有创与无创序贯性机械通气治疗老年重症肺炎并急性呼吸衰竭

目的 :探讨有创与无创序贯性机械通气在老年重症肺炎并急性呼吸衰竭的疗效及可行性。方法 :选择接受气管插管机械通气的老年重症肺炎 12例设为序贯治疗组 ,以同步间隙指令通气 +压力支持 +呼气末正压 (SIMV +PSV +PEEP)方式行机械通气 ,待“肺部感染控制窗”出现时可拔除气管插管 ,改换经面罩双水平正压通气 (PSV +PEEP) ,以后渐减PSV水平直至脱离呼吸机。选择同样病例 12例作为对照组 ,行常规有创通气以SIMV +PSV方式撤机。动态观察两组病例的感染、通气及氧合指标 ,记录有创和总机械通气时间、呼吸机相关肺炎 (VAP)发生情况及住呼吸重症监护病房 (RICU)的天数。结果 :序贯治疗组与对照组治疗前的血气分析结果相仿 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;有创通气时间分别为 (4.3± 2 .1)d和 (11.4± 4 .3)d(P <0 .0 1) ;总的机械通气时间分别为 (7.2± 2 .2 )d和 (11.4± 4 .3)d(P <0 .0 5 ) ;VAP发生例数分别为 1例和 7例 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :对老年重症肺炎并急性呼吸衰竭行有创与无创序贯性机械通气治疗可显著改善治疗效果。     

机械通气对循环功能影响的临床研究

目的　评价机械通气对循环功能的影响。方法　通过监护仪测定 12例患者在自主呼吸和不同机械通气模式条件下的血流动力学参数。结果　与自主呼吸相比 ,辅助 控制 +呼气末正压 (A C +PEEP)模式和压力支持通气 +持续气道正压 (PSV +CPAP)模式时 ,心排血量 (CO)、心脏指数 (CI)、收缩血压 (SBP)、舒张血压 (DBP)及平均动脉压 (MBP)均降低 (P <0 0 1)。A C模式和PSV模式时 ,CO明显下降 (P <0 0 1) ,CI也有所下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而SBP、DBP及MBP无统计学差异。与PSV比较 ,A C、A C +PEEP和PSV +CPAP的最大吸气压力 (PIP)和平均气道压 (Paw)明显增高 (P <0 0 1)。与A C比较 ,A C +PEEP和PSV +CPAP的PIP和Paw明显增高 (P <0 0 1) ,PSV的PIP和Paw明显降低 (P <0 0 1)。结论　A C或PSV通气模式可引起CO及CI降低 ,但不影响动脉血压。A C +PEEP或PSV +CPAP通气模式不但引起CO及CI降低 ,而且导致动脉血压下降。机械通气对循环功能的影响决定于Paw。     

有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗老年肺内源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征随机对照临床研究

目的 评价有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗老年肺内源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的疗效及可行性.方法 32例老年肺内源性ARDS患者被随机分为序贯治疗组及常规治疗对照组,每组16例.两组均建立人工气道,以辅助/控制模式+呼气末正压(PEEP)+间隙性控制性肺膨胀(SI)方式通气24 h,随病情改善改用同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)+压力支持通气(PSV)+PEEP的方式.待"ARDS控制窗"出现,序贯组改换为无创正压通气(NIPPV),以持续气道正压(CPAP)方式通气并逐渐脱离呼吸机;对照组以SIMV+PSV+PEEP常规方式脱机.动态观察两组患者的通气及氧合指标,记录有创和总机械通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生情况及住呼吸重症监护病房(RICU)的天数.结果 两组患者治疗前血气分析结果相仿(P均>0.05);序贯组有创通气时间[(4.6±1.0)d]、总机械通气时间[(12.7±4.0)d]、住RICU时间[(16±7)d]较对照组[分别为(21.9±9.0)d、(21.9±9.0)d、(29±13)d]明显缩短,VAP发生率[6.25%(1/16)]和病死率[25.00%(4/16)]也较对照组[分别为75.00%(12/16)、56.25%(9/16)]明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 对老年肺内源性ARDS插管机械通气以ARDS控制窗为时机及时改用无创通气可显著改善其疗效.     

肺内源性和肺外源性呼吸衰竭机械通气的临床对比研究

目的探讨肺内源性和肺外源性呼吸衰竭机械通气时的肺保护性策略。方法通过25例呼吸衰竭中12例肺内源性和13例肺外源性机械通气临床资料的回顾性分析,对比研究两组呼吸力学差异时对通气模式选择、参数设置和调节的影响,以及肺保护的实施方法。结果在两组APACHE-Ⅱ评分、平均年龄和Vt设置无差异的条件(P>005)下,肺内源性组PEEP/CPAP、PSV、f的需设值均明显高于肺外源性组(P<001)。肺内源性组Pplat、PIP、Raw的监测结果大于肺外源性组,而Crs小于肺外源性组(P<001)。肺内源性组417%和肺外源性组154%因MOF而死亡(APACHE-Ⅱ评分均>20分),组间比较有显著差异(P<001)。结论肺内源性和肺外源性呼吸衰竭机械通气时,实施肺保护的方法不同。前者应首选压力预置通气模式,后者可首选容量预置通气模式。以设置中、小Vt为原则,按个体化的通气需求而设置f和加用恰当的PSV、CPAP/PEEP对减少VILI、病死率可能有益。     

机械通气患者呼吸附加功影响因素的临床研究

目的　评价呼吸机、气管导管等器械阻力导致的附加功 (WOBimp)对患者呼吸功 (WOBp)的影响。方法　通过Ventrak 15 5 0呼吸监测仪 ,测定 18例患者不同机械通气条件下WOBp和WOBimp的变化。结果　持续气道正压 (CPAP) 5cmH2 O时 ,WOBp为 (10 14± 3 46 )J/min ,分别比压力支持通气 (PSV) 5cmH2 O和T管高 48 5 % (P <0 0 5 )和 2 3 7% (P >0 0 5 ) ,但比CPAP 0cmH2 O低 7 2 % (P >0 0 5 )。CPAP 5、 0cmH2 O和T管时 ,WOBimp占WOBp的比例分别为 5 8%、 5 1%和 42 %。CPAP 5cmH2 O时 ,WOBimp为 (0 78± 0 2 4)J/L ,分别比PSV 5cmH2 O〔(0 34± 0 13)J/L〕和T管〔(0 5 3± 0 14)J/L〕高 48 5 % (P <0 0 5 )和 2 3 7%(P <0 0 5 )。结论　呼吸机及气管导管导致的WOBimp使WOBp明显增加 ,气管导管是WOBimp明显增加的主要因素     

无创-有创-无创序贯性机械通气在急性有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸肌麻痹中的应用价值

目的 观察序贯性机械通气在急性有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)并发呼吸肌麻痹(RMP)中的应用价值.方法 选择AOPP并发RMP 72例,随机分为序贯治疗组和对照组,每组36例,在内科综合治疗基础上,序贯治疗组依次选择BiPAP→A/C→SIMV或SIMV PSV→BiPAP或PSV PEEP通气模式,而对照组选择A/C→SIMV通气模式.结果 序贯治疗组有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)、撤机失败、住院时间及病死率与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 AOPP并发RMP采用无创-有创-无创性序贯通气是治疗RMP行之有效的手段,能明显缩短有创通气时间,降低VAP发生率,减少撤机失败,缩短住院时间,降低病死率.     

危重支气管哮喘的机械通气治疗探讨

目的 :探讨危重支气管哮喘的机械通气方法及适应证。方法 :对符合指征的患者分别予无创性正压通气 (NPPV)或气管插管机械通气 ,采用容量控制性低通气 ,模式为同步间歇指令通气 (SIMV ) +压力支持通气(PSV ) +呼气末正压 (PEEP)。结果 :15例危重哮喘患者均抢救成功 ,治疗前后动脉血气分析明显改善 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :控制性低通气、PEEP和PSV的有机结合是抢救危重支气管哮喘安全有效的通气方法     

有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗肺癌术后Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效评价——附19例报告

目的评价有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗肺癌术后Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法38例肺癌术后Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,按其术后采用机械通气方式不同分为有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗组(序贯组,19例)与单一有创机械通气治疗组(非序贯组,19例)2组。序贯组采用有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗,非序贯组采用有创机械通气治疗。比较2组的机械通气的时间、撤机成功率、呼吸机相关肺炎发生率、入住ICU的时间,并比较序贯组改用无创通气前后的指标。结果序贯组机械通气的时间、入住ICU的时间比非序贯组明显减少,分别为(12±5)d比(24±11)d、(12±5)d、(27±13)d。2组的撤机成功率、呼吸机相关肺炎发生率比较差异无统计学意义。序贯组拔除气管内导管,改用无创机械通气3h后,通气指标、呼吸功能、循环功能与拔管前比较,差异无统计学意义。结论应用有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗肺癌术后Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效显著。     

序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发呼吸衰竭病人的护理

[目的]评价序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呼吸衰竭的效果.[方法]选择19例行气管插管机械通气COPD病人作为序贯治疗组,以同步间歇指令通气 压力支持 呼气末正压通气(SIMV PSV PEEP)方式行机械通气,待"肺部感染控制窗"出现后拔除气管插管,改为经面罩双水平正压无创通气,渐至脱机.另选病情相同的19例为对照组,行常规有创通气,最后以PSV方式至撤机.动态观察两组病例有创通气时间、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生例数、总机械通气时间、住院时间、住院费用.[结果]序贯治疗组可有效减少有创通气时间.从而减少VAP发生率,大大降低住院费用,缩短住院时间,减轻病人经济负担.[结论]无创正压通气(NIPPV)作为COPD病人从有创机械通气脱机过渡具有较好的效果,细心护理和严密监测是保证COPD病人实施有创一无创序贯机械通气的前提.     

序贯性干预联合低水平压力支持通气模式试验撤机对机械通气病人的影响研究

目的:探讨序贯性干预联合低水平压力支持通气(PSV)模式试验撤机对机械通气病人的影响。方法:选择2016年2月—2018年12月在医院接受治疗的80例重症监护室病人作为研究对象。按照简单随机法将病人分成观察组及对照组,每组40例。对照组给予常规干预联合低水平PSV模式试验撤机,观察组给予序贯性干预联合低水平PSV模式试验撤机。比较两组病人72 h呼吸频率、动脉血氧分压(PaO 2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO 2)、心率、临床肺部感染评分、痰液黏稠度、再插管率。结果:干预后观察组病人的72 h呼吸频率、心率明显低于对照组,PaO 2、SaO 2明显高于对照组,临床肺部感染评分、痰液黏稠度、再插管率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:序贯性干预联合低水平PSV模式试验撤机可有效帮助机械通气病人撤机,加快了病人的康复,降低了感染率及并发症的发生率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.