奥氮平与氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症急性期的临床研究

目的 比较奥氮平与氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症急性期的疗效及安全性.方法 奥氮平组30例,剂量范围10～20mg/d;氟哌啶醇组30例,剂量范围5～20mg/d,两组均以PANSS、CGI量表及TESS、RSESE量表评定观察2周.结果 奥氮平组治疗精神分裂症急性期症状与氟哌啶醇组相比总体疗效相当.奥氮平组PANSS兴奋激越因子减分在第1周末（t=3.16,P＜0.05）及2周末（t=3.59,P＜0.05）优于氟哌啶醇组.奥氮平组的药物不良反应小.结论 奥氮平治疗精神分裂症伴兴奋激越症状患者疗效较肯定,起效较快,副反应较小,安全性良好.     

奥氮平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症急性期的对照研究

目的 比较奥氮平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症急性期的疗效和安全性。方法 奥氮平组36例，剂量5—20mg／d；氯丙嗪组32例，剂量100-400mg／d。两组均以PANSS、CGI及TESS量表评定2周。结果两组总体疗效相当，奥氮平组PANSS兴奋激越因子减分在第5天（t=3．47，P〈0．05）、1周末（t=3．21，P〈0．05）及2周末（t=3．64，P〈0．05）优于氯丙嗪组。结论奥氮平治疗精神分裂症急性期的疗效肯定，起效较快，不良反应较小，且安全性良好。     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的　研究奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法　分析 6 1例用奥氮平治疗 6周的精神分裂症病例 ,并与 6 1例用氯氮平治疗的精神分裂症病例作对照 ,采用阳性及阴性症状量表 (PANSS)的减分率评价疗效 ,用副作用量表 (TESS)评价 6周末的副作用。结果　 6周末PANSS量表总分、阳性症状分、阴性症状分和一般病理分与治疗前比较 ,两组差异均有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,但两组间差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。于 2周末两组间除一般病理分外 ,余差异均有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;于第四周末一般病理分差异也有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;副作用两组间比较 ,奥氮平组明显小于氯氮平组。结论　奥氮平治疗精神分裂症疗效好、起效快、副作用小。     

奎硫平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的比较研究

目的　探索奎硫平治疗精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法　对 6 3例精神分裂症患者分别给予奎硫平、氯氮平治疗 ,其中奎硫平组 32例 ,剂量为 (330± 5 8)mg d ;氯氮平组 31例 ,剂量 (30 0±4 3)mg d ;疗程共 8周。采用阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)及副反应量表 (TESS)在治疗前及治疗后 1、2、4、8周末分别评定疗效和副反应。结果　 (1)两组治疗后第 1,2 ,4 ,8周的PANSS分与治疗前比较 ,差异具有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )奎硫平与氯氮平有效率分别为 83 3%和 85 7% ,两者有效治疗剂量分别为 2 75～ 4 5 0mg d ,2 5 0～ 4 0 0mg d。 (3)TESS评定奎硫平组副作用少于氯氮平组 (P <0 0 1)。 结论　奎硫平治疗精神分裂症阳性、阴性症状与氯氮平同样有效 ,但不良反应更少。     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法将60例精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组和对照组，每组各30例。研究组应用奥氮平治疗，起始剂量5mg／d，第2天增至10mg／d，最大剂量≤20mg／d；对照组应用氯氮平治疗，起始剂量50mg／d，1周内递增到300mg／d，最大剂量≤600mg／d。疗程均为8周。分别于治疗前及治疗第1、2、4、8周末，采用阳性和阴性症状量表评定临床疗效，副反应量表评定不良反应。结果奥氮平有效率76．66％，氯氮平有效率70％；奥氮平在阴性症状方面优于氯氮平，两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05），奥氮平组主要不良反应有轻度头昏、瞌睡、体质量增加等。结论奥氮平是一种安全有效的抗精神病药物，对改善急性期精神症状以及阴性症状方面，优于氯氮平。     

氯氮平的早期反应可预测后期疗效

目的　研究氯氮平的 2周症状改善是否能预测 4周疗效。方法　给 40例精神分裂症病人予氯氮平治疗 ,在治疗 2～ 4周末剂量固定为 (30 9± 83)mg/d ,治疗 2和 4周末分别评定阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)。结果　2与 4周末的PANSS总分减分率之间有极显著相关性 (r =0 .7334 ,df=39,P <0 .0 1) ,2周末PANSS总分减分率≥2 0 %的病人其 4周显效率 (12 / 2 3)比 <2 0 %的病人其 4周显效率 (0 / 17)显著为高 (P =0 .0 0 0 2 42 )。结论　氯氮平治疗 2周末症状改善 2 0 %以上者 ,到 4周末约 5 0 %的病人显效 ,而治疗 2周末症状改善不足 2 0 %者 ,到 4周末几乎无显效的可能性。     

奥氮平合并氯氮平对男性难治性精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效及安全性的研究

目的观察奥氮平合并氯氮平治疗男性以阴性症状为主的难治性精神分裂症的疗效以及安全性。方法对43例男性原服用氯氮平且以阴性症状为主的难治性精神分裂症患者合并奥氮平5～20mg／d治疗8周,同时于2周内将氯氮平减量且氯氮平剂量2周后不再变化,并于合并治疗前及后2周、4周、8周评定阳性症状与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）。结果合并奥氮平治疗后2周、4周、8周末PANSS总分和TESS评分较合并前有明显差异。结论奥氮平合并氯氮平对于男性难治性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状有明显的改善,副反应也有减少。     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症剂量、血药浓度和临床效应的性别差异

目的　研究奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的剂量、血药浓度和临床效应的性别差异。方法　采用高剂量奥氮平 [0 .36mg/(kg·d) ]治疗男、女性患者各 10例和 5例 ,中剂量奥氮平 [0 .18mg/(kg·d) ]治疗男、女性患者各 2 0例和 10例 ,低剂量奥氮平 [0 .0 9mg/(kg·d) ]治疗男、女性患者各 10例和 5例。疗效和不良反应分别用PANSS和TESS量表评定 ,用HPLC法测定治疗后 2、4、8、周末稳态血药浓度。结果　奥氮平高、中剂量组疗效无性别差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,低剂量组女性疗效显著好于男性 (P <0 .0 5) ,奥氮平同等剂量时女性的血药浓度显著高于男性(P <0 .0 5 ) ,尤以高剂量组为甚(P <0 .0 1) ,高剂量组女性不良反应显著高于男性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　女性精神分裂症患者接受奥氮平治疗以中、低剂量 [0 .0 9～ 0 .18mg/(kg·d) ]为宜     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症一年随访对照研究

目的前瞻性随访对照研究奥氮平（悉敏）与氯氮平治疗精神分裂的疗效与不良反应。方法研究对象为我院2个治疗病房的患者,奥氮平组84例,氯氮平组88例,评定两组患者入组前阳性阴性症状量表（PANSS）和治疗2,4,12,52周的PANSS量表及副反应量表（TESS）的测定,同时随访血糖、脑电图。结果（1）治疗2周两组PANSS量表均显著下降,以阳性症状改善明显,说明奥氮平与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者急性期的治疗均有效;（2）经随访研究1年后两组PANSS量表阳性、阴性、精神病性症状分均显著下降,奥氮平与氯氮平比较阴性症状改善更显著（P〈0.05）;（3）奥氮平血象、心电图、脑电图异常及嗜睡、便秘发生率均较氯氮平低,差异具有显著性;（4）奥氮平所致的体重增加在12周时与氯氮平比较无差异,随访1年差异显著。结论奥氮平治疗精神分裂症急性期症状疗效与氯氮平相当,随访研究1年对阴性症状的改善优于氯氮平且安全性高。     

利培酮早期治疗反应及治疗方案调整对精神分裂症患者疗效的影响

目的:探讨根据利培酮早期治疗反应调整治疗方案对精神分裂症患者疗效及安全性影响。方法:120例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,两组均给予利培酮单药治疗并于2周内滴定至4～6 mg/d;对照组以此剂量维持治疗;研究组治疗第2周末阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)减分率20%的患者替换为奥氮平治疗(10～20 mg/d),减分率≥20%的患者继续利培酮治疗;疗程共8周。治疗前、治疗第2、4、8周末分别进行PANSS和治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评分。结果:研究组49例、对照组47例完成8周观察;治疗第4、8周末研究组PANSS总分、阳性症状分及治疗第8周末一般精神病理分显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);阴性症状分各时间点两组间差异无统计学意义;治疗后各时间点TESS评分研究组明显低于对照组(P均0.01)。结论:根据利培酮早期治疗反应调整治疗方案能明显改善精神分裂症患者的症状,减轻不良反应。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.