体内微型装置计算机辅助定位系统中简易3D人体模型的实现

为了真实地显示微型诊疗装置在人体内的空间位置，需要创建一个受检患者及其相应部位的三维虚拟人体模型，并把微型装置的空间位置及动态运动轨迹实时在三维人体模型上显示出来；提取患者的个体特征，进而建立对应的三维人体模型是其中的重要环节。本文介绍了一种在对人体不同部位分别建立几何模型的基础上，通过在Visul Basic环境中调用OpenGL来实现简易三维人体模型绘制的方法：实验表明，作者提出的方法实现简单，运行速度快，并能交互地根据人体个体特征改变人体模型特性。     

非正常心电图的分析

目的比较正常心电图和非正常心电图,分析故障原因,展示心电图形成原理。方法选32名试验者,用八台标准心电图机试验,在相同的实验环境下进行测量。结论通过对故障波形分析,加深了对心电图形成原理的理解,弄清楚了误操作造成的错误波形和真实病变波形之间的差别。     

一种阻抗法人体脂肪总量测量仪的研制及初步应用

本文介绍一种利用人体阻抗来测量人体脂肪总量的新仪器。它是根据当交流电信号通过人体时人体体内电阻与体内脂肪总量的相关性，将一标准电阻与被测人体串联，微型计算机系统通过比较交流电通过人体和标准电阻时所产生的电压降计算出人体体内的电阻值，然后结合被测者的身高、体重和年龄计算出入体的脂肪总量。本仪的准确性误差为３．２４％，重复性误差为２．７５％。     

用BFA－100对人体组成的研究

人体是由脂肪和瘦体组织组成的，一般成人脂肪占体重的２５％，是人体能源库。营养不良时，这些组成成分即发生变化。本文所用ＢＦＡ－１００是由北京军事医学研究所王育才等人研制的人体脂肪分析仪。该分析仪是利用人体中电导和体内含水量、离子浓度有关的原理进行设计。...     

应用于针灸研究的人体穴位模型

为了更好地发展和研究中国的传统医学——针灸，设计了一种新型的用于针灸学研究的人体穴位模型认知系统。该系统采用1片微型处理器（MCU）作为模型的中央控制单元，通过对MCU的I/O口进行扩展，采用计算机高级语言和汇编语言相结合的方式．通过MAX232芯片实现PC和单片机的数据通讯，从而实现PC和人体模型阃利用软件控制的输入与输出，进而实现已知经络和全部穴位的显示与认知。整个系统结构简单，运行可靠稳定，使用方便，可广泛应用于中医针灸的理论教学和实践。     

三维侧吸罩人体绕流模拟实验研究

作者首次将三维热膜探针应用于工业通风领域中侧吸罩三维流场的实验研究，并考虑到操作者对侧吸罩周围气流组织可能产生的干扰作用，采用三维着服模拟人代替实际操作者，对立姿、坐姿两种情况下的人体绕流三维流场进行了较详细的探讨和研究。研究结果表明：有模拟人存在时，由于人体模型的阻挡和绕流作用，使流场产生较大程度的改变，在人体模型正前方，流速变小，紊流强度增大；在人体模型绕流边界区域，流速变大。提示侧吸罩设计者采取有效措施以更好地保护操作者的身体健康。     

100名井下凿岩工心电图分析

接触噪声的凿岩工和不接触噪声的井下工人（对照组）各１００名，进行心电图检查。结果发现，凿岩工组异常者４７例，对照组异常者２３例，两组比较Ｐ〈０．０１。两组心电图异常项次比较，差异显著性检验：凿岩组与对照组异常项次总计之比为７８：２７Ｐ〈０．００５；窦性心动过缓，窦性心律不齐Ｐ〈０．０１；右室高电压Ｐ〈０．０５；工龄段分析Ｐ〈０．０５。由此分析说明，噪声对人体心血管系统确有较严重的影响。同时也说明…     

湖北省人体寄生虫分布复核调查

目的：对湖北省人体寄生虫分布进行复核调查。方法：1986－1993年对湖北省30个县（市）和1个林区100个调查点5万人的人体寄生虫分布调查，为了确保调查结果的可靠性，严格按实验设计1／3比例进行抽签复查。结果：复查率为20．78％（11075／53281），复查的寄生虫感染率为50．60％，虫种23种，两次调查的虫种符合率为85．19％（23／27），感染符合率为97．23％。结论：湖北省人体寄生虫分布调查结果是真实可靠的，为开展人体寄生虫病的防治提供了科学的依据。     

某纺织厂女职工噪声危害调查分析

目的：摸清纺织业噪声对女职工危害情况。方法：对某纺织厂车间的噪声强度进行测试并对接噪工龄3年以上的女工288人进行体检。结果：对人体危害较大的是中高频、窄频带。高频听力损伤和噪声性耳聋发病率随声压级增大而增高（P〈0．025）。不同车间高血压、异常心电图阳性率也有显著性差别（p〈0．01）。结论：噪声能引起人体神经系统、心血管系统、听觉系统的损害，并与噪声强度和接触工龄有关。     

新型采样仪——多功能呼吸同步采样仪研制报告

目的：研制一种多用途、更能反映人体实际接触或吸入尘毒水平的采样仪,方法：依据人在尘、毒作业环境中活动,头部就相当于一个采样品的原理,直接将采样头置于人体口鼻部,利用人体吸气作为抽气动力进行采样,结果：现场采样位置能随人体作业而随意改变。与呼吸同步,为非等动力采样,采样体积能随劳动强度变化而改变,采样效率。根据获得的肺通气量和粉尘浓度。并利用游离SiO2含量等数据,还可进行体力劳动强度分级和粉尘作业危害程度分级。结论：该仪器是一种具有多种功能的采样仪,采样效率符合人体实际接触或吸入尘毒量,在监测与剂量－反应（效应）关系研究中,值得大力推广和应用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.