治疗后患者组P300和MMN潜伏期均显著缩短,P300波幅和MMN波幅均明显提高(P<0.05)。③治疗后临床病情缓解组(HAMD总分≤7)P300潜伏期与对照组比较无显著差异(P>0.05),缓解组的P300和MMN波幅均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);MMN潜伏期比对照组明显延长(P<0.01)。结论首发抑郁症治疗后认知电位P300和MMN有明显改善。病情缓解患者的P300波幅、MMN潜伏期和MMN波幅未完全恢复正常。     

精神分裂症患者冲突监测功能缺陷的事件相关电位研究

目的 本研究旨在探讨精神分裂症患者认知加工缺陷中冲突监测功能的缺损情况,了解N270负波对精神分裂症患者冲突加工功能的评估作用。方法 采用EGI 128导联脑电设备记录14名精神分裂症患者和20名健康被试的脑电数据,序列呈现两张面孔图片以诱发事件相关电位,实验任务为判断前后两张面孔是否一致。结果 面孔不一致（即冲突条件）会诱发出冲突性负波N270,面孔匹配条件下未观察到N270。患者组N270成分的峰潜伏期在O1、O2、P3、P4等电极上比健康对照组显著延迟,而两组N270波幅差异无统计学意义。结论 精神分裂症患者N270成分潜伏期存在明显异常,提示其冲突监测功能存在缺损,精神分裂症可能对于信息的冲突采取了不同于健康对照的处理方式,N270可成为评价精神分裂症患者认知功能中冲突处理能力缺损情况的客观指标。     

结果预期对结果评价影响的事件相关电位研究

目的 采用事件相关电位技术探索结果预期对结果评价影响的脑机制.方法 采用金钱激励延迟任务探测正常个体在情境线索和反馈结果诱发的N350,反馈负波(feedback-related negativity,FRN)和晚期正成分(late positive complex,LPC). 结果 情境线索条件下,奖赏和惩罚线索诱发的N2波幅相同且均小于零值线索,LPC波幅相同且均大于零值线索;反馈结果条件下,负性反馈结果的FRN波幅均大于正性反馈结果,LPC波幅小于正性反馈结果.结论 情境线索下正常个体对奖赏和惩罚线索的敏感程度相同,但反馈结果倾向于对未知结果做积极预期.     

难治性精神分裂症患者认知异常的事件相关电位研究

目的 探讨难治性精神分裂症患者诱发电位P300和失匹配负波(MMN)的特征.方法 对21例难治性精神分裂症患者(病例组)和26名健康被试(对照组)行事件相关电位P300和MMN检测,比较两组被试F3、F4、Fz、Cz点P300和Fz、Cz、Pz点MMN的差异.结果 ①病例组反应时[(408.91±202.24)ms]长于对照组[(361.60±254.32) ms],差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).②病例组P300潜伏期在F3、F4、Fz、Cz四点[分别为(385.92±53.14)ms,(400.31±51.32) ms,(386.77±62.68) ms,(374.77±57.61)ms]长于对照组[分别为(341.00±30.42)ms,(335.23±29.71)ms,( 338.65±30.09) ms,( 344.42±30.86) ms],病例组波幅在F4、Fz两点[分别为(4.68±2.90)μV,(5.83±3.73) μV]比对照组[分别为(6.71±2.57) μV,(7.99±2.78)μV]低,均差异具有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).③病例组MMN在Fz点波幅[(2.77±2.25)μV]低于对照组[(5.87±3.28)μV],差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对照组脑中央电极从前向后波幅逐渐降低,而病例组却与此相反.结论 难治性精神分裂症患者认知功能受损,事件相关电位技术可以为其提供生物学基础.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.