中文版神经症被束缚自评量表的信度、效度

目的:主要研究中文版神经症被束缚自评量表的信度、效度和其在神经症研究、临床评价中的应用价值。方法:以229名神经症、402名健康人为研究对象,运用克朗巴哈α(Cronbach'sα)系数、分半信度、重测信度、结构效度、内容效度、实证效度检验中文版神经症被束缚自评量表的信度、效度。结果:本量表Cronbach'sα系数为0.809;分半信度为0.779;重测信度为0.852。内容效度、结构效度、实证效度良好。结论:中文版神经症被束缚自评量表的信度、效度良好,适合于中国文化背景临床对神经症被束缚状态的评价和研究应用。     

医学生自主学习能力测评量表的信效度检验

目的对自制的医学生自主学习能力测评量表,进行信度、效度检验,检验其在医学生中的适用性。方法采用横断面调查的方法,用医学生自主学习能力测评量表对全国3423名医学生进行测评。结果总量表重测信度为0.992(P0.001),各分量表重测信度为0.983(P0.001),0.975(P0.001),均在0.700以上,说明此量表具有较好的重复性;总量表Cronbach'α系数为0.929(P0.001),各分量表的Cronbach'α系数为0.809(P0.001),0.914(P0.001),均在0.700以上,说明此量表具有较好的内在一致性;总量表分半信度为0.892(P0.001),各分量表分半信度为0.795(P0.001),0.883(P0.001),均在0.700以上,符合量表评价标准;专家对量表总体评定的内容效度指数为0.970(P0.001),表明量表各条目有效反映了其所属维度的内容;结构效度采用因子分析提取出6个因子,累计贡献率为53.194%,数据分析的理论结构与假设基本一致,量表结构效度较好;标准关联效度为0.510(P0.001)说明量表的关联效度高。结论本研究编制的量表具有较好的信度、效度,对于了解医学生自主学习能力,提高其自身素质,具有一定应用价值,同时对医学教育也有一定启示作用。     

体象量表的信度和效度检验

目的 :检验自编体象障碍自评量表的信度和效度。方法 :185名被试参加了测试 ,其中正常人 115名 ,体象障碍患者 70名 ,另有 10 0名学生被试前后测试两次以评定重测信度。计算分半信度 ,内在一致性 ;量表效度 ,项目效度 ,并比较了患者组与正常组因子得分 ,同时进行了因子得分的性别比较。结果 :重测信度为 0 72 0 ,分半信度达 0 999,因子之间的相关系数达 0 7以上 ,Cohranbachα系数为 0 96 5 ;量表的效度系数是 0 6 84,项目的效度系数达 0 6以上。结论 :此体象量表内在一致性良好 ,信度和效度较好。敏感性和特异性较高 ,男女的量表和因子得分无显著差异。     

大学生网络利他行为量表的编制

目的:编制大学生网络利他行为量表。方法:通过开放式问卷调查,形成57个项目的量表初稿,然后采用探索性和验证性因素分析对量表结构进行检验。结果:量表包含30个项目,分为4个因子,解释了总变异的54.647%;总量表的α系数、分半信度和重测信度分别为0.937、0.891和0.859,各维度的α系数在0.800～0.878之间,分半信度在0.781～0.858之间,重测信度在0.711～0.813之间;验证性因素分析显示各拟合指数达到要求。结论:大学生网络利他行为量表具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为进一步研究的工具。     

胃癌患者生活质量问卷(QLQ-STO22)中文版的制定

目的:将QLQ-STO22引入国内,并评价其可行性、信度和效度。方法:以2003年6月1日至12 月31日在某市三家医院入院治疗的胃癌患者为研究对象。调查内容主要包括一般状况、简明病情调查表及QLQ-STO22。结果:重复测量前后比较,STO22量表各个维度的ICC 值均大于0.75;Cronbaeh'a 系数为0.80; 量表的分半信度系数分别为0.78。表明量表的重测信度、分半信度和内部一致性良好。对STO22量表的各个维度做因子分析,得到3个因子,它们分别能解释总体方差的72.8%,各公共因子在相应项目上的因子载荷均>0. 5,表明该量表具有较满意的结构效度。结论:QLQ-STO22中文版具有较好的信度和效度。     

益处发现量表中文版在乳腺癌患者中的信效度检验

目的:评估益处发现量表中文版(BFS-C)在女性乳腺癌患者中的信效度.方法:用BFS-C对605名女性乳腺癌患者施测,间隔四周后随机选取100名被试进行重测.同时采用流调中心用抑郁量表和贝克焦虑问卷作为效标测量工具.结果:探索性因素分析结果表明该量表具有5个因子,分别为:个人成长、世界观、家庭关系、社会关系和接受;总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.96,五个因子的α系数在0.77至0.90之间;总量表及五个因子的重测信度均在0.7以上;验证性因素分析表明该量表五因子结构拟合良好;与抑郁和焦虑显著负相关.结论:益处发现量表中文版具有良好的信度和效度,是评估乳腺癌患者益处发现的可靠工具.     

Barratt冲动量表用于儿童的信度和效度初步研究

目的：考察父母评BIS冲动评定量表的信度和效度。方法：从分半信度、重测信度、以及同质性信度等方面进行信度检验。效度主要从以下两方面加以考察：①结构效度：包括内部一致性和因素结构两方面；②效标效度：包括冲动评定量表与CBCL、Conners量表的多动冲动因子的相关，并比较研究组与异常组得分的差异结果：分半相关系数0．722；重测信度为0．825；量表及因子内部一致性α系数为：注意0．387、运动0．64l、缺少计划0．643、总分0．794；与Conners的多动冲动因子及CBCL的相应因子相关：分析量表因素提了取出6个因子：异常组得分明最较研究组高。结论：父母量袭BIS评定量表的信，效度均较理想．符合心理计量学要求。     

脑卒中失语抑郁量表的试修订

目的：引进脑卒中失语抑郁量表（SADQ）并评价其信度、效度,为该量表在中国的应用推广提供有用的信息.方法：对105名脑卒中患者进行Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）测评,并协助患者完成BDI,同时由患者陪护人员完成SADQ量表,其中30名患者的陪护者被要求2周后进行SADQ复查.结果：①重测信度0.754;②Cronbach＇sα系数为0.809,分半信度为0.743;③因素分析共产生7个因子,共解释了65.641%的方差;④SADQ与BDI的相关为0.548（P＜0.01）;SADQ与HAMD的相关为0.488（P＜0.01）.结论：SADQ的修订版具有良好的信度和效度,基本符合心理测量学标准.     

吸毒患者成功戒毒信心量表的编制和评价

目的:编制和评价吸毒患者成功戒毒信心量表(DARCS)。方法:对全国5个城市的强制戒毒所的1067名戒毒康复期患者进行问卷调查和成功戒毒信心测试,抽取武汉市强制戒毒所的201名戒毒康复期患者进行戒毒信心量表的重测信度测试。结果:量表含有对社会-家庭-环境的信心(SFE)、自我控制力与应对能力信心(SCA)和自我主观意志力信心(SP)三个因子,其解释变异量分别为43.18%、11.74%、6.58%,累积的解释变异量为61.50%;拟合优度指数(GFI)为0.92;量表DARCS、SFE、SCA、SP的克郎巴赫α系数均在0.80以上,重测信度系数为0.57-0.74(P<0.05),总量表的分半信度系数为0.90。结论:DARCS具有良好的信度和效度,可用于吸毒患者成功戒毒信心测评。     

中国人婚姻质量问卷的编制和信效度分析

目的:编制一个婚姻质量问卷,检验问卷的信度和效度.方法:根据婚姻质量的定义和Jackson的量表编制策略,编制了由90个条目组成的婚姻质量问卷;在1303名基本样本、52名重测样本和95名效度样本中,检验问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度.结果:问卷总分的重测相关、分半相关和α系数分别为0.852,0.899和0.925,维度分信度系数分别为0.672～0.856,0.477～0.698和0.462～0.645.本问卷与Olson问卷对应维度显著相关,维度间有较高的相关(0.502～0.745),各维度的因子负荷在0.77以上,条目与维度分有显著相关.婚姻质量与SCL-90的某些因子和MMPI的某些临床量表显著相关,离婚或分居者的婚姻质量显著低于在婚者.结论:婚姻质量问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度、效标效度和实证效度均较理想,符合心理测量学的要求.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.