内源性成体神经干细胞神经发生机制的研究进展

内源性成体神经干细胞的神经发生与大脑正常生理功能以及很多神经退行性疾病息息相关。神经发生受细胞外微环境和胞内信号等因素影响。近几年,已逐步发现了一些具体的影响成体神经干细胞神经发生,包括增殖、分化、成熟、迁移以及与宿主功能整合等方面的信号通路。本文将从细胞外和细胞内两方面总结影响神经分化的信号及其分子机制,包括相关信号通路、神经营养因子、神经递质以及胞内转录因子和表观遗传调控等,为通过内源性神经干细胞途径治疗中枢神经系统疾病提供基础理论支持。     

杏仁核相关病理性蛋白在神经退行性疾病中作用的研究现状

神经退行性疾病是一种常见病多发病,其发生发展可能与杏仁核结构功能的改变密切相关。杏仁核汇集着影响神经退行性疾病相关的病理性蛋白,包括Aβ蛋白、tau蛋白、α-突触共核蛋白(α-syn)和TDP-43蛋白等,这些蛋白改变影响着疾病的进程。本文综述近年研究这些病理性蛋白表达对神经退行性疾病的作用和影响的进展,以对临床防治这类疾病提供参考。     

精神神经免疫学的开始和主要研究内容

<正> 综述精神神经免疫学的进展,强调神经系统对免疫系统、神经介质和神经内分泌中的调节作用,通过这些调节作用影响淋巴细胞的活性,强调下丘脑对骨髓干细胞的作用以及神经活动与抗体反应之间的关系。     

张力对周围神经损伤和修复的影响

本文综合报道了近年来在张力与神经组织形态变化的关系、定量张力与神经各级牵拉伤的关系、张力与神经内部微循环变化的关系、张力与神经传导功能改变的关系以及张力对神经修复的影响五个方面研究的新进展，全面分析了张力对周围神经损伤和修复的影响，为临床上诊断周围神经牵拉伤、提高神经端端吻合或神经移植的疗效提供了理论依据。     

缺氧对离体培养神经干细胞增殖、分化及凋亡的影响

为探讨缺氧对体外培养的神经干细胞生长、分化及凋亡的影响,本研究采用显微解剖、机械吹打、无血清悬浮培养方法分离培养神经干细胞,用巢蛋白(nestin)免疫荧光染色对其进行鉴定。三气培养箱予以缺氧干预,分为5%缺氧组、10%缺氧组和正常对照组,每组又依缺氧干预时间的不同,分为6、12、24、48、72、96和120h组。通地绘制细胞生长曲线(MTT法)和计数克降形成率检测缺氧对神经干细胞增殖的影响。缺氧培养后,再用含10%胎牛血清的培养基进行分化培养,用免疫荧光技术检测缺氧对神经干细胞分化、凋亡及形态变化的影响。结果显示:缺氧干预后神经干细胞的增殖率明显下降,细包凋亡数增加,分化的神经元和胶质细胞的突起变短变粗,数量减少,但神经元和胶质细胞的分化比例未见明显变化。结果提示:缺氧可严重影响神经干细胞的存活和正常分化、且影响程序与缺氧剂量有量效关系。     

转铁蛋白受体基因对神经干细胞体外增殖和分化的影响研究

目的研究转铁蛋白受体基因(TfR)对神经干细胞(NSCs)体外增殖和分化的影响。方法分别将转铁蛋白受体基因神经干细胞(TfR-NSCs)和正常神经干细胞加入神经干细胞分化液分化7 d后,免疫荧光观察细胞分化及分别计算两种细胞胶质细胞和神经元细胞的分化率;CCK-8法检测其细胞在1 d、2 d、3 d时的A值来观察细胞增殖能力。结果转铁蛋白受体基因神经干细胞和正常神经干细胞均可分化成神经元和胶质细胞,且二者分化率未见明显差异(P0.05);转基因神经干细胞的增殖能力未受抑制(P0.05)。结论转铁蛋白受体基因神经干细胞的增殖分化未受明显影响,为下一步转铁蛋白受体转基因神经干细胞的应用提供支持。     

神经反馈调节健康个体注意力的研究进展

神经反馈是指通过脑机交互方式,将大脑活动转换成声音、图像、游戏等形式反馈给个体,以实现自主调节脑功能的目的。注意力是认知功能的重要方面,不仅是儿童发展成长的影响因素,也是成人日常生活中不可替代的重要心理品质。越来越多的实证研究已经发现神经反馈对健康个体的注意力具有调节作用,但缺乏对相关研究进展的总结和综述。综述基于大脑节律活动的神经反馈对于健康个体注意力调节作用的研究进展,分析注意力测量范式、学习者和非学习者的划分以及实验设计类型对神经反馈训练效果的影响,指出了追踪实验对研究的必要性。同时提及可用于健康个体注意力调节的其他几种神经反馈技术。期望为神经反馈提高注意能力的研究和实践提供参考。     

超声刺激参数在超声神经调控中的作用

超声神经调控作为一种新型的非侵入型刺激脑神经的技术,受到越来越多的关注。为了能将这项技术更精准地用于临床,科学家们做了大量的离体和在体动物实验研究,相关研究结果表明:超声波的强度、频率、持续时间、声脉冲群重复频率及照射靶点的区域尺寸是超声刺激效应的影响因素,调节这些超声刺激参数可使得被刺激部位的中枢神经产生兴奋或抑制效应,可进行可逆的神经调控。为了进一步揭示超声刺激参数和神经调控效应之间的关系,本文首先简单阐述了超声神经调控的发展历程、可能的神经作用机制,着重总结了超声刺激参数对神经调控的影响,并对未来超声神经调控研究方向进行了初步展望。     

骶神经损伤对家犬膀胱功能和后肢肌力影响的实验研究

目的：研究不同节段骶神经对膀胱功能和后肢肌力的影响。方法：对12只正常家犬进行选择件S1～S3神经离断术,分别于术后1,3,7,14天及1月用尿流动力学测压仪测量其膀胱压力容积,并观察其后肢肌力变化。结果：双侧S1S2神经的损伤对犬膀胱功能和后肢肌力影响最大。结论：骶神经损伤的节段不同对膀胱功能和后肢肌力的影响具有显著区别。     

大鼠坐骨神经不同部位损伤和损伤后脊髓前角运动神经元胞体的改变

对周围神经损伤的主要外科处理方法是恢复断裂神经的连续性。目前,周围神经损伤后的手术方式较多,如神经外膜缝合、神经束膜缝合、骨骼肌桥接、自体神经移植及非神经移植材料桥接等。根据临床观察,修复后的神经感觉和运动功能恢复程度具有较大差别。虽然人们已经注意到了神经损伤的部位、损伤后的时间等因素对神经功能恢复的影响,但在周围神经不同部位的损伤和损     

Treatment of Aptitude X Treatment interactions

The main effects in psychotherapy research have been smaller than expected. Rather than concluding that psychotherapy has weak effects, clinical researchers have argued that average effect sizes are reduced because of mismatches between clients and treatment. Hence, Aptitude X Treatment interaction (ATI) research has been viewed as a promising new frontier in psychotherapy research. If ATI research is to become a productive and progressive program, then researchers will need to focus their attention on interesting and meaningful ATIs. This will require greater theoretical precision and a stronger emphasis on construct validity. Specific issues addressed in this article include Type II and Type III errors, manipulation checks from both the patient and practitioner perspective, considerations of the strength of treatment, the need to test rival hypotheses, and the desirability of collaborative research.     

Treatment Integrity and Differential Treatment Effects

Bhar and Beck (2009) examined the extent to which treatment integrity procedures were implemented in studies comparing psychoanalytic psychotherapies and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Consistent with other reports on attention to treatment integrity in psychotherapy research, the authors noted that most of the evaluated studies did not adequately implement treatment integrity procedures. This highlights methodological neglect of treatment integrity and a need to amend errors in monitoring the independent variables under investigation. This commentary considers how Bhar and Beck's investigation affects the dodo bird verdict that all psychotherapies are presumed to be of equal efficacy. Further, ways to examine the treatment integrity of process-oriented treatments (e.g., humanistic, psychoanalytic) are discussed.     

Treatment of giardiasis

Giardia lamblia is both the most common intestinal parasite in the United States and a frequent cause of diarrheal illness throughout the world. In spite of its recognition as an important human pathogen, there have been relatively few agents used in therapy. This paper discusses each class of drugs used in treatment, along with their mechanism of action, in vitro and clinical efficacy, and side effects and contraindications. Recommendations are made for the preferred treatment in different clinical situations. The greatest clinical experience is with the nitroimidazole drugs, i.e., metronidazole, tinidazole, and ornidazole, which are highly effective. A 5- to 7-day course of metronidazole can be expected to cure over 90% of individuals, and a single dose of tinidazole or ornidazole will cure a similar number. Quinacrine, which is no longer produced in the United States, has excellent efficacy but may be poorly tolerated, especially in children. Furazolidone is an effective alternative but must be administered four times a day for 7 to 10 days. Paromomycin may be used during early pregnancy, because it is not systematically absorbed, but it is not always effective. Patients who have resistant infection can usually be cured by a prolonged course of treatment with a combination of a nitroimidazole with quinacrine.