应用变性高效液相色谱技术检测parkin基因突变

目的应用变性高效液相色谱技术(denaturing high performance liquid chromatography,DHPLC)检测早发性帕金森综合征(early-onset parkinsonism,EOP)致病基因parkin突变。方法散发EOP患者82例,提取外周血细胞DNA,通过PCR扩增parkin基因的12个外显子,应用DHPLC进行变异筛查,峰形异常者进行DNA测序以明确序列变异的种类和位置。结果以100名健康者为正常对照,在82例EOP患者中检测出3种突变,均为点突变,内含子区突变包括IVS1-39G→T和IVS9 18C→T;编码区突变为T1422C,导致所编码的441位氨基酸由半胱氨酸变为精氨酸(Cys441Arg)。结论在散发EOP患者中发现3个杂合型点突变,探讨应用DHPLC在EOP患者中开展parkin基因诊断的可行性。     

parkin基因的一个新的点突变

目的：研究parkin基因外显子2-10点突变与散发性早发帕金森病发病的关系。方法：应用聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction ，PCR）、琼脂糖电泳、单链构象多态性（single strand conformation polymorphism，SSCP）、DNA测序及限制性核酸内切酶酶切方法，检测了60例散发性早发帕金森病患者以及120名正常人外周血白细胞DNA的parkin基因外显子2-10点突变。结果：发现1例患者的parkin基因外显子2存在纯合突变（G237→C），限制性内切酶酶切证实，其它外显子未见突变，120名正常对照也未见突变。结论：parkin基因外显子存在点突变，可能与部分散发性早发帕金森病发病有关。     

双重杂合性突变Arg304Gln和Arg304Trp导致的遗传性凝血因子Ⅶ缺陷症

目的 探讨1例遗传性凝血因子Ⅶ(coagulation factorⅦ，FⅦ)缺陷症及其家系基因突变的类型。方法 检测凝血指标以明确诊断；用DNA直接测序法对先证者及其家庭成员FⅦ基因的全部外显子和其侧翼以及启动子进行分析，寻找基因突变；将含突变序列克隆人pGEM T—easy质粒载体中，对所得两条染色体相应序列分别测序，以确定不同突变在染色体上的分布。应用限制性内切酶Msp Ⅰ对先证者及家系成员相应基因片段进行酶切分析，证实测序所发现的突变。结果 先证者在第8外显子上有两种基因突变：11348位C→T突变和11349位G→A突变。pGEM T—easy质粒克隆测序结果显示上述两种突变位于不同的染色体上。为不同染色体同一编码区Arg(CGG)304Trp(TGG)和Arg(CGG)304Gln(CAG)双重杂合性突变。其父亲、母亲分别为11349位G→A和11348位C→T杂合突变；其弟弟FⅦ基因为正常野生型；其哥哥和先证者的3个子女均为杂合性突变。聚合酶链反应辅助限制性酶切证实了先证者及其家系成员的基因突变。结论 先证者FⅦ基因突变为不同染色体同一编码区Arg304Trp和Arg304Gln双重杂合性突变，此种突变类型的组合尚属首例。     

双重杂合性突变Arg304Gln和Arg304Trp导致的遗传性凝血因子缺陷症

目的　探讨 1例遗传性凝血因子 (coagulation factor ,F )缺陷症及其家系基因突变的类型。方法　检测凝血指标以明确诊断 ;用 DNA直接测序法对先证者及其家庭成员 F 基因的全部外显子和其侧翼以及启动子进行分析 ,寻找基因突变 ;将含突变序列克隆入 p GEM T- easy质粒载体中 ,对所得两条染色体相应序列分别测序 ,以确定不同突变在染色体上的分布。应用限制性内切酶 Msp 对先证者及家系成员相应基因片段进行酶切分析 ,证实测序所发现的突变。结果　先证者在第 8外显子上有两种基因突变 :11348位 C→ T突变和 11349位 G→ A突变。 p GEM T- easy质粒克隆测序结果显示上述两种突变位于不同的染色体上。为不同染色体同一编码区 Arg(CGG) 30 4 Trp(TGG)和 Arg(CGG) 30 4 Gln(CAG)双重杂合性突变。其父亲、母亲分别为 11349位 G→ A和 11348位 C→ T杂合突变 ;其弟弟 F 基因为正常野生型 ;其哥哥和先证者的 3个子女均为杂合性突变。聚合酶链反应辅助限制性酶切证实了先证者及其家系成员的基因突变。结论　先证者 F 基因突变为不同染色体同一编码区 Arg30 4 Trp和 Arg30 4 Gln双重杂合性突变 ,此种突变类型的组合尚属首例。     

两个X连锁少汗性外胚层发育不良家系的基因突变分析

目的 对两个X连锁隐性遗传少汗性外胚层发育不良(X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia,XLHED)家系进行ED1基因突变分析,为罹患家庭提供遗传咨询及产前诊断.方法 综合应用序列分析及多重连接依赖性探针扩增方法,对两个家系的先证者进行ED1基因突变分析,并针对检测到的突变位点对女性成员进行检测.采集家系1胎儿的羊水细胞进行产前诊断,包括致病突变位点的分析、ED1基因内4个短串联重复序列(short tandem repeat,STR)位点的单倍型连锁分析、性别鉴定及核型分析.结果 家系1先证者缺失ED1基因第1外显子及下游2个STR位点DXS8269,DXS1422区域,其余外显子序列分析未见异常,其女儿为该缺失突变的携带者;结合连锁分析、性别鉴定及核型分析结果,家系1胎儿为男性非ED1基因缺失突变携带者,胎儿足月分娩后随访,为健康个体.家系2先证者经序列分析检测到ED1基因第3外显子c.463C＞T(R155C)错义突变,母亲为c.463C＞T(R155C)杂合突变携带者.结论 ED1基因第1外显子区域缺失和错义突变R155C是导致2个少汗性外胚层发育不全家系患者临床表型的主要原因,ED1基因的突变检测结合单倍型分析,能准确地对该类家系提供产前诊断.     

表皮松解性掌跖角化症一家系KRT9基因突变研究

目的研究表皮松解性掌跖角化症一家系角蛋白9(keratin 9,KRT9)基因突变情况。方法用聚合酶链反应技术扩增家系成员及家系外5O名正常人KRT9基因外显子1,DNA序列分析寻找突变位点。结果家系中患者KRT9基因外显子1第488位碱基C→T,导致162位的精氨酸被谷氨酸取代(R162Q),家系内正常成员及家系外5O名正常人均不存在此突变。结论 KRT9基因外显子1第488位密码子发生C→T突变导致该家系患者发生表皮松解性掌跖角化症。     

三例眼皮肤白化病患者TYR和P基因的突变分析

目的 分析眼皮肤白化病(oculocutaneom albinism,OCA)患者酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,TYR)基因和P基因的基因突变.方法 应用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction ,PCR)和变性高效液相色谱(de-naturing high-perfomanee liquia chromatography,DHPLC)技术对3例患者的眼皮肤白化病Ⅰ、Ⅱ型相关基因(TYR和P基因)的外显子进行突变检测,并对DHPLC检出的突变样本进行测序和限制性内切酶分析以验证该突变.针对未见报道的新突变,筛查100名表型正常的无关个体,排除多态的可能.结果 在3例患者中检测出两种P基因突变,未检测到TYR基因突变.其中,患者1的P基因第13外显子发生杂合突变T450M;患者2的P基因发生两个杂合突变,分别是第13外显子T450M和第23外显子G775R;患者3的P基因第23外显子发生杂合突变G775R.P基因第13外显子限制性内切酶分析显示,患者1、2均出现杂合突变T450M导致的Oli I酶切位点部分消失,100名表型正常的无关个体未检出该突变;经检索,T450M为一未见报道的新突变.结论 联合应用PCR、DHPLC、DNA测序和限制性内切酶分析的方法可有效的对白化病进行基因诊断.     

一个表皮松解性掌跖角化病家系的KRT9基因突变分析

目的明确一个伴随有类似关节指垫样病损和指甲病变的表皮松解性掌跖角化病的中国家系中角蛋白9(keratin9,KRT9)基因突变情况。方法用聚合酶链反应技术扩增家系成员及家系外50名正常人KRT9基因的编码区及外显子与内含子交界处,DNA序列分析寻找突变位点,然后经限制性内切酶Dde分析验证。结果患者KRT9基因第1外显子第160位密码子发生AAT→AGT的突变(N160S),而家系正常成员及家系外50个正常人中均不存在此突变。结论KRT9基因的第1外显子第160位密码子发生AAT→AGT突变(N160S)导致该家系患者发生表皮松解性掌跖角化病。     

甲状腺激素抵抗综合征一家系TRβ基因突变研究

目的研究一个甲状腺激素抵抗综合征家系甲状腺激素受β（thyroid hormone receptor β，TRβ）基因（TRβ）突变情况。方法提取患者及14名家系成员、7名健康对照的外周血基因组DNA，PCR分段扩增刀够基因的第7～10外显子，产物纯化后直接进行DNA测序检测突变。结果测序结果，该家系中5名成员TRβ基因第10外显子的1642位核苷酸发生C→G的转换突变，该突变为错义突变，使该位点所编码的氨基酸由脯氨酸变为丙氨酸（P1453A），同时刀够基因第7外显子的第1020位核苷酸发生C→T的转换突变，该突变为一同义突变，其所编码的氨基酸仍为苯丙氨酸（F245F），两种突变均为杂合子突变。结论在中国人中发现1例TRβ基因突变所致的甲状腺激素抵抗综合征家系。     

Crouzon综合征基因突变检测

目的 研究1个Crouzon综合征家系及1例散发的Crouzon综合征患者的成纤维生长因子受体2(fibroblast growth factors receptor 2,FGFR2)基因突变情况.方法 在1个Crouzon综合征家系的10名成员,和另一例散发者的外周血提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增FGFR2基因的第8和10外显子(部分家族成员仅扩增第8外显子),产物纯化后直接进行DNA测序检测突变.结果 家系中3名成员及另1例散发者FGFR2基因第8外显子的833位核苷酸发生G→T的转换突变,该突变为错义突变,使该位点所编码的氨基酸由半胱氨酸变为苯丙氨酸(C278F).该突变为杂合子突变.结论 FGFR2基因突变是Crouzon综合征致病原因.     

A wide variety of mutations in the parkin gene are responsible for autosomal recessive parkinsonism in Europe. French Parkinson's Disease Genetics Study Group and the European Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility in Parkinson's Disease

Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP, PARK2; OMIM 602544), one of the monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), was initially described in Japan. It is characterized by early onset (before age 40), marked response to levodopa treatment and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. The gene responsible for AR-JP was recently identified and designated parkin. We have analysed the 12 coding exons of the parkin gene in 35 mostly European families with early onset autosomal recessive parkinsonism. In one family, a homozygous deletion of exon 4 could be demonstrated. By direct sequencing of the exons in the index patients of the remaining 34 families, eight previously undescribed point mutations (homozygous or heterozygous) were detected in eight families that included 20 patients. The mutations segregated with the disease in the families and were not detected on 110-166 control chromosomes. Four mutations caused truncation of the parkin protein. Three were frameshifts (202-203delAG, 255delA and 321-322insGT) and one a nonsense mutation (Trp453Stop). The other four were missense mutations (Lys161Asn, Arg256Cys, Arg275Trp and Thr415Asn) that probably affect amino acids that are important for the function of the parkin protein, since they result in the same phenotype as truncating mutations or homozygous exon deletions. Mean age at onset was 38 +/- 12 years, but onset up to age 58 was observed. Mutations in the parkin gene are therefore not invariably associated with early onset parkinsonism. In many patients, the phenotype is indistinguishable from that of idiopathic PD. This study has shown that a wide variety of different mutations in the parkin gene are a common cause of autosomal recessive parkinsonism in Europe and that different types of point mutations seem to be more frequently responsible for the disease phenotype than are deletions.     

早发性帕金森病parkin基因第1～6外显子缺失突变的初步研究

目的 探讨中国人早发性帕金森病（ｐｒａｅｃｏｘ Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＰＰＤ）中ｐａｒｋｉｎ基因第１～６外显子是否存在突变,及其与该病临床特点的关系。方法 用ＰＰＤ患者外周血液提取ＤＮＡ,通过ＰＣＲ扩增,琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定ｐａｒｋｉｎ基因外显子缺失突变,并结合临床资料分析。结果 ２１中层得中发现有２例第１外显子缺失,２例第４外显子缺失,１例第６外显子缺失;发生基因缺失突变的病例年龄为     

Van der Woude综合征家系IRF6基因突变分析

目的研究Van der Woude综合征（Van der Woude syndrome，VWS）干扰素调节因子6（interferon regulatory factor 6，IRF6）基因突变。方法提取3个VWS家系成员基因组DNA，聚合酶链反应扩增IRF6基因9个外显子及其侧翼内含子序列，直接测序对患者IRF6基因进行突变的检测。结果在3个家系患者IRF6基因中共发现国际上尚未报道的3个突变：无义突变981（T→A）（Cys327X）和1234（C→T）（Arg412X）；错义突变1214（T→C）（Met405Thr）。结论IRF6基因突变可能是VWS发病原因。     

常染色体隐性遗传性早发型帕金森综合征DJ1基因突变研究

目的探讨常染色体隐性遗传性早发型帕金森综合征（autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinsonism，AR—EP）DJ1基因的突变特点。方法 应用聚合酶链反应结合DNA直接序列分析方法，对11个常染色体隐性遗传性早发型帕金森综合征家系先证者的DJ1基因进行突变研究。结果本组AR-EP患者未发现DJ1基因的致病突变，在内含子区发现6个多态，分别为IVS1→15T→C、IVS4＋30T→G、TVS4＋45G→A、IVS4＋46G→A、IVS5＋31G→A和g．168-185del，其中3个（IVS1-15→C、IVS4＋45G→A、IVS4＋46G→A）为新发现的多念。结论中国人常染色体隐性遗传性早发型帕金森综合征患者DJ1基因突变可能罕见。     

五个17α-羟化酶/17,20碳链裂解酶缺陷症家系七例患者的临床和分子遗传学研究

目的 对5个家系的7例17α-羟化酶/17,20-碳链酶缺陷症(17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase deficiency,17OHD)患者进行基因突变检测,并探讨中国人170HD的基因突变特点及杂合子携带情况.方法 收集临床资料,进行激素水平测定,并对患者CYP17A1基因采用PCR扩增产物直接测序及亚克隆测序的方法明确.对288名山东正常人的CYP17A1基因采用PCR及限制性酶切片段长度多态性进行基因突变分析.结果 7例患者(5例为46,XX;2例为46,XY)均存在第二性征不发育、高血压、低血钾,性激素及皮质醇明显低于正常,共发现3种基因突变类型,TAC329AA,D487_F489 del和H373L.在288名山东人群中进行筛查,发现1例D487_F489 del的杂合携带者.结论 TAC329AA和D487_F489 del为中国人最常见的突变类型,170HD在中国人发病率较预料中的要高,D487_F489 del的杂合携带者在中国人群中有一定的比例.     

Mutation analysis of the parkin and PINK1 genes in American Caucasian early-onset Parkinson disease families

Mutations in the parkin gene and the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 gene (PINK1) have been identified as the most common causes of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease (EOPD). To investigate the presence of the parkin and PINK1 gene mutation(s) and to explore genotype-phenotype correlations in American Caucasian families with EOPD from North American, we screened these two genes in probands of six families by direct sequencing, semi-quantitative PCR and RT-PCR. No PINK1 gene mutation was found in any of the probands, but compound heterozygous mutations (EX 3 del and EX 3_4 del) in the parkin gene were identified in one family. Extended analysis of the parkin-positive family showed the phenotype of patients was that of classic autosomal recessive EOPD, characterized by early age at onset, slow progression, beneficial response to levodopa, and levodopa-related motor complications. Three heterozygous mutation carriers (EX 3 del or EX 3_4 del) were free of any neurological symptoms. None of 62 healthy controls harbored EX 3 del or EX 3_4 del mutation. Our data suggest that compound heterozygous mutations (EX 3 and EX 3_4 del) in the parkin gene were the cause of EOPD in one of six Caucasian families; heterozygous EX 3 del and heterozygous EX 3_4 del forms were insufficient to cause this disorder, consistent with a loss-of-function mechanism of the parkin mutations. The results may provide new insights into the cause and diagnosis of PD and have implications for genetic counseling.     

Defining the ends of Parkin exon 4 deletions in two different families with Parkinson's disease.

Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP, PARK2) is characterized by an early onset parkinsonism, often presenting with dystonia as an early feature. Mutations in Parkin are a relatively common cause of AR-JP and are estimated to be present in approximately 30% of familial young onset Parkinson disease (PD) [Abbas et al. (1999); Hum Mol Genet 8:567-574]. These mutations include exon rearrangements (deletions and duplications), point mutations, and small deletions. Similar genomic mutations have been described in unrelated patients, thereby indicating independent mutational events or ancient founder effects. We have identified homozygous deletion mutations of exon 4 in Parkin in two unrelated families, one from Brazil and the other from Turkey [Dogu et al. (2004); Mov Dis 9:812-816; Khan et al., Mov Dis, in press]. We have performed molecular analysis of the deletion breakpoints and this data indicates these mutations originated independently. We present here data demonstrating that the mutation responsible for disease in the Brazilian kindred consists of two separate deletions (1,069 and 1,750 bp) surrounding and including exon 4. The deletion removing parkin exon 4 identified in the Turkish family extended 156,203 bp. In addition to demonstrating that disease in these families is not caused by a single founder mutation, these data show that there is no common fragile site between these mutational events.     

parkin mutation analysis in clinic patients with early-onset Parkinson [corrected] disease

parkin Mutations are the most common identified cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been suggested that patients with young-onset PD be screened for parkin mutations as a part of their clinical work-up. The aim of this study was to assess parkin mutation frequency in a clinical setting, correlate genotype with phenotype, and evaluate the current justification for clinical parkin testing. Patients were selected from a movement disorder clinic based on diagnosis of PD and onset age 相似文献   

Common mutations of ATP7B in Wilson disease patients from Hungary

Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism. The H1069Q mutation in exon 14 of ATP7B is far the most frequent in Wilson patients of European origin. Mutations in exon 8 and 15 are also common among the over 150 described mutations in the WD gene. The aim was to investigate the frequency of these common WD gene mutations in Hungarian patients. A total of 42 patients with WD from 39 Hungarian families were examined. The H1069Q mutation was assessed by a seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay, while mutations in exons 8, 13, 15, and 18 of WD gene were identified by sequencing. In addition, haplotype analysis was performed using three common microsatellite markers (D13S314, D13S301, D13S316). The H1069Q mutation was found in 27 patients (64.3%). Nine patients were H1069Q homozygous. Eighteen patients were H1069Q compound heterozygous, two of them had H1069Q/P969Q and one patient H1069Q/3400delC genotype. In two of the 15 H1069Q‐negative patients a novel mutation in exon 13 (T977M) was detected. One H1069Q‐negative patient had a mutation in exon 8 (G710S). None of the studied mutations was detected in 12 WD patients. H1069Q‐positive patients from various European countries had the same haplotype pattern. The H1069Q point mutation is frequent in Hungarian patients with WD and appears to have originated from a single founder in Eastern Europe. In contrast, mutations in exons 8, 13, 15, and 18 are uncommon in Hungarian WD patients. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.