孤独症儿童父母生活质量和应对方式的调查研究

目的探讨孤独症儿童父母的生活质量和应对方式。方法采用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)和特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)对46例孤独症儿童的父母及46例健康儿童的父母进行对照研究。结果①孤独症儿童父母的GQOLI-74维度评分均明显低于对照组,其中以物质生活状态(t=1.98,P<0.05)和心理健康(t=2.56,P<0.01)尤为显著,具有统计学意义;②孤独症儿童父母的积极应对得分低于对照组(t=1.91,P<0.05),消极应对得分高于对照组(t=-2.59,P<0.01),消极应对表现突出,差异均具有统计学意义。结论孤独症儿童父母的生活质量较健康对照者差,他们应对生活应激事件时易采用消极的应对方式。     

精神分裂症儿童与正常儿童父母的心理理论能力比较

目的:比较精神分裂症儿童父母的心理理论能力与正常儿童父母间的差异,试图为精神分裂症儿童的心理理论缺陷可能存在遗传因素提供神经认知方面的间接证据。方法:通过使用"yoni"测验和一套神经心理学测验,对40例精神分裂症儿童和40例正常儿童的父母心理理论能力进行测评并比较。结果:与正常儿童的父母相比,精神分裂症儿童父母的冷心理理论得分(t=0.81,P0.05)无统计学意义,而热心理理论得分(t=-3.44,P0.01)及复杂情感得分(t=-2.93,P0.01)具有统计学意义。结论:精神分裂症儿童父母的热心理理论能力存在缺陷,为精神分裂症儿童在心理理论方面的缺陷可能存在遗传因素提供了神经认知方面的间接证据。     

孤独症儿童父母的在线社会支持

目的:评估孤独症儿童父母在线社会支持的获得情况。方法:选择在线社区内成员的社会网络位置以及贴文文本特征作为模型指标，构建在线社会支持量化评估模型。选取2个孤独症微博超话社区进行分析，2个育儿微博超话社区作为对照，纳入符合条件的孤独症儿童父母408名，普通儿童父母550名。利用社会网络分析法和文本分析法探究社会网络位置以及贴文文本特征，通过评估模型探析孤独症儿童父母在线社会支持的获得情况。结果:社会网络分析结果显示，在线社区内孤独症儿童父母的接近中心度高于普通儿童父母(P<0.001);文本分析法结果显示，不同社区的文本特征差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);模型评估结果显示，不同社区在线社会支持得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),孤独症儿童父母在线社会支持得分均高于普通儿童父母(均P<0.001)。结论:孤独症儿童父母在社区内形成了紧密的团体，比普通儿童父母获得了更多的在线社会支持。     

孤独症谱系障碍和精神分裂症青少年的面部表情识别能力

目的:探讨孤独症谱系障碍、精神分裂症青少年的面部表情识别能力特点。方法:入组12～18岁孤独症谱系障碍患者77例、精神分裂症患者67例及年龄相匹配的正常发育青少年68例,完成面部表情识别任务测查。结果:孤独症谱系障碍组基础面部表情识别任务总分低于精神分裂症组及正常发育组(Ps<0.05),精神分裂症组和正常发育组间无统计学差异(P>0.05);孤独症谱系障碍组和精神分裂症组间复杂表情识别任务总分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但两组均低于正常对照组(均P<0.001)。结论:孤独症谱系障碍和精神分裂症青少年均存在面部表情识别缺陷,孤独症谱系障碍表现为基础和复杂面部表情识别缺陷,而精神分裂症表现为复杂面部表情识别缺陷。     

学龄前孤独症谱系儿童对人物面部表情的识别特征

目的:测试学龄前孤独症儿童对人物静态面部表情的识别能力和特点。方法:使用自制人物面部开心、吃惊、害怕、生气、讨厌、伤心、中性七种表情图,对13例4～8岁孤独症男童和23例3～5岁正常对照组男童进行了测试分析,两组儿童在发展年龄上作了匹配(3.66±0.44岁)。结果:两组儿童在识别七种表情照片的正确率上无显著性差异(P>0.05);各表情类别识认比较,孤独症组识别伤心、害怕、讨厌及吃惊表情正确率高于对照儿童(P<0.05);孤独症组识别表情的正确率依次是:开心>伤心>生气>害怕>讨厌>吃惊>中性;而对照组则为:开心>生气>伤心>害怕>中性>讨厌>吃惊。结论:孤独症儿童对七种面部表情的命名性识别与正常儿童无明显差异,但识别基本面部表情的模式与正常儿童有所不同。     

孤独症儿童对静态与动态面部表情识别的比较

目的比较孤独症儿童对静态和动态面部表情识别的差异。方法采用45名被试进行3(被试类型:ASD、ID、TD)×2(呈现方式:静态、动态)×3(面部表情:高兴、中性、愤怒)三因素重复测量实验,考察孤独症儿童、智力障碍儿童、正常儿童在呈现静态与动态表情时,对高兴、中性和生气表情的识别能力。结果在正确率层面,被试类型、呈现方式和表情类型的交互效应显著(F==2.02,P0.01),孤独症儿童在两种呈现方式下的表情识别率显著低于对照组被试。在反应时层面,被试类型、呈现方式和表情类型的交互效应显著(F==5.96,P0.01),孤独症儿童在两种呈现方式的表情反应时显著慢于对照组被试。结论孤独症儿童对积极表情的识别能力优于消极表情;孤独症儿童对静态表情的识别能力优于动态表情。     

高功能孤独症儿童的心理推理能力

目的:探讨高功能孤独症儿童心理推理能力特点及其两种心理推理能力成分之间的关系。方法:采用横断面研究方法,对92例符合DSM-IV孤独症诊断标准的6～18岁高功能孤独症儿童及59例年龄、性别相匹配的正常发育儿童进行心理推理能力社会认知成分任务(显性错误信念、一级错误信念、情绪隐藏和二级错误信念)和社会情感成分任务(表情识别)测查。结果:高功能孤独症组心理推理能力社会认知成分任务的通过率和社会情感成分任务的平均分均低于正常对照组(均P 0.05);高功能孤独症组一级错误信念、情绪隐藏、二级错误信念任务通过组简单表情识别任务的得分高于未通过组(均P 0.05);复杂表情任务高分组的显性错误信念任务的通过率高于低分组(P 0.05)。结论:6～18岁高功能孤独症儿童心理推理能力的两种成分均存在缺陷,两成分之间既相互作用又相互独立。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童的观点采择能力特点及其相关因素

目的:探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童观点采择特点及其关联因素。方法:纳入符合美国精神病诊断与统计手册第5版ASD诊断标准的儿童100例和年龄、性别匹配的正常对照组儿童100例。采用社会观点采择测验(SPT)评估入组儿童的认知和情感观点采择能力，韦氏儿童智力量表第四版(WISCⅣ)、社交反应量表(SRS)及执行功能行为评定量表分别测评儿童的智力、社交反应能力及执行功能。Pearson偏相关分析观点采择能力与社交及认知功能的相关性。结果:孤独症组SPT中认知及情感观点采择得分均低于对照组儿童(均P<0.001)。不同性别、年龄的孤独症组儿童观点采择得分均低于正常对照组(均P<0.050)。孤独症组认知观点采择得分与总智商正相关(r=0.26,P=0.011),与社交反应量表得分负相关(r=-0.20,P<0.05);情感观点采择能力与总智商正相关(r=0.33,P<0.01),与社交反应量表得分及执行功能评定量表得分负相关(r=-0.32、-0.03,P<0.05)。结论:ASD儿童认知及情感观点采择均存在缺陷，其观点采择能力与智力水平、社交反应能力和执行功...     

Quality of Life of Autistic Parents and Coping Style

目的 探讨孤独症儿童父母的生活质量和应对方式.方法 采用生活质量综合评定问卷-74 (GQOLI- 74)和特质应对方式问卷( TCSQ)对46例孤独症儿童的父母及46例健康儿童的父母进行对照研究.结果 ①孤独症儿童父母的GQOLI—74维度评分均明显低于对照组,其中以物质生活状态(t=1.98,P＜0.05)和心理健康(t=2.56,P＜0.01)尤为显著,具有统计学意叉;②孤独症儿童父母的积极应对得分低于对照组(t=1.91,P＜0.05),消极应对得分高于对照组(t=-2.59,P＜0.01),消极应对表现突出,差异均具有统计学意义.结论 孤独症儿童父母的生活质量较健康对照者差,他们应对生活应激事件时易采用消极的应对方式.     

父母饮食素养与学龄前儿童情绪行为问题的关系

目的:探究父母饮食素养与儿童情绪行为问题的关系，以及儿童饮食行为和父母陪伴在二者关系中的作用。方法:在青岛、大连、沈阳选取750名3～6岁儿童的父母，采用营养知识问卷、儿童饮食行为问卷、儿童长处和困难问卷(SDQ)(父母版)测量父母饮食素养、儿童饮食行为和儿童情绪行为问题。用SPSS PROCESS程序考察有调节的中介效应。结果:父母饮食素养得分与SDQ儿童情绪问题得分(β=-0.11,P<0.01)、品行问题得分(β=-0.15,P<0.001)、亲社会行为得分(β=-0.11,P<0.001)和同伴交往问题得分(β=-0.09,P<0.05)均负向关联。儿童饮食行为在父母饮食素养与儿童情绪症状、品行问题、亲社会行为、同伴交往问题之间起中介作用(β=-0.04、-0.03、0.02、-0.03,均P<0.05),父母陪伴对儿童饮食行为与儿童情绪问题的关系起调节作用(β=-0.17,P<0.05)。结论:父母饮食素养可能既能与儿童情绪行为问题有直接关联，也可以通过儿童饮食行为与儿童情绪行为问题有间接关联。父母陪伴在儿童饮食行为和儿童情绪问题的关系中起...     

自闭症儿童父母心理复原力、自我和谐与主观幸福感

目的:探讨自闭症儿童父母的心理复原力、自我和谐及主观幸福感之间的关系。方法:采用心理复原力量表、自我和谐量表和主观幸福感量表对122名自闭症儿童父母和327名一般儿童父母进行测量。结果:自闭症儿童父母的心理复原力(t=-4.59,P0.05)、自我和谐(t=8.30,P0.001)和主观幸福感水平(t=-5.90,P0.001)均显著低于一般儿童父母;心理复原力与主观幸福感正相关显著,而自我和谐与心理复原力、主观幸福感均为显著负相关(r=-0.47,-0.51;P0.01);自我和谐均在自闭症儿童父母和一般儿童父母的心理复原力与主观幸福感中起部分中介作用,但自闭症儿童父母的中介作用更为显著。结论:提升自闭症儿童父母的主观幸福感,其心理复原力和自我和谐是不可忽视的重要因素。     

孤独症患儿家庭应激状况调查

目的通过比较孤独症患儿家庭与正常儿童家庭的父母心理健康状态和家庭功能,评估孤独症患儿对家庭造成的应激冲击,并在个体和家庭整体2个层面为孤独症患儿家庭的心理干预提出建议。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、家庭功能量表（FAD）对76名孤独症患儿家长和125名正常儿童家长,进行问卷调查。结果患儿父母SCL-90的得分与正常父母相比,在强迫症状（t=2.106,P〈0.05）、抑郁（t=3.069,P〈0.01）、精神病性因子分（t=2.069,P〈0.05）以及阳性项目数上存在显著差异（t=2.439,P〈0.05）。两组家长的FAD得分,在情感介入（t=2.134,P〈0.05）、情感反应因子（t=3.453,P〈0.01）和总的功能（t=2.848,P〈0.01）上差异明显。结论孤独症患儿家庭的应激状况受到严重负面影响;患儿父母心理健康状况欠佳;家庭功能明显偏低。     

孤独症患儿家长心理健康状况调查

目的：了解孤独症患儿家长心理健康状况及其相关因素。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS），对63名孤独症患儿家长进行了评估。结果：显示孤独症患儿父母的SDS、SAS和SCL-90的量表总均分以及各分量表分与正常儿童父母相比均有显著性差异。孤独症患儿的家庭在养育类型、家庭收入、父亲照顾的时间上都低于正常儿童的家庭。孤独症父母的P和N量表分高于对照组．而E和L量表分低于对照组。结论：有必要重视并关注孤独症患儿家长的心理健康，预防减少心理问题。     

住院患儿家长焦虑情绪影响因素分析

目的探讨住院患儿家长焦虑情绪变化的影响因素,分析患儿病情、家庭状况、社会支持等因素与家长焦虑情绪的关系。方法采用焦虑、简易应对方式、社会支持及家庭环境评定等量表,对住院患儿家长进行问卷调查,应用SPSS 11.0软件分析家长焦虑情绪的影响因素。结果女性、无职业、低经济收入的家长焦虑情绪体验高(t=2.924、3.322和7.088,P均<0.01),且城市和城郊各有特点。多因素分析显示,不良客观支持(β=-0.246,P=0.006)、较差家庭经济状况(β=-0.179,P=0.040)和家庭亲密度低(β=-0.165,P=0.046)是城市家长焦虑情绪的促发因素,家庭亲密度低(β=-0.471,P<0.001)和可利用社会资源多(β=0.251,P=0.011)是城郊家长的焦虑情绪促发因素。结论家庭亲密度是城市和城郊家长焦虑情绪发生的共同影响因素;可利用社会资源多是城郊家长焦虑情绪另一促发因素;良好的客观支持,较好的家庭经济状况有助于减少城市家长焦虑情绪的发生。     

IMPROVING PARENTING OF TODDLERS’ EMOTIONS USING AN EMOTION COACHING PARENTING PROGRAM: A PILOT STUDY OF TUNING IN TO TODDLERS

Parental responses to children's emotions influence children's emotion‐related abilities. Tuning in to Toddlers (TOTS) is a new emotion‐focused parenting program for parents of toddlers aged 18 to 36 months. It is based on the empirically tested Tuning in to Kids program that teaches parents how to emotion coach their children. In the current pilot study, an intervention‐only sample of parents of typically developing toddlers attended a 6‐session group program. At preprogram and postprogram, parents’ emotion‐coaching and emotion‐dismissing behaviors were assessed using self‐report questionnaires and observation measures. Results showed significant increases in self‐reported and observed emotion coaching behaviors and use of emotion talk after intervention. There was also a significant decrease in self‐reported and observed emotion dismissing behaviors, and toddler externalizing behavior problems. Overall, findings provide preliminary support for TOTS and suggest its potential as a valuable intervention for supporting parents in their efforts to emotion coach their toddlers.     

Neural Processing of Threat Cues in Young Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms

A growing literature indicates that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves difficulty processing threat-related emotion faces. This deficit is especially important to understand in young children, as threat emotion processing is related to the development of social skills and related behavioral regulation. Therefore, the current study aimed to better understand the neural basis of this processing in young children with ADHD symptoms. Forty-seven children between 4 and 7 years of age were included in the analysis, 28 typical developing and 19 with clinically significant levels of ADHD hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. Participants completed a passive affective face-viewing task. Event-related potentials were assessed for each emotion, and parental report of child behavior and emotion regulation abilities was assessed. Children with ADHD symptoms showed altered N170 modulation in response to specific emotion faces, such that the N170 was less negative in response to fearful compared to neutral faces, whereas typically developing children showed the opposite pattern. Groups did not differ in reactivity to anger or non-threat-related emotion faces. The N170 difference in fearful compared to neutral faces correlated with reported behavior, such that less fear reactivity predicted fewer prosocial behaviors. Abnormalities in the underlying neural systems for fear processing in young children with ADHD symptoms may play an important role in social and behavioral deficits within this population.     

多动儿童焦虑抑郁自评与父母他评一致性研究

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)伴情绪问题儿童自我情绪评价与父母他评在临床诊断中的一致性。方法41例ADHD伴情绪问题儿童及父母分别完成儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查诊断量表(SCARD)、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC)。结果儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查诊断量表(SCARD)、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC),儿童自评与父母他评之间差异有显著性(P0.01),两者诊断一致性程度不高,存在差异性(Kappa0.4,P0.05)。结论重视ADHD儿童对自身情绪问题的表达,对早期发现ADHD儿童共病情绪障碍有一定价值。     

Parental Expressed Emotion-Criticism and Neural Markers of Sustained Attention to Emotional Faces in Children

There is growing evidence for the role of environmental influences on children’s information-processing biases for affectively salient stimuli. The goal of this study was to extend this research by examining the relation between parental criticism (expressed emotion-criticism, or EE-Crit) and children’s processing of facial displays of emotion. Specifically, we examined the relation between EE-Crit and children’s sensitivity in detecting facial displays of emotion. We also examined a neural marker of sustained attention, the late positive potential (LPP) event-related potential component (ERP). Participants were 87 children (ages 7–11 years; 53.3% female, 77.8% Caucasian) and their parents (ages 24–71; 90% female, 88.9% Caucasian). Parents completed the Five-Minute Speech Sample to determine levels of EE-Crit toward their child. Children completed a morphed faces task during which behavioral and ERP responses were assessed. Although there were no group differences in sensitivity in detecting facial displays of emotion, we found that children of parents exhibiting high, compared to low, EE-Crit displayed less attention (smaller LPP magnitudes) to all facial displays of emotion (fearful, happy, sad). These results suggest that children of critical parents may exhibit an avoidant pattern of attention to affectively-salient interpersonal stimuli.     

The recognition of facial affect in autistic and schizophrenic subjects and their first-degree relatives

BACKGROUND: Autism and schizophrenia are considered to be substantially influenced by genetic factors. The endophenotype of both disorders probably also includes deficits in affect perception. The objective of this study was to examine the capacity to detect facially expressed emotion in autistic and schizophrenic subjects, their parents and siblings. METHOD: Thirty-five subjects with autism and 102 of their relatives, 21 schizophrenic subjects and 46 relatives from simplex (one child affected) and multiplex (more than one child affected) families, as well as an unaffected control sample consisting of 22 probands completed a 50-item computer-based test to assess the ability to recognize basic emotions. RESULTS: The autistic subjects showed a poorer performance on the facial recognition test than did the schizophrenic and the unaffected individuals. In addition, there was a tendency for subjects from multiplex families with autistic loading to score lower on the test than individuals from simplex families with autistic loading. Schizophrenic subjects and their relatives as well as siblings and parents of autistic subjects did not differ from the sample of unaffected subjects in their ability to judge facial affect. CONCLUSIONS: Findings corroborate the assumption that emotion detection deficits are part of the endophenotype of autism. In families with autistic children, the extent of facial recognition deficits probably indexes an elevation in familial burden. It seems unlikely that problems in emotion perception form a consistent part of the endophenotype of schizophrenia or the broader phenotype in relatives of patients with psychosis or autism.     

自闭症儿童执行功能的研究

目的：考察自闭症儿童执行功能的特点，探讨自闭症执行功能障碍说。方法：19名3-15岁的自闭症儿童接受了视空间工作记忆任务、stmop任务和WSCT三种执行功能任务以及龚氏非文字智力测验。结果：自闭症组在空间后退（P〈0．05）、stroop任务（P〈O．01）和WSCT的完成分类组数（P〈0．05）这3项指标上的得分明显低于正常组，其余各项指标未体现出显著差异。结论：自闭症儿童执行功能发展水平落后于同龄正常儿童．存在执行功能障碍。