鼻咽内窥镜观察咽鼓管咽口形态与中耳疾病的相关性研究

鼻咽内窥镜观察咽鼓管咽口形态与中耳疾病的相关性研究张继东郭志祥李宏伟袁敏琪耿惠过去认为咽鼓管峡部是诱发中耳疾病的关键部位，由于内窥镜的应用，近来发现咽鼓管咽口也是引起咽鼓管阻塞的重要部位。我们使用鼻咽内窥镜观察中耳疾病患者的咽鼓管咽口形态，并与正常人...     

咽鼓管咽口的临床解剖学观测

目的　了解咽鼓管咽口的解剖及其与周围结构之间的关系 ,从而进一步了解咽鼓管相关疾病 ,并为治疗提供解剖学资料。方法　在 2 0例 4 0侧成人尸头标本上对咽鼓管咽口的形态、咽口与鼻甲、咽鼓管圆枕之间关系等进行观察 ,测量咽鼓管咽口的高度、其底边长度 ;咽鼓管咽口前缘距下鼻甲后缘距离 ;咽鼓管圆枕前唇距下鼻甲距离 ;咽鼓管圆枕前、后唇的长度 ,宽度。结果　咽鼓管咽口呈开放型者 (三角形、圆形 )占 6 2 .5 % (2 5侧 ) ,呈开放不良型 (裂缝形、脐形 )占 37.5 % (15侧 )。 2 7.5 % (11侧 )的咽鼓管圆枕前唇缺如 ,所有标本均有后唇 ,咽鼓管咽口的高度为 (5 .96± 2 .5 9)mm ,其底边长为 (8.6 5± 2 .90 )mm ,咽鼓管咽口至下鼻甲距离为 (12 .0 3± 2 .32 )mm ,咽鼓管圆枕有前唇者其前唇至下鼻甲距离为 (6 .0 9± 2 .2 1)mm ,咽鼓管圆枕其前唇长、宽分别为 (4.88± 3.36 )mm和 (4.18± 2 .79)mm ,其后唇长、宽分别为 (11.4 6± 4 .2 4 )mm和 (9.2 2± 1.71)mm。结论　咽鼓管咽口的形状可能同非化脓性中耳炎以及咽鼓管异常开放症之间有一定关系 ,咽鼓管圆枕后唇发育明显优于前唇 ,前唇缺如者可能更容易受周围病变影响而发生疾病 ,下鼻甲后端肥大很容易压迫咽鼓管咽口而致病。     

鼻咽癌引起中耳渗出的发病机理:一种新观点

鼻咽癌患者４０％于放疗前发生中耳渗出，目前认为鼻咽癌引起的中耳渗出是肿瘤破坏腭帆张肌使咽鼓管发生功能性阻塞所致，但最近的肌电图研究证明腭帆张肌并无异常的鼻咽癌患者也可发生中耳渗出。该文对经组织学证实为鼻咽癌的３５例患者，在放疗前用ＭＲＩ检查技术显示咽鼓管全长影像，评价咽鼓管软骨部及腭帆张肌被肿瘤破坏的情况。患者中男１９例，女１６例，年龄３０～６７岁，平均４６．３岁，肿瘤侵犯双侧鼻咽部者２４例，仅侵犯一侧者１１例，共计５９例。结果表明，伴有中耳渗出者咽鼓管软骨部的破坏率远高于无中耳渗出者（Ｐ＜０．…     

鼻咽癌初诊患者中耳功能的相关多因素量化分析

目的：探索量化和客观评价鼻咽癌初诊患者的中耳功能的方法,采用多因素及量化的方法分析其影响因素。方法：对320例（320耳）鼻咽癌初诊患者行电耳镜、声导抗检测、纯音听阈测试、鼻咽部及中耳CT或MRI扫描、咽鼓管功能检查、电子鼻咽镜检查,量化评估中耳功能;采用SPSS13．0进行单因素及多因素分析。结果：T分期、临床分期、肿物部位、扩散类型、形态、咽鼓管功能及咽口形态、影像学侵犯范围（鼻腔、颅底、咽隐窝、咽旁间隙、腭帆张肌、腭帆提肌）是影响鼻咽癌初诊患者的中耳功能单因素,而性别、年龄、病理类型、N分期、M分期对鼻咽癌初诊患者中耳功能无影响;多因素分析显示：T分期、肿物部位、咽鼓管功能、腭帆张肌侵犯、颅底侵犯是影响鼻咽癌初诊患者中耳功能的独立因素。结论：鼻咽癌初诊患者的中耳功能受T分期、肿物部位、咽鼓管功能、腭帆张肌侵犯、颅底侵犯等相关因素影响,本研究探讨的中耳量化标准能较为客观地评估鼻咽癌初诊患者的中耳功能。     

成人鼓室乳突内液体的诊断与处理

成人中耳乳突积液的发病机理有三:(1)咽鼓管阻塞造成真空所致的浆液性中耳炎;(2)乳突鼓室内粘膜的主动浆液性分泌,原因不详,常称成人中耳浆液性积液;(3)鼓室乳突内脑脊液漏,可因先天异常、后天疾病及外伤所引起。诊疗本症的步骤为:(1)全面的病史询问和检查,以找出可能原因。(2)经鼓膜放一压力平衡管,拔管鼓膜愈合后积液消失,中耳又含气,可诊断为浆液性中耳炎,但需进一步查明咽鼓管阻塞的原因,例如鼻咽部活检,CT扫描等。查不到原因,宜随访观察。拔管后仍有清液流出,诊断为     

外耳道癌

外耳道恶性瘤为一较少见的病变,虽常为老年性病变,但亦可发生于青年人。此病常发于有慢性外耳道炎者。治疗能否成功,须具备以下四个因素:(1)早期诊断很重要;(2)对肿瘤范围的正确估计;(3)从而进行适当的手术;(4)对某些病人进行手术后放疗。发于外耳道软骨部或外耳道口的肿瘤,可直接经过软骨及其缝隙,扩展侵犯至腮腺。肿瘤发生于外耳骨部者,可透过鼓膜、鼓乳缝或向后经乳突松质骨扩展。如肿瘤已侵至乳突及中耳,即很易扩展到乳突的外围部。亦常侵犯到中或后颅窝硬脑膜,沿大血管或咽鼓管扩散。以上这些重     

咽鼓管薄层断面与磁共振成像对照研究

目的研究咽鼓管和毗邻结构的断面形态及相互解剖关系,为临床影像学诊断提供解剖学依据.方法利用生物塑化技术,将9侧咽鼓管区及相邻结构制成三个平面(横断、冠状位及矢状位)的薄层断层标本,并与磁共振成像(MRI)对照,观察咽鼓管及毗邻结构在各方位的走行与解剖关系.结果在横断、冠状断面上可较好显示咽鼓管的正常解剖结构及毗邻关系,咽鼓管纤维软骨位于咽鼓管后内侧,其上缘向外弯曲形成软骨部的顶.咽鼓管咽筋膜封闭咽鼓管前外侧并向下延伸构成咽鼓管的下壁.腭帆张肌位于咽鼓管前外侧,腭帆提肌位于其外后下方.粘膜下筋膜位于腭帆提肌的内侧,咽颅底筋膜走行于腭帆张肌和腭帆提肌之间,Weber-Liel筋膜位于腭帆张肌外侧.结论MRI可较好显示咽鼓管软骨部及其肌肉、筋膜;应用塑化薄层断面可直接与MRI扫描图像进行对照研究,对鼻咽区病变的影像诊断具有重要参考价值.     

中耳炎颞骨咽鼓管峡部粘-软骨膜的组织病理学观察

目的：了解中耳炎性病咽鼓管峡部粘－软骨膜的影响。方法：用光镜对３２耳各型中耳炎颞骨（中耳炎组）与５０耳正常颞骨（正常组）标本连续切片的咽这峡部粘－软骨膜，中耳腔鼓岬粘骨组织病理学比较观察。结果：中耳炎组和正常组颞骨标本咽鼓管峡部均无病理性阻塞；中耳炎组峡部粘－软骨膜厚度测量和病理观察，未见有明显炎症改变，与正常组比较无明显差异；而其中耳腔粘骨膜均明显炎症病变。这种炎症截然不同反应的界限恰好在咽这的     

咽鼓管周围病变与耳气压伤

环境气压的迅速改变可造成耳气压伤，是飞行人员（包括乘客）和潜水人员（包括潜水爱好者）在飞行和潜水过程中必须随时面对的问题。其中咽鼓管的结构和功能与其关系密切，咽鼓管周围病变与耳气压伤的关系也密不可分。本文就笔者在此方面所做的工作，结合国内外的研究现状，介绍咽鼓管周围病变（本文特指咽鼓管咽口周围如鼻咽部、鼻中隔、下鼻甲、鼻窦的病变及咽鼓管鼓室口周围如中耳腔、鼓膜、乳突的病变）与耳气压伤的相关知识。     

鼻咽癌与传导性耳聋

鼻咽癌与传导性耳聋郑慧秋鼻咽癌是常见头颈部恶性肿瘤之一。由于鼻咽部肿瘤所在位置不同，可于不同时期侵犯咽鼓管咽口、咽鼓管、中耳腔及内耳等，造成听觉功能障碍。近年来，我院对确诊鼻咽癌合并耳部症状患者进行听力检查，发现不同性质的耳聋，其中以传导性耳聋为主。...     

MRI findings of the middle ear in infants

CONCLUSIONS: While infants under the age of 1 year exhibited a high rate of abnormal intensities in the middle ear and mastoid cavities, older infants showed no abnormal intensities in these regions. From the signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted MRI, the abnormal intensities in the middle ear cavity were considered to represent liquid effusion. Taken together with the findings of temporal bone CT, the abnormal intensities in the mastoid cavity were considered to represent bone marrow. OBJECTIVE: Histopathological studies of the temporal bone and tympanometry investigations have reported the presence of mesenchyme and liquid effusion in the middle ear cavity of infants. However, very few CT or MRI middle ear cavity findings of newborns and infants have been published, and none have included the mastoid cavity. We therefore performed an MRI study of the middle ear and mastoid cavities of infants under 2 years old (83 cases, 88 imaging series). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: MRI (1.5 T) was originally performed on suspicion of brain disorders in infants aged under 2 years. All MRI slices were studied and classified on the basis of the distribution of abnormal intensities in the middle ear and mastoid cavities. RESULTS: All the abnormal imaging appeared in infants under 1 year old, in particular, 74.24% (n=49) of abnormal imaging appeared in the first 20 weeks after birth.     

MRI findings of the middle ear in infants

Conclusions. While infants under the age of 1 year exhibited a high rate of abnormal intensities in the middle ear and mastoid cavities, older infants showed no abnormal intensities in these regions. From the signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted MRI, the abnormal intensities in the middle ear cavity were considered to represent liquid effusion. Taken together with the findings of temporal bone CT, the abnormal intensities in the mastoid cavity were considered to represent bone marrow. Objective. Histopathological studies of the temporal bone and tympanometry investigations have reported the presence of mesenchyme and liquid effusion in the middle ear cavity of infants. However, very few CT or MRI middle ear cavity findings of newborns and infants have been published, and none have included the mastoid cavity. We therefore performed an MRI study of the middle ear and mastoid cavities of infants under 2 years old (83 cases, 88 imaging series). Subjects and methods. MRI (1.5 T) was originally performed on suspicion of brain disorders in infants aged under 2 years. All MRI slices were studied and classified on the basis of the distribution of abnormal intensities in the middle ear and mastoid cavities. Results. All the abnormal imaging appeared in infants under 1 year old, in particular, 74.24% (n=49) of abnormal imaging appeared in the first 20 weeks after birth.     

Tumors and tumor-like conditions of the middle ear and mastoid: role of CT and MRI. An analysis of 100 cases

CT and MRI scanning provide valuable information in determining location and extension of middle ear and mastoid tumors and tumor-like conditions. The bone anatomy depicted by CT better delineates the involvement of the middle ear diseases. In glomus tumors, facial nerve tumors, and other cases including temporal bone metastases, the combination of CT and MR imaging is exceedingly useful in the diagnosis and management of patients.     

梅尼埃病的内淋巴积水显像

目的 采用无创性技术经咽鼓管鼓室内导入造影剂钆,进行内耳三维快速液体衰减反转恢复磁共振扫描(three dimensional fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging,3D-FLAIR MBI),探讨梅尼埃病内淋巴间隙的显像.方法 7例梅尼埃病患者患侧经咽鼓管鼓室内导入钆喷酸葡胺稀释液,24 h后进行内耳3D-FLAIR MRI.全部患者于造影剂导入前、导人后24 h及3个月时分别进行纯音测听和鼓室声导抗检查.结果 5例患者内耳3D-FLAIR MRI显示造影剂钆广泛分布于患侧耳蜗、前庭和(或)半规管的外淋巴,可以区分内、外淋巴间隙的边界,清晰显像内淋巴情况;2例患者患侧包围内淋巴的外淋巴间隙缩小或消失(即不显影),提示内淋巴积水的存在.5例患侧中耳鼓室腔内未见造影剂钆增强;2例患侧部分中耳乳突腔内可见造影剂钆增强,而内耳未见明显增强.所有患者造影剂给药前和给药后24 h纯音测听平均听阈无明显变化;给药前、给药后24 h及3个月时鼓室声导抗结果无明显变化.结论 经咽鼓管鼓室内导入造影剂钆进行内耳3D-FLAIR MRI扫描,可以了解梅尼埃病患者内淋巴间隙情况.     

试析Toynbee现象与中耳压力的关系

采用声管测定法，声阻抗测定法和鼻咽压力测定法，研究在Ｔｏｙｎｂｅｅ试验时叶耳压力，咽鼓管开放时程和鼻咽和时程三者间的关系，同时，测定 腔填塞前后鼓室 力的变化，并用糖精法测定鼓膜穿孔者于鼻腔填塞前后的粘膜纤毛运动情况。     

Magnetic resonance imaging around the eustachian tube

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the eustachian tube, the nasopharynx, and the middle ear was performed in normal subjects and patients with ear diseases. In normal subjects, the high soft tissue contrast resolution of MRI gave a clearer view of nasopharyngeal structures compared to roentgenologic examinations including computed tomography (CT). Several cases of nasopharyngeal pathology are also presented. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma was excellently depicted, and its margin was clearly visualized. Tumor involvement of the eustachian tube and accompanying otitis media with effusion were clearly visualized. In a patient with submucous cleft palate, abnormal arrangement of levator veli palatini muscles and possible deformity of the eustachian tube cartilage were found. Magnetic resonance imaging is expected to become a valuable tool for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal and middle ear diseases.     

Effect of intranasal histamine challenge on Eustachian tube function

OBJECTIVE: To show a relationship between intranasal histamine challenge, the development of middle ear effusion and Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction in a rat model. METHODS: Non-allergic Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 450-600 g were randomly assigned to receive an intranasal infusion of 16 microl of 10% histamine or normal saline. ET function was assessed by using the forced-response test to measure passive and active opening and closing pressures at time intervals of 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 min and 24 h post-infusion. Mucociliary clearance times (MCCTs) of the tubotympanum at 18 min post-infusion were measured by timing the transit of dye from the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Outcome measures were ET dysfunction and evidence of clinical effusion. RESULTS: Intranasal histamine caused acute ET dysfunction when introduced into the nasopharynx demonstrated by significant elevations in passive and active opening and closing pressures (P < or = 0.001) compared to controls. The largest difference was seen at 26 min post-infusion. Furthermore, MCCTs were 2.4 times longer after infusing intranasal histamine than after saline infusion. No clinically significant effusions were evident in either group at any time interval. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate a successful development of an intranasal histamine rat model, in addition to a relationship between intranasal histamine challenge and development of acute ET dysfunction.     

New insights into mechanism of Eustachian tube ventilation based on cine computed tomography images

There is debate concerning the mechanism of Eustachian tube (ET) ventilation. While a mechanism of complete opening has been advocated previously, sequential contraction of the levator veli palatini and medial pterygoid muscles followed by the tensor veli palatini and lateral pterygoid muscles may produce a transient sequential opening mechanism, allowing an air bolus to traverse the ET. This may explain confusion surrounding sonotubometry reports that not every swallow leads to sound passage in normal subjects. We hypothesize that the ET may not need to open completely when ventilating the middle ear; rather, a discrete air bolus can pass through it. Five normal and five disordered subjects underwent low-radiation dose cine computed tomography (CT) scans of the ET. Sixteen contiguous 2.5?mm slice locations were chosen through a 4?cm area in the nasopharynx that were parallel to and encompassed the entire ET. Twelve images were acquired at each slice over 4.8?s during swallowing and other tasks. Serial images were analyzed. An air bolus was observed passing through the ET in the normal subjects, but not the subject with ET dysfunction. Medial and lateral pterygoid contractions were also observed. A new hypothetical mechanism of transient sequential ET ventilation is presented. This is not a definitive conclusion, as the number of scans taken and maneuvers used was limited. Improved understanding of ET ventilation may facilitate management of middle ear disease as treatment evolves from ventilatory tube placement to ET manipulation.     

Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: temporal bone involvement

In Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, radiological findings on temporal bone involvement show destructive bone lesions involving the mastoid, with the squamous part and middle ear less affected. Computed tomography (CT) is the preferred imaging modality for describing the extent of temporal bone involvement. CT also has an important role in monitoring disease activity and response to treatment. Bone scintigraphy seems to be less sensitive than radiography in detection of these lesions.     

Repeated Inflation Does Not Prevent Otitis Media With Effusion in a Monkey Model

Objective: Investigate the efficacy of repeated middle ear inflation with an inert gas (argon) for preventing the development of middle ear effusion in monkeys with functional eustachian tube obstruction. Study Design: Prospective controlled trial of daily middle ear inflation with five monkeys assigned to the inflation group and four to the control group. Methods: The right tensor veli palatini muscle of nine monkeys was paralyzed with botulinum toxin. Tympanometry was done before the procedure and then daily for 21 days. Presence and distribution of effusion were assessed before paralysis and on day 15 using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In five right ears inflation was done beginning at the first observation of negative middle ear pressure of ≤?200 mm H₂O and repeated on all days with pressures ≤?100 mm H₂O. Four right ears served as uninflated controls. Results: Right middle ear pressure decreased in all animals over the course of the study. Pressure returned to near-ambient levels immediately following the argon inflation but was decreased to control levels at the subsequent observation on the following day. MRI at day 15 documented effusion in all right ears with no quantifiable differences in amount or distribution between ears that were and were not inflated with argon. Conclusions: Repeated inflation with an inert gas does not prevent middle ear effusion in monkeys with functional eustachian tube obstruction.