经皮肝Ⅰ期胆道造瘘联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石

目的探讨经皮肝I期胆道造瘘(PTOBF)联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石的安全性和有效性,探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胆肠吻合口狭窄的原因及处理对策。方法回顾性分析2017年10月至2021年5月于山东省第二人民医院接受PTOBF联合术中硬质胆道镜、术后电子胆道镜治疗的12例胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果所有患者均成功行PTOBF,经胆道镜取净肝胆管结石,术中发现胆肠吻合口狭窄8例(线结性狭窄3例),经胆道气囊扩张及胆肠吻合口线结拆除,7例近期缓解(87.5%),1例再次胆肠吻合手术。结论PTOBF联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石安全有效,取净率高,可缓解胆肠吻合口狭窄。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管造瘘电子胆道镜取石术治疗肝内胆管结石患者并发症发生及其影响因素分析*

目的 分析经皮肝穿刺胆管造瘘电子胆道镜取石术(PTCSL)治疗肝内胆管结石(IHS)患者发生术后并发症的影响因素。方法 2015年5月～2019年5月我院消化内科就诊的115例IHS患者,其中60例接受PTCSL治疗,55例接受开腹手术。采用Logistic多因素回归分析影响术后并发症发生的因素。结果 在两组,均顺利完成手术,取净结石;PTCSL组术后并发症发生率为21.7%,显著低于开腹组的49.1%(P<0.05),其中PTCSL组发生1例,开腹组发生4例下肢深静脉血栓,均经彩色多普勒超声检查早期发现,积极采取抗凝治疗后好转;术前白蛋白水平低、术中出血、有胆道手术史、术后发生胆汁多重耐药菌感染是影响PTCSL组患者发生并发症的因素(P<0.05);经多因素分析,术前白蛋白水平低【OR(95%CI)为0.5(0.3～0.9)】、术中出血【OR(95%CI)为2(1.4～3)】、胆道手术史【OR(95%CI)为1.9(1.3～2.7)】、术后胆汁多重耐药菌感染【OR(95%CI)为2.2(1.2～4.5)】是PTCSL组患者发生并发症的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 与常规开腹取石术相比,PTCSL可大大减少IHS患者术后并发症发生率,值得深入研究。     

经皮胆道造瘘碎石取石术治疗肝内胆管结石患者疗效分析

目的 探讨经皮胆道造瘘碎石取石术治疗肝内胆管结石患者的疗效,并对影响术后结石复发的因素进行分析。方法 2013年1月~2017年1月我院行经皮胆道造瘘取石治疗肝内胆管结石患者894例,在T管引流术后行经皮胆道造瘘碎石取石术治疗。术后行定期超声检查发现结石复发情况,应用Logistic回归分析影响患者术后结石复发的危险因素。结果 在894例患者中,结石完全取尽者844例（94.4%）;随访期间87例（9.7%）患者结石复发;单因素分析发现复发患者年龄≥60岁、胆结石最大直径≥1 cm、胆结石数目≥10个、存在胆管扩张、黄疸、胆汁细菌培养阳性和结石类型为胆色素结石或混合型结石比例显著高于未复发患者（均P<0.05）,进一步行多因素分析显示,年龄≥60岁、胆结石最大直径≥1 cm和胆结石数目≥10个为影响患者术后结石复发的独立危险因素。结论 经皮胆道造瘘碎石取石术治疗肝内胆管结石患者能取得良好的效果,取石安全有效,结石取尽率高。但对于年龄≥60岁、胆结石最大直径≥1 cm和胆结石数目≥10个有高危结石复发因素者,应密切随访,尽早发现,早期处理。     

经皮胆管镜治疗肝内外胆管结石的探讨

目的 探讨经皮胆管镜治疗肝内外胆管结石的疗效和结石复发的防治。方法 43例经皮经肝胆管引流和窦道扩张后,经皮经肝胆管镜(PTCS)治疗肝内外胆管结石;22例术后T管留置>3周者,行术后胆管镜(POCS)治疗。该65例中肝内胆管结石(IHS)40例(I型12例,IE型28例),胆总管结石(CBI)结石)25例。结果 43例PTCS扩张窦道直径平均19.1 F,建立窦道时间平均17.1d。65例中11例直接取石,54例行液电碎石(EHL)后取石,其中25例配合乳头括约肌切开。40例IHS至结石清除每例治疗次数平均5.2次,25例CBD结石平均1.9次。37例(56.9％)有胆管或胆肠吻合口狭窄,用探条或气囊扩张,3例留置金属支架,结石清除率98.5％(64/65)。11例合并胆道感染,1例IHS伴胆汁性肝硬化合并肾功能不全死亡。 平均随访30.8个月,结石复发率7.1％。结论 经皮胆管镜和EHL是治疗胆系结石安全、有效的办法;胆管或胆肠吻合口狭窄长度<0.5 cm者,器械扩张效果良好;治疗狭窄可提高结石清除率,降低结石复发率。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口瘘临床分析

目的：回顾分析胰十二指肠切除术后发生胰肠吻合口瘘病例以减少手术并发症。方法：对1986年1月－2001年6月62例胰十二指肠切除术病例资料行回顾性分析。结果：62例中，发生胰肠吻合口瘘9例，发生率14．5％，其中1986年1月－1991年12月发生胰肠吻合口瘘5例，发生率62．5％（5／8）；1992年1月－2001年6月发生胰肠吻合口瘘4例，发生率7．4％（4／54）。围手术期死亡2例，死亡率3．2％，占胰瘘的22．2％。死因为胰瘘致全身衰竭。结论：要降低胰肠吻合口瘘的发生率，重点在于手术技巧及方式的改进。手术前后的支持治疗、应用生长抑制、控制感染、有效的胃肠减压是必须的。一旦发生胰瘘，若早期诊断，及时采取综合治疗，可以使绝大部分的胰肠吻合口瘘得到治愈。     

胆肠吻合术后吻合口狭窄的胆道镜治疗

胆肠吻合口狭窄常引起胆道梗阻、胆管炎、再生结石,反复发作可导致胆汁淤积性肝硬化,严重者可能死亡。二次手术处理创伤大,且术后可能再狭窄,是一个较难处理的问题。1994年至今我们应用胆道镜治疗33例患者取得良好效果,报道如下。 1.一般资料;33例于8周～7年前做过胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术者。男18例、女15例,年龄23～72岁,平均56     

腹腔镜肝切除术与经皮经肝穿刺胆道镜取石术治疗肝内胆管结石患者效果比较

目的 比较腹腔镜肝切除术与经皮经肝穿刺胆道镜取石术治疗肝内胆管结石患者的临床效果。方法 2019年6月～2022年6月我院收治的86例肝内胆管结石患者,其中41例观察组接受腹腔镜肝切除术,45例对照组接受经皮经肝穿刺胆道镜取石术治疗。采用化学发光免疫分析法检测血清皮质醇(COR)和肾上腺素(EP)水平。术后,使用彩色超声诊断仪行腹部超声检查。结果 观察组手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间和术后住院时间分别为(152.1±21.9)min、(93.2±18.3)ml、(1.2±0.6)d和(4.6±0.8)d,均显著短于或少于对照组【分别为(181.6±26.3)min、(149.6±20.1) ml、(1.7±0.8)d和(6.9±1.2)d,P<0.05】;在术后3 d,观察组血清ALT、AST、TBIL、COR和EP水平分别为(42.8±6.4)U/L、(35.6±5.1)U/L、(16.6±2.1)μmol/l、(359.2±34.4)nmol/ml和(253.2±24.6)pg/ml,均显著低于对照组【分别为(56.5±6.7)U/L、(45.8±5.9)U/L、(24....     

超细胆道镜对接十二指肠镜治疗难取性胆管结石

对于单用十二指肠镜难以取出的胆管结石，包括肝内胆管结石、肝外胆管巨大或多发或嵌顿结石、十二指肠乳头插管困难等，我们采用经皮穿刺胆管置鞘建立新通道，插入超细胆道镜对接十二指肠镜治疗上述患者，取得满意疗效。[第一段]     

肝切除联合纤维胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石195例临床分析

据报道 ,肝内胆管结石的术后残石率高达47.8% ,再手术率高达 2 3% [1] 。在治疗上困难较大。1 988年 1 0月～ 2 0 0 0年 1 0月 ,我院采用肝切除及纤维胆道镜 (下称纤胆镜 )技术治疗肝内胆管结石 1 95例 ,效果良好。现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　一般资料　本组男 85例 ,女 1 1 0例 ;年龄 2 1～83岁 ,平均 47.8岁。 1 95例肝内胆管结石患者中 ,合并胆囊结石 9例 ,胆总管结石 80例 ,胆囊、胆总管结石 1 5例 ,胆管腺癌 8例 ,肝硬化 2 3例。 1 95例术前均作 B超检查 ,CT检查 46例 ;术中胆道造影 33例 ,纤胆镜检查、取石 1 95例 ;术后有 T型…     

胰十二指肠切除术后胆瘘及胰瘘的防治53例

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胆瘘及胰瘘的防治经验.方法:回顾分析1999-03/2005-11胰十二指肠切除术53例,均作Child术式重建消化道,彭氏捆绑式胰肠吻合术.结果:发生并发症5例,其中发生胰瘘1例,占1.9%,腹腔出血3例,占5.7%,无胆瘘发生,全组无手术死亡,有并发症的5例,均治愈.结论:胰十二指肠切除术后胆瘘及胰瘘的防治在于手术技术的提高及胰肠吻合、胆肠吻合的处理.     

Extraction of uncovered biliary metallic stent using percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy

In this study, we describe the successful removal of a biliary nitinol metallic stent during percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) after lithotripsy of stones caused by obstruction of a metallic stent placed to alleviate stenosis of the choledochoduodenal anastomotic site in a case of benign biliary disease. Using serrated‐edge forceps, one third of the metallic stent was removed in piecemeal sections and then the remaining portion of the stent was removed in one piece through the percutaneous transhepatic fistula. The endoscope was not damaged because all stent materials were removed through the PTCS fistula, not the channel of the endoscope. There were no procedural complications excluding minor bleeding seen endoscopically and no residual stent wires on cholangiograms. In conclusion, this technique is a useful method for metal stent removal from patients in whom it is to extract metallic stent by peroral endoscopic treatment.     

经皮经肝胆道镜治疗肝移植术后胆管铸型的安全性及其临床价值观察

目的评价经皮经肝胆道镜治疗肝移植术后胆管铸型的安全性及其临床价值。方法回顾2008年4月至2010年1月间采用经皮经肝胆道镜治疗的11例肝移植术后胆管铸型患者的临床资料,对治疗情况及随访结果进行分析总结。结果11例肝移植术后胆管铸型患者中,1例铸型分布于胆总管内,3例局限于右肝内胆管,4例局限于左肝内胆管,其余3例呈肝内外胆管弥漫分布。11例患者共接受了68例次的经皮经肝胆道镜治疗,其中10例（90．9％）治疗效果良好,肝功能示转氨酶、胆红素等值较治疗前明显降低,余1例因夹闭引流管后偶有发热,给予更换细管长期带管。无一例患者发生胆瘘以及难以控制的出血等严重并发症,只有1例治疗过程中发生瘘道部分断裂,所有患者术后随访10～30个月,1例在随访过程中因其他疾病死亡,其余患者状况良好。结论经皮经肝胆道镜治疗肝移植术后胆管铸型是一种安全、有效的方法,具有较好的应用价值,可在临床上推广应用。     

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy and lithotripsy in treating difficult biliary ductal stones: Two case reports

BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) is preferred for managing biliary obstruction in patients with bilio-enteric anastomotic strictures(BEAS) and calculi. In patients whose duodenal anatomy is altered following upper gastrointestinal(UGI) tract surgery, ERCP is technically challenging because the biliary tree becomes difficult to access by per-oral endoscopy.Advanced endoscopic therapies like balloon-enteroscopy or rendevous-ERCP may be considered but are not always feasible. Biliary sepsis and comorbidities may also make these patients poor candidates for surgical management of their biliary obstruction.CASE SUMMARY We present two 70-year-old caucasian patients admitted as emergencies with obstructive cholangitis. Both patients had BEAS associated with calculi that were predominantly extrahepatic in Patient 1 and intrahepatic in Patient 2. Both patients were unsuitable for conventional ERCP due to surgically-altered UGl anatomy. Emergency biliary drainage was by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography(PTC) in both cases and after 6-weeks' maturation, PTC tracts were dilated to perform percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy and lithotripsy(PTCSL) for duct clearance. BEAS were firstly dilated fluoroscopically,and then biliary stones were flushed into the small bowel or basket-retrieved under visualization provided by the percutaneously-inserted video cholangioscope. Lithotripsy was used to fragment impacted calculi, also under visualization by video cholangioscopy. Satisfactory duct clearance was achieved in Patient 1 after one PTCSL procedure, but Patient 2 required a further procedure to clear persisting intrahepatic calculi. Ultimately both patients had successful stone clearance confirmed by check cholangiograms.CONCLUSION PTCSL offers a pragmatic, feasible and safe method for biliary tract clearance when neither ERCP nor surgical exploration is suitable.     

Impact of internal biliary drainage after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background

Bile acid has an important role in protecting immune systems related to gut-associated lymphoid tissue. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of internal biliary drainage after a pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) on postoperative nutrition and complications in a randomized study.

Methods

The authors compared the morbidity, mortality, and postoperative nutritional status of 46 patients who had a hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) with a stented external biliary drainage (group E) or with a non-stented internal biliary drainage (group I) after a PD.

Results

Systemic infection was recognized in four patients in group E, while no patients in group I. Transthyretin at postoperative 28 days in group I was 15.6 ± 6.2, higher than that in group E. Retinol-binding protein at postoperative 28 days in group I was 2.6 ± 1.0 and also higher than that in group E.

Conclusion

HJ with no-stented internal biliary drainage was not associated with systemic infections and mortality, but showed the possibility of improving nutritional status.     

Assessing the incidence of complications and malignancies in the long-term management of benign biliary strictures with a percutaneous transhepatic drain

Percutaneous drainage catheters (PDCs) are required for the management of benign biliary strictures refractory to first-line endoscopic treatment. While biliary patency after PDC placement exceeds 75%, long-term catheterization is occasionally necessary. In this article, we assess the outcomes of patients at our institution who required long-term PDC placement.A single-institution retrospective analysis was performed on patients who required a PDC for 10 years or longer for the management of a benign biliary stricture. The primary outcome was uncomplicated drain management without infection or complication. Drain replacement was performed every 4 to 12 weeks as an outpatient procedure.Nine patients (three males and six females; age range of 48–96 years) required a long-term PDC; eight patients required the long-term PDC for an anastomotic stricture and one for iatrogenic bile duct stenosis. A long-term PDC was required for residual stenosis or patient refusal. Drain placement ranged from 157 to 408 months. In seven patients, intrahepatic stones developed, while in one patient each, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma occurred.Long-term PDC has a high rate of complications; therefore, to avoid the need for using long-term placement, careful observation or early surgical interventions are required.