阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与高血压关系的研究进展

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是一种睡眠时呼吸停止的睡眠障碍.最常见的原因是上呼吸道阻塞,经常以大声打鼾、身体抽动或手臂甩动结束,主要以睡眠中反复发作的呼吸暂停或低通气导致的低氧血症及高碳酸血症为特点.主要分为中枢型、阻塞型及混合型,其中以阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)最为常见,是多种全身性疾病的危险因素,肥胖、年纪大、肌肉松弛的人群高发.多导睡眠图(PSG)是诊断此病的金标准,量化指标是呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)及夜间最低血氧饱和度.研究表明,OSAS常与高血压、冠心病、脑卒中等疾病并存[1],这一现象受到越来越多的心脑血管专家的关注.值得指出的是,流行病学及临床研究证实OSAS与高血压之间存在密切因果关系[2-4].本文主要就阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与高血压的关系进行综述.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与高血压的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hyponea syndrome,OSAHS）是指在睡眠过程中上呼吸道塌陷阻塞引起的呼吸暂停和通气不足,伴有打鼾、睡眠结构紊乱、频繁发生血氧饱和度下降及白天嗜睡等病理综合征。OSAHS与高血压病关系密切,OSAHS是高血压独立危险因素之一,可通过导致血管内皮功能障碍,激活交感神经系统和肾素一血管紧张素一醛固酮系统,促进脂质代谢障碍及增加氧化应激等途径介导高血压病的发生、发展。现就目前OSAHS与高血压研究新进展做一综述。     

伴及不伴OSA高血压患者超敏C反应蛋白和OSA的相关性研究

目的研究伴及不伴睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)高血压患者的超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive pro-tein,hs-CRP)和睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hyperpnoea index,AHI)的相关性,揭示此类疾病与炎症反应的关系,为中西医诊治提供一定的临床研究依据。方法纳入阴虚阳亢型轻中度高血压患者96例,对患者行便携式睡眠仪监测、24h动态血压(AB-PM)监测及hs-CRP检测。采用直线回归和多元逐步回归法分析OSA和hs-CRP及血压的关系。结果与不伴OSA患者相比,伴OSA的轻中度高血压患者的hs-CRP水平明显增高(P<0.05),并且hs-CRP和AHI呈正相关。结论 hs-CRP这一炎症因子参与了伴OSA的轻中度高血压患者的疾病过程,并且与OSA的病情严重程度相关。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与高血压的关系

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者中高血压的患病情况。方法选取90例有睡眠打鼾的儿童,实施多导睡眠监测并同步进行24 h 动态血压监测。按呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分为(OSAS 组(AHI≥5次/h)和对照组(AHI<5次/h),比较两组的临床血压指数值、高血压的发病率和非杓型血压的情况。结果 1)OSAS 组的体质量指数(BMI)、氧减指数(ODI)和睡眠期间血氧饱和度<92%的时间(TST92%)均比对照组高(P<0.05);2)OSAS 组夜间睡眠时的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)指数,以及白昼的收缩压指数较对照组高(P<0.05);3)OSAS 组的高血压发病率及非杓型血压情况比对照组多(P<0.01)。结论儿童 OSAS 与高血压密切相关,且是高血压发病的危险因素,血压多呈非杓型改变。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与高血压的关系

目的 探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者中高血压的患病情况.方法 选取90例有睡眠打鼾的儿童,实施多导睡眠监测并同步进行24 h动态血压监测.按呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分为OSAS组(AHI≥5次/h)和对照组(AHI<5次/h),比较两组的临床血压指数值、高血压的发病率和"非杓型"血压的情况.结果 1)OSAS组的体质量指数(BMI)、氧减指数(ODI)和睡眠期间血氧饱和度<92%的时间(TST92%)均比对照组高(P<0.05),2)OSAS组夜间睡眠时的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)指数,以及白昼的收缩压指数较对照组高(P<0.05);3)OSAS组的高血压发病率及"非杓型"血压情况比对照组多(P<0.01).结论 儿童OSAS与高血压密切相关,且是高血压发病的危险因素,血压多呈"非杓型"改变.     

Previously Unrecognized Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Chinese Subjects With Essential Hypertension

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is found to affect 2–4% of the middle-aged population in several Caucasian studies, whereas the prevalence among other ethnic groups have not been clearly documented. It has been reported that OSA and systemic hypertension are highly associated; we therefore conducted a study on Chinese subjects who were receiving treatment for essential hypertension to assess the prevalence of OSA among this group. Ninety-two consecutive patients being followed up at a hypertension clinic were recruited for a questionnaire survey. The entire study group was aged 54.7 ± 11.7 years, with 40 men. One male subject had a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea on nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) treatment and 46 subjects agreed to an overnight sleep study. Those who underwent sleep study showed selection bias with a higher body mass index and more symptoms associated with OSA. Of the 46 who underwent sleep study, 16 (34.8%) had an obstructive apnea-hypopnea (AHI) score of ≥5 and excessive daytime sleepiness, with a median score of 26.2 (range, 8.3–64.9). Patients in the group with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) thus defined compared with those without OSAS had more men (64.7 vs 17.20%, p= 0.001) and an excess of smokers (31.5 vs 3.3%. p= 0.01) and had significantly more symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness (p= 0.001), daytime fatigue (p= 0.007), and witnessed apneas (p= 0.008). Seven patients accepted treatment with nCPAP and reported improvement in symptoms, but there was no detectable change in clinic blood pressure measurements after 3 months of nCPAP treatment. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of previously unidentified OSAS among Chinese patients with essential hypertension. Increased awareness of both doctors and patients toward this potentially treatable problem is warranted. Accepted for publication: 16 August 1999     

The Relationship between Morning Hypertension and Sleep Quality in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of abnormal diurnal blood pressure (BP) profiles in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in relation to the data of a sleep study. Total 103 patients newly diagnosed with OSAS underwent overnight polysomnography and 24-hour ambulatory BP measurements. Patients without morning or nocturnal hypertension (control group), patients with morning hypertension but not nocturnal hypertension (surge-type group), and patients with both morning and nocturnal hypertension (sustained-type group) were compared. Morning hypertension was present in 54 patients (16 surge-type and 38 sustained-type). The apnea–hypopnea index and sleep efficiency were higher and lower, respectively, in the sustained-type group than in the other groups. Slow-wave sleep incidence was significantly lower in the sustained-type and surge-type groups than in the control group. These results suggest that approximately half the OSAS patients displayed morning hypertension, the sustained-type being more common than the surge-type. Poor sleep quality plays an important role in the pathogenesis of morning hypertension in both the sustained- and the surge-type group.     

Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition of childhood, and is associated with significant morbidity. Prevalence of the condition peaks during early childhood, due in part to adenoidal and tonsillar enlargement within a small pharyngeal space. The lymphoid tissues regress after 10 years of age, in the context of ongoing bony growth, and there is an associated fall in the prevalence of OSA. Obstruction of the nasopharynx by adenoidal enlargement promotes pharyngeal airway collapse during sleep, and the presence of large tonsils contributes to airway obstruction. Administration of systemic corticosteroids leads to a reduction in the size of lymphoid tissues due to anti-inflammatory and lympholytic effects. However, a short course of systemic prednisone has been demonstrated not to have a significant effect on adenoidal size or the severity of OSA, and adverse effects preclude the long-term use of this therapy. Intranasal corticosteroids are effective in relieving nasal obstruction in allergic rhinitis, and allergic sensitization is more prevalent among children who snore than among those who do not snore. Intranasal corticosteroids have also been demonstrated to reduce adenoidal size, independent of the individual’s atopic status. There is preliminary evidence of an improvement in the severity of OSA in children treated with intranasal corticosteroids, but further studies are needed before such therapy can be routinely recommended. Prescribing clinicians should take into account the potential benefits to the patient, the age of the child, the presence of comorbidities such as allergic rhinitis, the agent used, and the dose and duration of treatment when considering such therapy.     

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease

Obstructive sleep apnea is a highly prevalent disease that often goes undetected for many years before diagnosis. Although most patients seek treatment to improve symptoms of daytime sleepiness, a growing body of literature suggests that treatment may also modulate cardiovascular risk. This article summarizes the current literature regarding the associations between sleep-disordered breathing and adverse cardiovascular outcomes and reviews the lesser body of data demonstrating the cardiovascular benefits of therapy.