Factors of Breast Cancer Screening Among Korean Immigrants in the United States

The purpose of this paper is to assess breast cancer screening rates and explore factors related to all three measures of breast cancer screening, mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE), and breast self-examination (BSE), among Korean immigrants in the United States. A telephone survey was conducted with 189 Korean women aged 40 and older in Cook County, Illinois. Of this group, 78% had had a mammogram at some point, and 38.6% had had one within the previous year. Fifty-three percent had had a CBE, while 26.1% had had one within the previous year. Whereas 58.1% had examined their breasts before, 46.3% did monthly BSE. Korean women’s breast cancer screening rates are improving even though the rates are still lower than screening rates in the United States. Having a regular check-up and being married were strongly related to all three measures of cancer screening. Further in-depth research is suggested to understand KA women’s perspectives on having access to care. This work was performed at University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinos     

基于人群的乳腺癌筛查效果评估的研究进展

基于人群的乳腺癌筛查是已经获得公认的乳腺癌的二级预防措施。目前国外常用的筛查模式包括基于钼靶的筛查方式、基于钼靶和超声的筛查方式,以及基于钼靶和乳腺临床触诊检查的筛查方式。本文试图对这三种筛查模式的有效性、适宜性和卫生经济学评估的研究进展作一综述报道。     

Assessing the Cost-Effectiveness of Updated Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines for Average-Risk Women

Background

Several specialty societies have recently updated their breast cancer screening guidelines in late 2015/early 2016.

Breast Cancer Screening among Employed American Women

Abstract

From the 1990 National Health Interview Survey Health Promotion and Disease Prevention supplement, the authors estimated the 1990 baseline prevalence of breast cancer screening among employed U.S. women aged 50–70 years. Proportions of women screened for breast cancer were calculated by occupational category and demographic characteristics, and were compared with the Healthy People 2000 objective that 60% of women aged 50 and older have had mammography and a clinical breast examination within the preceding two years. The objective was exceeded for white-collar workers (61.8%) and workers with some college (64.1%), but was not met by any blue-collar/service workers (40.8%); or any workers with only a high school diploma (54.7%) or less than a high school diploma (38.5%). Identification of occupational categories and demographic subgroups among working women will be helpful to those planning breast cancer screening program, in both the public and the private sectors.     

Screening Mammography and Late-Stage Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study

BACKGROUND: Among 50- to 69-year-old women, randomized clinical trials show breast cancer mortality reductions from screening mammography. However, few studies examine the long-term health effects and outcomes from screening mammography in community practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate one approach for determining the effectiveness of screening mammography, as it is practiced in community settings, and to measure the prevalence of prior screening mammography among women with incident breast cancer. METHODS: This study was a population-based survey of the general community. Participants were 406 women with breast cancer diagnosed in 1993. The main outcome measure was breast cancer, late stage at diagnosis or fatal within 2 to 3 years of diagnosis. RESULTS: Sixty-four (57.7%) of 111 women with late-stage and 123 (42.1%) of 292 women with early-stage breast cancer did not have a screening mammogram in the 4 calendar years (1989-1992) before diagnosis. Relative to women with early-stage breast cancer, mammography nonuse in 1989-1992 was significantly more frequent among women with late-stage breast cancer (age-adjusted odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3-4.3). Prior mammography was particularly infrequent among 42 women with breast cancer incident in 1993 and fatal before January 1996. CONCLUSIONS: Prior mammography among women with late-stage or fatal breast cancer was relatively infrequent. Late-stage or fatal breast cancer lacking prior mammography constitutes a missed public health opportunity. Also, this population-based study showed the expected association between prior mammography and late-stage or fatal breast cancer. These results are consistent with the effective practice of mammography in a community setting. The results illustrate and validate a public health approach that uses prior mammography histories among women with incident breast cancer to evaluate mammography penetration and quality in defined communities.     

Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Self-Reported Use of Screening Mammography

The efficacy of mammography in reducing breast cancer mortality among women 50–69 years of age has been demonstrated in randomized controlled studies, but many women, especially ethnic minorities, have not been receiving regular mammographic screening. The current study investigated racial/ethnic differences in mammography use and their association with demographic characteristics and other factors. The study population consisted of 4,444 women aged 40 years and older who participated in the1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Outcome measures studied included the self-reporting of mammography within the past two years and past year. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to examine the effect of race while controlling for other factors. In the univariate analysis, there was virtually no difference between white, black, and Hispanic women in mammography rates within either one or two years. However, multivariate logistic regression suggested that both blacks and Hispanics were more likely than whites to have received recent mammography, as black women were 31% and Hispanic women were 43% more likely than white women to have had a mammogram within the previous two years. Our results suggest that white women are no longer more likely to receive periodic screening mammography than black and Hispanic women, and in fact, might even be less likely to undergo the procedure. This reversal might indicate, at least in part, that programs and other activities to promote screening mammography among ethnic minority women have been successful and should now be expanded to include other women.     

Comparison of Breast Cancer Screening Results in Korean Middle-Aged Women: A Hospital-based Prospective Cohort Study

ObjectivesThe aim of this hospital-based prospective study was to evaluate the diagnostic ability of breast cancer screening in Korean middle-aged women using age, ultrasonography, mammography, and magnification mammography, which are commonly used in most hospitals.MethodsA total of 21 patents were examined using ultrasonography, mammography, and magnification mammography, and their data were prospectively analyzed from August 2011 to March 2013. All patients were divided into benign and malignant groups and the screening results were classified using the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). The final pathology report was used as the reference standard and the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography, mammography, and magnification mammography were evaluated using receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis.ResultsThe analysis included 21 patients who underwent biopsy. Among them, three (14.3%) were positive and 18 (85.7%) negative for breast cancer. The average age was 50.5 years (range = 38–61 years). The sensitivity was the same for ultrasonography and magnification mammography and the specificity of magnification mammography was higher than that of ultrasonography. The highest area under the ROC curve (AUC) was observed in the combination of age and magnification mammography (1.000) and the decreasing order of AUC in others was magnification mammography (0.833), ultrasonography (0.787), mammography (0.667), and age (0.648).ConclusionsIn Korean women, the diagnostic accuracy of magnification mammography was better than that of ultrasonography and mammography. The combination of age and magnification mammography increased the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy.     

The Long-Term Effectiveness and Cost Effectiveness of Organized versus Opportunistic Screening for Breast Cancer in Austria

Background

In 2014, Austrian health authorities implemented an organized breast cancer screening program. Until then, there has been a long-standing tradition of opportunistic screening.

Breast Cancer Risk Perception,Benefits of and Barriers to Mammography Adherence Among a Group of Iranian Women

The study aimed to assess associations between Health Belief Model variables, stages of change, and participation in mammography for early detection of breast cancer in a sample of Iranian women. A total of 414 women, aged 40 to 73 years, were recruited by random sampling. The study took place in the winter of 2007, using a self-report questionnaire and structured interviews, designed to measure the five Health Belief Model constructs and stages of adoption for mammography. The study indicated that 45.8% of the women were in the pre-contemplation and contemplation stages of a mammogram, and 29% of participants reported having had at least one mammogram. Screening behavior was associated with older age, familial history of breast cancer, history of breast disease, health insurance coverage, and living in an urban area. Furthermore, the perceived susceptibility to breast cancer, perceived benefits and barriers for mammography, and cues to action variables defined by the Health Belief Model were four factors related to having a mammogram. The study concludes that health care professionals must provide women with more fear appeals that outline vulnerability to developing breast cancer, remove cognitive barriers to seeking mammography, and apply effective guidance on the participation of women in breast cancer screening programs.     

Breast Cancer Knowledge and Screening Behaviors of the Female Teachers

Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in women. The objective of this study was to determine the level of knowledge about risk factors for breast cancer and screening behaviors among 468 female teachers who work in Sivas, Turkey. In this cross-sectional survey, a self-administered, structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Up to one-half (52.4%) of the teachers thought that they had enough knowledge about breast cancer. The sources of that information were television (59.0%), newspapers (48.9%), and health professionals (24.1%); 58.5% of the teachers had a sufficient knowledge level about breast cancer risk factors. The most frequently reported risk factor was family history of breast cancer (94.9%), followed by getting older, high fat diet and having a first child at a late age (68.6%, 51.7%, and 45.1%, respectively). No significant differences were found in knowledge by age groups, having breast-related complaints, teaching experience, or marital status. Among the teachers, 43.9% had performed breast self-examination; yet only 10.5% of them performed it monthly. Only 22.3% of the teachers reported having at least one clinical breast-examination. Among the 136 women over the age of forty years, only 37.5% had had at least one mammogram. A significant association was noted between level of knowledge about breast cancer risk factors and use of breast self-examination. Also, being married and having breast-related complaints were significantly related to practicing clinical breast-examination and mammography. This study revealed a relatively low awareness about the knowledge and practice of screening methods among teachers. The relatively low rates of breast self-examination, clinical breast-examination, and mammography practiced by this group of teachers are of concern and suggest that increased awareness of these methods, their value, and how they should be conducted is needed.     

电脑近红外线乳腺扫描在乳腺癌普查中的应用

目的 探讨电脑红外线乳腺扫描在乳腺癌普查中的应用价值。方法 采取回顾性方法将本院1994-2003年乳腺癌普查资料进行分析。结果 10年中共完成乳腺普查28．85万人次，其中接受红外线扫描检查22.64万例，检查率约为78．05％。在普查中通过各种检查手段确诊为乳腺癌138例，检出率为47.84／10万。通过电脑红外线扫描筛查表现乳腺癌强阳性33例，占23.91％，可疑阳性90例，占65.22％。结论 电脑红外线扫描在基层乳腺癌普查中有着较大的应用价值，较适合我国目前的国情。     

灰阶中位数分析用于乳腺癌超声筛查的初步研究

目的：评估灰阶中位数分析（gray-scale median,GSM）用于乳腺癌超声筛查的临床价值。方法：基于计算机辅助程序获得二维超声良性和恶性乳腺结节灰阶中位数,以乳腺结节病理检查结果为金标准,统计灰阶中位数分析用于筛查乳腺癌的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、Youden指数和AUC曲线下面积。结果：乳腺良性结节GSM值（30.33±6.50）,乳腺恶性结节GSM值（20.11±4.70）,乳腺良恶性结节GSM差异具有统计学差异（P<0.05）,最佳临界值25.01相应的筛查乳腺癌的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、Youden指数和AUC曲线下面积分别为78.5%、88.7%、73.6%、92.3%、0.675和0.899。结论：乳腺结节GSM值是一个客观的参数,可作为超声鉴别乳腺良恶性结节的重要参数。     

Opening Pathways to Cancer Screening for Vietnamese-American Women: Lay Health Workers Hold a Key

Purpose.We describe a controlled trial of a community outreach intervention to promote recognition, receipt, and screening-interval maintenance of clinical breast examinations (CBE), mammograms, and Pap smears among Vietnamese-American women.Methods.Over a 3-year period, indigenous lay health workers conducted small-group sessions of Vietnamese women in a low-income district of San Francisco, California. Women in Sacramento, California, served as controls. Lay workers conducted 56 sessions on general prevention, 86 on cervical cancer, and 90 on breast cancer. Surveys of 306 to 373 women were conducted in the study communities in 1992 and 1996.Results.In the intervention community, recognition of screening tests increased significantly between pre- and postintervention surveys: CBE, 50 to 85%; mammography, 59 to 79%; and Pap smear, 22 to 78% (P= 0.001 for all). Receipt of screening tests also increased significantly: CBE, 44 to 70% (P= 0.001); mammography, 54 to 69% (P= 0.006); and Pap smear, 46 to 66% (P= 0.001). Best-fitting logistic regression models, adjusting for preintervention rates and significant covariates, also showed statistically significant odds ratios for the intervention effect (P< 0.0001).Conclusions.Trained Vietnamese lay health workers significantly increased Vietnamese women's recognition, receipt, and maintenance of breast and cervical cancer screening tests.     

Time Perspective and Perceived Risk as Related to Mammography Screening

The present study explored the relation of time perspective to perceived risk for breast cancer and mammography screening. Women free from breast cancer (N?=?194), eligible for mammography screening in terms of age, completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) and measures of perceived risk, attitude toward performing mammography screening, intention to get a mammogram, and mammography screening behavior. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that perceived risk of breast cancer (β= .18, p < .01) and intention to be screened (β = .35, p < .01) were significantly associated with mammography screening, after controlling for the effects of sociodemographic (e.g., age, education, and economic level) and health-related variables (e.g., family history of breast cancer and previous benign breast disease). Path analyses including the main psychological variables indicated that perceived risk was indirectly related to intention via attitude (β = .17, p < .01), and to mammography screening through attitude and intention (β = .06, p < .01). Attitude was indirectly related to mammography screening via intention (β = .20, p < .01). Also, a significant indirect association was observed between future orientation and mammography screening, via perceived risk (β = .10, p < .01). Theoretical implications of study findings and suggestions for future research on use of mammography are presented.     

Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Mortality after Breast Cancer

Adherence to Mediterranean diet has been consistently associated with a reduced mortality in the general population, but evidence for women with breast cancer is scanty. Methods: A cohort of 1453 women with breast cancer diagnosed between 1991 and 1994 in northern Italy was followed-up for vital status for 15 years after diagnosis. The pre-diagnostic habitual diet was assessed through a structured questionnaire and adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated through the Mediterranean Diet Score. Hazard ratios (HR) of death with confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox model, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Compared to women who scarcely adhere to the Mediterranean diet (n = 332, 22.8%), those highly adherent (n = 500, 34.4%) reported higher intakes of carbohydrates, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, folate, and carotenoids, and lower intakes of cholesterol and animal proteins. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a better prognosis: 15-year overall survival of 63.1% for high and 53.6% for low adherence, respectively (p = 0.013). HR for all-cause mortality was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.57−0.92) and HR for breast cancer mortality was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.43−0.98) for women 55 years and older. No significant association emerged for breast cancer mortality in the total cohort. Conclusions: Although dietary habits may have changed after breast cancer diagnosis, these findings indicate that women who ate according to the Mediterranean dietary pattern prior to their diagnosis may have greater chance of a favorable prognosis after breast cancer diagnosis compared to those who did not.     

Correlates of Breast Cancer Screening Among Asian Americans Enrolled in ENCORE plus

This study examines the correlates of mammogram utilization among predominantly low income Asian American women using cross sectional data of women recruited through the ENCORE^plus program (n = 1695) between July 1996 and June 1998. Logistic regression was used to examine the independent effect of variables corresponding to Andersen’s behavioral model of health services utilization on mammography screening behavior. Foreign-born women living in the U.S. < 5 years and between 5 and 10 years were significantly less likely to have ever had a mammogram than women who were born in the U.S. (OR 0.22; CI 0.12, 0.40 and OR 0.48; CI 0.27, 0.86, respectively). Women 40–49 years old were half as likely to adhere to mammography screening recommendations as women 50–64 years (CI 0.33, 0.76). Health insurance was positively associated with adherence to mammography screening guidelines (OR 1.59; CI 1.02, 2.48). The results of this study highlight the need for health education about breast cancer and mammography among Asian American women. Policy work also needs to be directed toward improving access to health care in this community.     

2015--2019年南通市通州区适龄妇女宫颈癌及乳腺癌筛查结果分析

目的:了解南通市通州区适龄妇女宫颈癌、乳腺癌筛查情况。方法:利用2015—2019年南通市通州区每年筛查年报结果进行描述流行病学分析。结果:2015—2019年宫颈癌筛查合计阳性病例14 681例,患病率达11.61%。其中癌前病变480例,癌前病变检出率为397.68/10万,宫颈癌确诊86例,宫颈癌检出率为68.03/10万。乳腺癌筛查合计阳性病例598例,患病率达0.47%。其中乳腺癌确诊63例,乳腺癌检出率为49.71/10万。HPV16、18阳性人群癌前病变患病率及宫颈癌确诊病例患病率高于HPV其他阳性人群,HPV其他阳性人群癌前病变患病率及宫颈癌确诊病例患病率高于HPV阴性人群,差异均有统计学意义。结论:宫颈癌、乳腺癌筛查,可以达到早诊断、早发现和早治疗的目的,HPV检测结果与宫颈癌癌前病变及宫颈癌病例确诊关系密切。     

Screening for breast cancer

Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease that has a worldwide annual incidence of over 1 million cases. In the UK this equates to over 39000 new diagnoses per year. Most of these cases occur in postmenopausal women, and the incidence in both this age group and in younger women is rising. Most of the major risk factors for breast cancer such as female sex, age and a family history of the disease cannot be avoided. However, there is established evidence that earlier detection of breast cancer through mammographic screening does significantly reduce mortality, by up to 24%. Since its inception in 1989, the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) has become increasingly effective at detecting breast cancer in the target population of women aged over 50, and together with advances in surgery, chemotherapy and other adjuvant medical treatments, mortality from breast cancer is significantly decreasing. This contribution aims to explore the principles behind the NHSBSP, and will review the key evidence which supports it. The advantages and pitfalls of screening will be examined and an overview of the actual screening and assessment process is included. Screening in high-risk groups is a new and controversial area that is now gaining prominence, and new imaging techniques being used in such groups, in addition to the screening and assessment of breast cancers in the conventional age range, will be covered.