基于HIS平台本土化的临床路径系统设计与实践

以新疆医科大学第一附属医院临床电子路径系统实施工作为例,阐述了本土化临床电子路径系统建立的必要性和意义。实践表明,正确选择进入路径的病种并使系统方便于临床操作是临床电子路径系统成功实施的第一步,建立完善临床电子路径平台流程是CP成功的关键。对路径病人基本信息和医嘱信息进行质控在一定程度上提高了CP数据的精确性和科学性,为进一步研究临床电子路径实施和成功应用奠定了坚实的基础。     

设计和实施临床路径应注意的问题

阐述了目前同内在设计和实施临床路径应注意的参加临床路径设计成员的广泛性和多专业性、确定的病种要符合临床路径病种选择原则、CP时间设计的合理性、CP内容要符合我国有关医院管理规定和要求、开展临床路径的基本条件准备、做好实施临床路径前的宣传动员和培训教育、解决实施临床路径的难点和问题等七个问题,并提出了解决问题的见解,为卫生行政部门以及医院管理者在推行和实施临床路径提供参考。     

临床路径应用于腺样体肥大切除术的效果评价

目的探讨临床路径(CP)在腺样体肥大切除术中的应用效果。方法随机抽取未实施CP的120例患者为对照组,113例实施临床路径患者作为CP组。CP组严格按制定的CP实施诊疗、护理,对照组采用常规的医疗护理方法。结果 CP组患者的平均住院日、术前平均占床日明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.01),CP组住院费用略高于对照组费用(P<0.05)。结论 CP作为一种科学的医疗护理模式,在医疗卫生实践中切实可行,值得推广。     

21世纪临床新管理模式-临床路径

临床路径(clinical pathway CP)是一种单病种质量管理的现代新模式。本文较详细地阐述了CP的概念,CP产生的历史背景,实施CP的现实意义,CP的实施,CP目前常见的问题与不足。     

心脏瓣膜置换术后ICU监护期临床路径制定与实施

目的评价我院制定的临床路径在心脏瓣膜置换病人术后重症监护病房（intensive care unit,ICU）实施的效果。方法回顾性分析实施临床路径前（2006年5月～2008年5月,非CP组）和实施临床路径后（2008年6月～2010年6月,CP组）择期心脏瓣膜置换术后在ICU监护治疗的病人各50例,比较两组病人在术后机械通气时间、血气分析次数、ICU停留时间、ICU期间费用及并发症等方面差异有无显著性。结果实施CP组在平均机械通气时间、血气分析检查次数、ICU停留时间、ICU期间费用等方面均低于非CP组（P〈0.05）,并发症发生率两组间差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论心脏瓣膜置换病人术后ICU临床路径的实施降低了ICU停留时间和医疗费用,同时保证了医疗质量。     

临床路径在大肠癌手术患者中的应用研究

目的:研究临床路径(CP)应用于大肠癌手术患者的实施效果。方法:采用不同病例进行对照研究,对照组40例实施传统治疗和护理,实验组40例实施CP,将两组的治疗、护理效果进行对比。结果:实施CP后,实验组病人的平均住院天数、医疗费用下降明显,而患者的生活质量大幅度提高,两组患者术后并发症和预后比较无统计学差异。结论:临床路径能明显提高工作效率及护理质量,减少医疗费用,缩短住院时间。     

临床路径在骨科护理中的应用

临床路径(Clinical Pathway,CP)是指以循证医学证据和疾病诊疗指南为指导,针对某一疾病建立的一套标准化治疗模式与治疗程序[1].临床路径的应用,可以使患者入院后的检查、治疗、用药有章可循,达到同病同治.我科自2010年10月开始实施临床路径,护理体会报告如下.     

老年股骨转子间骨折DHS内固定临床路径实施效果分析

目的通过对老年股骨转子间骨折DHS内固定术临床路径(clinical pathway,CP)实施情况的分析,评价临床路径应用于临床的实际效果。方法收集2002年10月至2006年10月老年股骨转子间骨折DHS内固定术患者的信息,以平均住院天数和住院费用等作为评价指标,将实验组(应用CP的患者)和对照组(未应用CP的患者)进行对比分析。结果是否实施CP这一医疗质量管理方法的患者之间在住院时间、住院费用方面差异有统计学意义。结论CP应用于老年股骨转子间骨折DHS内固定术,可以明显缩短平均住院时间,降低诊疗费用。     

临床路径在股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗中的应用

临床路径（CP）是一种符合成本—效益规律的“管理照顾”新模式，2002年我院对部分股骨头缺血性坏死（ANFH）介入治疗患者实施CP，旨在研究CP应用于ANFH介入治疗患者的可行性和实施效果，现报告如下。     

影响临床路径管理效能的原因与对策

通过分析浙江省台州医院6年来在临床路径(Clinical Pathway,CP)管理中的经验,找出影响CP管理效能的主要原因有:缺乏外部环境和内部政策的支持、缺乏科学的管理方法、医护人员自主权与标准化之间存在冲突、缺乏理性与感性的认识、缺乏多学科间的协作、医院信息系统的功能不完善。得出:构建管理架构、实施目标管理、以循证医学为证据,保证路径的科学性,应用智能化CP系统是保证CP有效运行的基础。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.