冠脉造影法在冠心病诊断中价值

自1958年Sones通过股动脉切开,逆行插入特制的尖端呈弧形的导管,置入左右冠状动脉开口进行冠状动脉造影,到1967年Judkins和Amplats相继采用经股动脉穿刺途径插入预成形导管进行冠状动脉造影术,使该方法在临床上得到广泛应用,选择性冠状动脉造影术已成为现代诊断冠心病的"金标准".     

急性冠脉综合征冠状动脉造影特点

目的了解急性冠脉综合征(ACS)冠脉血管病变情况,为临床分析病情、制定治疗方案提供客观依据.方法对其造影显示的冠脉病变支数、部位、狭窄程度、危险分层及相关因素进行分析.结果 148例确诊ACS患者纳入研究范围,不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)66例,急性心肌梗死(AMI)82例.单支病变94例,占63.5%,双支42例,占28.4%,三支11例,占7.4%;犯罪血管分布中左前降支(LAD)81例,占54.7%,左回旋支(LCX)13例,占8.7%,右冠状动脉(RCA)53例,占35.8%,左主干1例,占0.7%.犯罪血管狭窄程度及危险程度分层中,狭窄在50%～74%者35例,占23.6%,狭窄在75%～99%者82例,占55.4%,完全闭塞者24例(其中AMI 20例,UAP 4例),占16.2%,狭窄<50%者7例,占4.7%.犯罪血管危险程度分层中,低危者27例,占18.2%,中危者54例,占36.5%,高危者53例,占35.8%,极高危者7例,占4.7%;中、高危病变共计107例,占总数的72.3%.结论 ACS患者冠脉造影显示大部分有严重的冠脉病变,部分完全闭塞,应积极考虑急诊PTCA及支架术等介入治疗或外科手术,血运重建,改善预后.     

Progress in coronary angioplasty

Angioplasty offers an alternative to bypass grafting for an increasing number of patients with coronary artery disease. Improvements in catheter design and manufacture have been responsible for an enlargement of the indications which now include patients with multiple vessel coronary artery disease and those with acute evolving myocardial infarction. The application of laser technology may assist in the reopening of chronically occluded arteries.     

Results of coronary angioplasty in coronary bifurcation. Report of 61 cases

These are the results of 61 bifurcations treated by percutaneous coronary angioplasty in 50 patients (41 males, 9 females) between 1998 and 2003. Bifurcation stenosis, dominated by type I of bifurcation classification. Global restenosis rate was 20% and didn't concern any case of kissing balloon. Restenosis rate in bifunction angioplasty is similar to that of the other sites; besides, it's twice more important when we stent both of the principal and collateral arteries unless we did kissing balloon. Te interventional treatment of bifurcation stenosis is feasible, with restenosis rate similar to the other types of lesions if we proceed systematicaly to kissing balloon.     

320排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影对冠心病的筛选诊断

目的：探讨320排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉血管造影对冠心病的诊断价值。方法：对100例冠心病患者进行CT冠状动脉造影检查后,其中25例患者亦进行了介入冠状动脉造影检查,比较2组检查结果间的差异。结果：以冠状动脉造影结果为金标准,320排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像诊断冠状动脉狭窄敏感度高,与冠状动脉造影检查的结果基本一致。CT冠状动脉造影能清晰地显示冠状动脉的左右主支及分支的全貌图像,能直观地观察到冠状动脉血管壁有无狭窄、钙化等情况。结论：320排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影对血管的狭窄、钙化病变及支架管腔显示准确率较高,且操作相对简单,时间短、无创、费用低,可作为常规冠心病的筛查体检和冠状动脉支架术后复查的检查方法。     

Bivalirudin in percutaneous coronary intervention

Bivalirudin is a member of the direct thrombin inhibitor group of anticoagulants. It has been evaluated as an alternative to unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparins in the settings of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Results of clinical trials to date suggest bivalirudin is a viable alternative to the use of a heparin combined with a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor in these settings. Thrombin has a central role in coagulation and platelet activation in ACS and during PCI. Its direct inhibition is an attractive target for therapy in these settings. Bivalirudin is a 20 amino acid polypeptide hirudin analog. It displays bivalent and reversible binding to the thrombin molecule, inhibiting its action. Direct inhibition of thrombin with bivalirudin has theoretical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages over the indirect anticoagulants. A reduction in rates of bleeding without loss of anti-thrombotic efficacy has been a consistent finding across multiple clinical trials. There may be economic benefits to the use ofbivalirudin if it permits a lower rate of use of the GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. This article reviews the pharmacology of bivalirudin and clinical trial evidence to date. There are now data from multiple clinical trials and meta-analyses in the setting of ACS and PCI. Early results from the acute catheterization and urgent intervention strategy (ACUITY) trial are discussed.     

冠心病心血管病危险因素诊断试验分析

目的 对心血管病危险因素进行诊断试验,探讨其对冠心病的诊断价值.方法 于2008年10月- 2009年12月对山东大学齐鲁医院行冠状动脉造影术的812例患者,进行心血管病危险因素及冠脉造影结果进行分析.结果 根据冠脉造影结果确诊冠心病662例,将患者分为冠心病组与非冠心病组,应用Logistics回归分析结果表明,男性、年龄、高血压(HT)、糖尿病(DM)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)是冠心病的主要危险因素;冠脉造影结果表明,这5个危险因素对冠心病诊断的敏感性为95.47％( 632/662),特异性为64.00％ (96/150),阳性预测值为92.13％(632/686),阴性预测值为76.19％(96/126).结论 男性、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、低HDL-C是冠心病的主要危险因素,其联合应用对冠心病有较高的诊断价值.     

Pre-hospital coronary care and coronary fatality in the Belfast and Glasgow MONICA populations

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe and compare coronary event case fatality and care pathways in two defined populations with access to different models of pre-hospital care provision. METHODS: Secondary analysis of MONItoring of Trends and Determinants in CArdiovascular Disease (MONICA) population coronary event registers (1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 and 1993). RESULTS: Case fatality at 28 days following an acute coronary event was 6.5% greater in the Glasgow MONICA Project (GMP) population (46.7%) than in the Belfast MONICA Project (BMP) population (40.2%). Pre-hospital case fatality was 33.9% in the GMP population and 28.3% in the BMP population. These differences could not be fully explained by mobile coronary care unit (MCCU) responses in the BMP area. Initial care was provided in hospital for 28.3% of the BMP events and only 7.7% of the GMP events. Additional data collected by the Belfast and Glasgow MONICA investigators support a large difference between the median delay to main medical care in the BMP events (120 min) and the median delay to ward admission in the GMP area (220 min) at this time. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the delay between coronary event onset and access to specialist coronary care was the most likely critical difference, irrespective of hospital-based MCCU provision in the BMP area. An established 'culture of early intervention' in Belfast may have been an important factor. As a large proportion of coronary event fatalities continue to occur outside hospital, there is a need to strengthen the evidence base underpinning the provision of appropriate skilled care and treatment at the earliest possible opportunity.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome: focus on bivalirudin

Previously, indirect thrombin inhibitors such as unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin were used as a standard anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention to prevent procedural thrombotic complications but at a risk of hemorrhagic complications. More recently, bivalirudin, a member of the direct thrombin inhibitor class, has been shown to have 1) predictable pharmacokinetics, 2) ability to inhibit free- and clot-bound thrombin, 3) no properties of platelet activation, 4) avoidance of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and 5) a significant reduction of bleeding without a reduction in thrombotic or ischemic endpoints compared to heparin and glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors when used in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome who are planned for an invasive treatment strategy.     

冠心病患者中脂联素在冠状动脉损害中的意义

目的探讨冠心病患者血浆脂联素水平与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的关系。方法根据选择性冠状动脉造影结果将142例患者分为冠心病组和对照组。冠心病组根据临床诊断分为稳定型心绞痛（SAP）组和急性冠脉综合征（ACS）组；根据冠状动脉病变类型分为A型病变、B型病变和C型病变组；根据冠状动脉病变程度分为轻度病变、中度病变和重度病变组。血浆脂联素浓度通过ELISA方法测定。结果冠心病组脂联素浓度明显低于对照组（（6．09±1．85）μg／ml vs （10．25±1．51）μg/ml，P〈0．001），ACS组脂联素浓度又明显低于SAP组（5．45±1．53）μg／ml vs（7．60±1．67）μg／ml，P〈0．001）。随冠状动脉病变类型和病变程度的加重，脂联素浓度逐渐降低，各组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。结论脂联素是冠状动脉粥样硬化的负调控因子，低脂联素血症可以做为预测冠状动脉粥样硬化病变情况及斑块稳定性的一个指标。     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉造影分析

目的探讨冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者的冠状动脉（冠脉）造影特点。方法716例冠心病患者，均行冠脉造影检查。其中冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者340例作为观察组，冠心病不合并2型糖尿病患者376例作为对照组。对两组患者的冠脉造影资料进行分析。结果观察组多支病变高于对照组（56．2％比34．6％，P〈0．05），C型病变高于对照组（54．1％比24．5％，P〈0．05）。结论冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠脉病变广泛且复杂。     

双源CT与冠状动脉造影在冠心病诊断中的对比研究

目的 通过与冠状动脉造影(CAG)对比,评估双源CT(DSCT)诊断冠状动脉狭窄程度的准确度.方法 对100例可疑冠心病、临床诊断为心绞痛和心肌梗死以及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后患者分别行DSCT和CAG检查,以CAG诊断结果为参考标准,将DSCT诊断冠状动脉狭窄病变的结果进行整理,分别评估DSCT诊断冠状动脉狭窄＜50％(轻度)、50％～75％(中度)和＞75％(重度)的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值.结果 CAG显示冠状动脉为1320段,DSCT可评估的冠状动脉为1287段,可评估率为97.5％.DSCT诊断冠状动脉狭窄轻、中、重度的灵敏度分别为64.4％(105/163)、88.7％(235/265)和97.4％ (187/192),特异度均为99.7％(617/619),阳性预测值分别为98.1％ (105/107)、99.2％(235/237)和98.9％ (187/189),阴性预测值分别为91.4％(617/675)、95.4％(617/647)和99.2％(617/622),通过Spearman等级相关检验,DSCT和CAG在诊断冠状动脉狭窄程度上显著相关(P＜0.01).结论 DSCT对于冠状动脉狭窄病变诊断的结果与CAG有高度一致性,能够成为可靠的临床筛查手段,节省患者的医疗费用和减少有创检查所带来的痛苦.     

Latest evidence in personalized antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

In patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel, a P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonist, is the gold standard of antiplatelet therapy. Two more potent P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonists are now available. Pharmacodynamic studies have revealed a large interindividual variability in the biological response to clopidogrel that is primarily related to variable active metabolite generation, depending on clinical factors, drug-drug interactions, and genetic polymorphisms. Several assays to measure platelet function are available and have revealed a high prevalence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR). Patients exhibiting HTPR after a clopidogrel loading dose have a higher risk of thrombotic recurrence after percutaneous coronary intervention. A recent consensus has defined HTPR for the main platelet assays available (using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis) to define the optimal cutoff value for each assay in order to predict thrombotic recurrences. In this article, we present several lines of evidence that suggest a therapeutic window of platelet reactivity inhibition with P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonists. Such a paradigm shift is supported by the results of the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial and the Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TRITON-TIMI) 38, which showed the superiority of ticagrelor and prasugrel on thrombotic events compared with clopidogrel; however, these 2 medications had an increased bleeding rate. With the results of these trials, in addition to the evidence of a therapeutic window with P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonists, we summarize the potential of platelet reactivity monitoring and pharmacogenomics to tailor therapy.     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉造影分析

目的 探讨冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者的冠状动脉(冠脉)造影特点.方法 716例冠心病患者,均行冠脉造影检查.其中冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者340例作为观察组,冠心病不合并2型糖尿病患者376例作为对照组.对两组患者的冠脉造影资料进行分析.结果 观察组多支病变高于对照组(56.2%比34.6%,P＜0.05),C型病变高于对照组(54.1%比24.5%,P＜0.05).结论 冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠脉病变广泛且复杂.     

Screening of asymptomatic individuals for coronary disease using CT-calcium measurement in the coronary arteries

Coronary calcification is a specific marker for coronary atherosclerosis. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the risk ofcardiac events can be assessed by the quantification of the extent of coronary calcium. Until now, the predictive value of coronary calcium and its advantage over conventional risk factors has not been proven by any of the available prospective cohort studies. It is particularly likely that assessment of coronary atherosclerosis will help in the decision to initiate or discard a specific therapy in patients with an intermediate risk for cardiac events. Recently it has been suggested that the Framingham risk score (FRS) be replaced by a score corrected by assessing the amount of coronary calcium, which can be obtained by multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT). To this end, the Commission Law Population Investigation has approved a study proposal to evaluate the effects of coronary-calcium screening in 4000 asymptomatic individuals with an intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease. Based on the amount of calcium (calcium score > 100) obtained by MSCT, different treatment strategies will be initiated over a period of 5 years. Hard endpoints will be myocardial infarction, stroke and mortality due to cardiovascular disease.