免疫肠内营养对脑卒中后机体免疫功能的影响

目的评价免疫肠内营养对脑卒中后机体免疫功能的影响。方法选择急性期脑卒中并发吞咽障碍病例80例，随机分为免疫肠内营养研究组（40例）和标准肠内营养对照组（40例）。于发病48h内开始鼻饲肠内营养，研究时间共10d。观察两组不同时间点血清蛋白、免疫指标的变化。结果研究结束时，研究组IgA、IgG含量及CD4细胞和CD4／CD8比值均显著高于对照组。同时，研究组的IL-2显著高干对照组（P〈0．01），IL-6和TNF-α显著低干对照组（P〈0．01）。结论免疫肠内营养可以增强卒中后机体免疫功能。     

肠内免疫营养对胃癌切除术后患者免疫功能的影响

目的:研究比较肠内免疫营养和普通肠内营养对胃癌切除术后患者免疫功能的影响。方法:36例胃癌行胃大部或全胃切除术后需做营养支持的患者随机分为肠内免疫营养组(n=18)普通肠内营养组(n=18),均在手术后第2~8天给予等热卡(125 kJ.kg-1.d-1)营养支持;在术前1 d、术后1 d和术后9 d检测淋巴细胞总数、B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8)、免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM、IgA)、细胞因子(IL-1α、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α)及NK细胞活性。结果:经过7 d的营养支持,与普通肠内营养组相比肠内免疫营养组的CD3、IgM、IL-2显著增加(P<0.05),淋巴细胞总数、IgA、CD4、CD4/CD8、IgG、IgA、IL-6和NK细胞活性非常显著增加(P<0.01)。结论:早期肠内免疫营养较普通肠内营养能更加有效的改善胃癌术后患者的免疫功能,从而减少术后感染及并发症的发生,更好地促进患者康复。     

胃癌术后早期应用肠内营养液临床观察

目的：研究术后早期应用肿瘤专用型肠内营养液对胃癌患者免疫功能、炎症反应的影响。方法：将60例胃恶性肿瘤患者随机分为两组,每组30例。试验组使用肿瘤专用型肠内营养液瑞能,对照组使用常规肠内营养液瑞素,均于术后第2天始,分别给予等热量的肠内营养支持,并于术前1天、术后第1、第9天检测两组患者IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CDR、CD4／CD8、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α。结果：术后第9天试验组IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD4／CD8较对照组明显升高,IL-6、TNF—α较对照纽呐显降低。结论：胃癌患者手术后早期应用肿瘤专用型肠内营养液可减轻机体炎症反应,改善其免疫功能。     

免疫肠内营养对脑卒中后机体免疫炎症反应的影响

目的评价免疫肠内营养对脑卒中后机体免疫功能、炎症反应及预后的影响。方法选择急性期脑卒中并发吞咽障碍病例80例,随机分为免疫肠内营养研究组(40例)和标准肠内营养对照组(40例)。于发病48h内开始鼻饲肠内营养,研究时间共10天。观察两组不同时间点血清蛋白、免疫指标的变化及有关临床指标。结果研究结束时,研究组的前白蛋白和转铁蛋白显著高于对照组(P<0.05),IgA、IgG含量及CD4细胞和CD4/CD8比值均显著高于对照组。同时,研究组的IL-2显著高于对照组(P<0.01),IL-6和TNF-α显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。研究组的感染性并发症发生率(30%)低于对照组(47.5%)(P<0.05)。神经功能缺损程度评分较对照组降低明显(P<0.05)。结论免疫肠内营养在提高脑卒中患者血清蛋白水平的同时,可以增强机体免疫功能,减轻炎症反应。     

围手术期肠内免疫营养对老年胃癌患者免疫功能的影响

目的 观察围手术期肠内免疫营养(瑞能及谷氨酰胺)对老年胃癌患者免疫功能的影响.方法 50例营养不良行胃癌根治手术老年患者随机分为研究组和对照组.两组采用等热量营养支持,术前7天和术后第2～8天分别接受免疫增强型肠内营养和标准肠内营养(能全力).术前1天和术后第1、9天分别检测外周m淋巴细胞计数、IgG、IgA、IgM、T细胞亚群(CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8)和人类白细胞抗原-DR(HLA-DR)水平,并观察两组术后感染并发症和术后住院时间的差异.结果 研究组术后第9天淋巴细胞计数、IgG、CD4、CD4/CD8及HLA-DR的表达较对照组显著回升(P＜0.05),术后感染性并发症发生率略低于对照组(4%vs 20%)(P＞0.05);研究组术后平均住院日少于对照组[(11.8±1.1)d vs.(12.7±1.2)d](P＜0.05).结论 围手术期肠内免疫营养较标准肠内营养更有利于老年胃癌患者免疫功能的恢复.     

肠内免疫营养与肠外营养对食管癌、贲门癌患者术后营养支持效果的对比分析

目的分析比较肠内免疫营养与肠外营养对食管癌、贲门癌患者术后营养支持效果的差异。方法选取××市肿瘤医院食管、贲门恶性肿瘤患者80例。选择的所有病例在术前均未作化疗,免疫或放射治疗。随机分为研究组、对照组各40例,每组在性别、年龄、体质量、疾病种类、营养状况等方面差异均无显著性。研究组术后实施肠内免疫营养制剂-瑞能;对照组术后实施全静脉肠外营养。食管、贲门恶性肿瘤患者术前1d,术后5d,术后10d,检测血清总蛋白、白蛋白、IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8。并比较肠内免疫营养组与肠外营养组在血清总蛋白、白蛋白水平以及IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、外周血淋巴细胞总数及比例等方面是否有差异。结果肠内营养组血清总蛋白、白蛋白水平以及CD4/CD8值明显高于肠外营养,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而两组IgG、IgM、IgA、以及外周血淋巴细胞总数和比例无明显差异,P>0.05,差异没有统计学意义。结论肠内免疫营养可有效改善食管、贲门癌患者术后患者营养状况,同时可改善患者的免疫功能,促进患者的尽早恢复。     

肠内营养对食管癌术后免疫功能的影响

目的探讨肠内营养对食管癌术后免疫功能的影响。方法将44例食管癌患者随机分成肠内营养组（20例）和肠外营养组（24例）。均于手术后24h开始给予等热量（125．4kJ·kg^-1·d^-1）、等氮量（0．2g·kg^-1·d^-1）营养支持，持续9d，测定手术前1d、术后1d和9d的外周血B淋巴细胞，免疫球蛋白A（IgA），IgG，IgM，淋巴细胞总数，T淋巴细胞亚群（CD3，CD4，CD8，CD4／CD8），自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）活性等免疫指标。结果43例完成研究。两组术前各免疫指标比较无差别，术后第1d均有一定程度的免疫抑制，术后第9d肠内营养组IgA，IgG，IgM，淋巴细胞总数，CD3，CD4，CD4／CD8，NK细胞活性明显回升，CD8细胞则回落正常水平，而肠外营养组CD8细胞仍处于高水平，其余指标仍处于低水平。结论早期肠内营养可促进食管癌术后免疫功的恢复。     

营养不良的消化道肿瘤患者术后早期肠内免疫营养干预疗效分析

目的探讨营养不良的消化道肿瘤患者术后早期应用肠内免疫营养的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析自近三年收治、行手术治疗的102例营养不良的消化道肿瘤患者,随机分为观察组(行肠内免疫营养)和对照组(行普通肠内营养)各51例;分别检测免疫指标T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD8)和免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)以及炎性指标白细胞介素(IL-2、IL-6、IL-10)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α);并观察临床不良反应和感染率。结果指标检测:两组患者术前各指标均无统计学差异(P>0.05);术后第1 d,都较术前显著降低或升高(P<0.05);术后第9 d,观察组CD4、CD4/CD8、IgG均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后感染率:观察组5.9%,显著低于对照组15.7%(P<0.05)。不良反应:观察组3例,对照组2例出现胃肠道反应,经对症治疗缓解。结论术后早期应用肠内免疫营养辅助治疗营养不良的消化道肿瘤可提高免疫功能,降低炎性反应及感染性并发症,且无严重不良反应,临床安全。     

早期肠内营养对ICU重型颅脑损伤患者的免疫功能和监护时间的影响

目的探讨早期肠内营养(ENN)对ICU重症颅脑损伤患者的免疫功能、炎症因子水平以及监护时间的影响。方法选取2016年1月～2018年6月在我院ICU住院治疗的80例重症颅脑损伤患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组患者给予延迟肠内营养治疗,观察组患者给予早期肠内营养,分别在治疗前及治疗后10d观察两组患者的细胞免疫指标、体液免疫指标、炎症因子水平以及ICU监护时间及预后情况。结果入住ICU时,两组患者的T淋巴细胞亚群CD4~+、CD8~+及CD4~+/CD8~+,体液免疫指标IgA、IgG及IgM水平,以及血清IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α水平均无明显差异(P 0.05),早期肠内营养10d后,两组患者的T淋巴细胞亚群指标、体液免疫指标指标均明显升高(P 0.05),且观察组患者的各项指标水平均高于对照组(P 0.05);两组患者血清IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α均较治疗前明显降低(P 0.05),且观察组患者各炎性因子指标水平均明显低于对照组(P 0.05);观察组患者的并发症发生率22.50%明显低于对照组的52.50%(P 0.05),观察组患者的ICU住院时间明显少于对照组(P 0.05)。结论早期肠内营养治疗可有效提高重症颅脑外伤患者的免疫功能,降低炎性因子水平,缩短ICU监护时间,改善患者预后状况。     

肠内免疫营养对创伤Wistar大鼠肠屏障功能的影响

目的:探讨肠内免疫营养对创伤后大鼠肠屏障功能的影响.方法:将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组:对照组(Control)、普通肠内营养组(EN)和肠内免疫营养组(ELN).通过胃造瘘术建立大鼠创伤模型,分别给予不同成分的肠内营养7天.观察各组大鼠小肠黏膜形态,免疫组化检测肠黏膜CD3 、CW4 CD8 、IgA 细胞.结果:肠内免疫营养组的感染性并发症低于普通肠内营养组和对照组(P＜0.05).而小肠黏膜绒毛高度、肠腺隐窝深度、黏膜厚度及绒毛表面积高于对照组(P＜0.01).对照组和普通肠内营养组的小肠CD3 、CW4 CD8 、IgA 细胞数量明显低于肠内免疫营养组(P＜0.01、P＜0.05).结论:肠内免疫营养能较好地改善创伤后大鼠的小肠机械屏障和免疫屏障功能,促进肠屏障功能的恢复.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.