咪唑立宾治疗儿童频复发型肾病综合征的疗效与安全性

目的 观察应用咪唑立宾(MZR)治疗频复发型NS患儿尿蛋白转阴,血清蛋白、胆固醇恢复及复发情况.方法 18例频复发型NS患儿在给予足量激素的同时,加用MZR口服,观察患儿尿蛋白转阴时间,血清蛋白、胆固醇、尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)恢复情况,并比较应用MZR 0.5年以上患儿与单用激素时的复发频次.结果 足量激素与MZR联合应用后,18例患儿中1例无效,1例失访,余16例患儿于1个月复查时水肿均消退,尿蛋白转阴时间为3～10d(平均6.33 d).10例定期复查达6个月患儿中8例血清蛋白于1个月时恢复正常(≥35 g/L),1例于3个月时恢复正常,另1例于6个月时恢复正常.复查胆固醇,7例1个月时降至正常(＜5.7 mmol/L),另3例均于3个月时降至正常.24 h尿蛋白定量于1个月后复查时发现均较用药前减低,7例为阴性(＜0.4 g),2例减少,1例无变化.用药后肾小管功能(用尿NAG表示)亦有恢复,用药1个月后7例恢复正常,1例仍有升高,9例较前下降;本组患儿未出现呕吐、腹泻等胃肠道症状,用药前后血压、呼吸、心率等均处于正常范围,仅1例出现BUN与Cr增加.结论 MZR联合足量激素治疗频复发型NS可促进患儿尿蛋白转阴,血清蛋白、胆固醇、尿NAG下降,并可减少复发.当MZR常规剂量应用不能有效减少复发频次,冲击治疗可能为一种有效方法.     

Steroid response pattern in Indian children with nephrotic syndrome

Gulati S, Kher V, Sharma RK, Gupta A. Steroid response pattern in Indian children with nephrotic syndrome. Acta Pædiatr 1994;83:530–3. Stockholm. ISSN 08033–5253
The steroid response pattern to standard prednisolone therapy is of immense diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic value for the treating physician in managing children with nephrotic syndrome. None of the studies from our country has analysed the clinical, biochemical and histopathological profile in different steroid response categories. To address this problem we conducted a study comprising 127 children with nephrotic syndrome referred to our Institute. They were treated with oral prednisolone according to the APN protocol. Based on the subsequent response these children were classified into different steroid response categories on follow-up. Of the 116 children with follow-up of more than six months, infrequent relapsers constituted the majority (37.9%). The frequency of other steroid response categories was as follows: frequent relapsers (21.6%), steroid-dependent (18.1%), initial non-responders (17.3%) and subsequent non-responders (5.1%). The factors predicting a poor response to standard prednisolone therapy in our study were age of onset more than eight years, male sex, hypertension, microscopic haematuria and presence of non-minimal change nephrotic syndrome lesions on histopathology     

Cortisone cataract in children with nephrotic syndrome

In a group of 16 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome treated with corticosteroids for longer than 12 months, 9 developed a posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC). No correlation between the frequency of PSC and the duration of treatment and the total dose of treatment with steroids was demonstrable. However, the patients with PSC had received considerably higher average daily doses than those without PSC. Two patients with normal ophthalmologic findings at the end of treatment showed PSC 6 and 9 months later respectively. Only one patient acquired a signficant impairement of visus.     

肾病综合征患儿肾组织原位血管紧张素转换酶mRNA表达与激素疗效关系的研究

目的　探讨肾病综合征 (NS)患儿肾脏局部肾素 血管紧张素系统 (RAS)、激素耐药、肾脏病理损害程度之间的关系 ,阐述激素耐药的部分机制。方法　 85例原发性NS患儿按激素敏感型NS(SSNS)、激素依赖型NS(SDNS)、激素耐药型NS(SRNS)分成 3组 ,选 6例行肾切除的肾肿瘤患儿的正常肾组织作为对照组。采用原位杂交的方法检测 4组患儿肾脏原位血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)mRNA的表达水平 ;评分法半定量评估肾脏的病理损害程度。分析NS患儿肾组织ACEmRNA表达水平、激素反应性、肾脏的病理损害程度间的关系。结果　①在肾小球和小管间质区域的ACEmRNA表达水平均为SRNS组 >SSNS组 >对照组 (P <0 0 1)。②SRNS、SDNS、SSNS肾小球病理损害的评分分别为 :6 6 7± 2 4 3,4 6 8± 2 30 ,4 4 2± 2 87(P <0 0 1) ;小管间质病理损害评分分别为 :10 4 8± 3 77,7 2 0± 2 79,4 2 5± 1 4 8(P <0 0 1)。③肾组织ACEmRNA的表达与肾小球和小管间质病理损害程度呈正相关 ,相关系数分别为 0 4 82 ,0 85。结论　SRNS型NS患儿肾组织ACEmRNA表达增强 ,并且与肾脏的病理损害程度密切相关     

单中心20年原发性肾病综合征不同激素效应患儿临床特点及预后分析

目的 了解原发性肾病综合征患儿激素效应状况及不同激素效应患儿的临床特点和预后.方法 回顾性分析北京大学第一医院1993年1月至2012年12月原发性肾病综合征(24h尿蛋白定量≥50 mg/kg,血浆清蛋白＜25 g/L)患儿的临床资料.纳入随访1年以上者,根据患儿对足量激素的效应分为4周内转阴组、4～8周转阴组和8周耐药组.比较各组性别、年龄、临床表型、并发症、激素不良反应和严重预后(慢性肾功能不全、肾移植或死亡)发生情况的差异.结果 共1 059例患儿符合原发性肾病综合征,激素效应明确者841例,其中4周以内转阴者603例(71.7％,603/841例),4～8周转阴者34例(4.0％,34/841例),8周未转阴者204例(24.3％,204/841例),初次治疗尿蛋白平均转阴时间(13.2±8.9)d,中位转阴时间10.0 d.对随访病程1年以上的369例行进一步分析,4周内转阴组276例(74.8％,276/369例),4～8周转阴组18例(4.9％,18/369例),8周耐药组75例(20.3％,75/369例).3组性别分布相似,起病年龄差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),4周内转阴组、4～8周转阴组和8周耐药组起病年龄分别为(5.2±3.3)岁、(5.7±3.3)岁和(6.6±3.8)岁.4～8周转阴组(单纯型83.3％,15/18例)与4周内转阴组(单纯型95.3％,263/276例)均以单纯型为主,与8周耐药组(单纯型45.3％,34/75例)比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).4～8周转阴组(11.1％,2/18例)与4周内转阴组(4.3％,12/276例)及8周耐药组(0)比较,急性肾上腺皮质功能不全发生率差异有统计学意义(P=0.04).3组间其余激素不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义.4周内转阴组(1.4％,4/276例)、4～8周转阴组(0)和8周耐药组(16.0％,12/75例)比较,严重预后发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 71.7％的原发性肾病综合征患儿在足量激素治疗4周内尿蛋白转阴,4周内尿蛋白未转阴者14.3％的患儿继续足量激素治疗可能在8周内转阴,其余患儿即使足量激素治疗8周尿蛋白亦不能转阴.足量激素治疗8周内转阴患儿以单纯型为主,预后较好,8周耐药者以肾炎型为主,预后较差.对于足量激素治疗4～8周内转阴的患儿需警惕急性肾上腺皮质功能不全的风险.     

环磷酰胺冲击治疗难治性肾病综合征疗效分析

目的　探讨环磷酰胺冲击疗法对难治性肾病综合征的疗效。方法　选择２０ 例难治性肾病综合征患儿,分别给予环磷酰胺（ＣＴＸ）每次１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ,加入１０ ％ 葡萄糖溶液２５０ｍｌ 中静滴,每隔３ ～４ 周１ 次,连用８～１０ 次,后改为每３ 个月１ 次,维持缓解半年至１ 年后停药。累积量１２０～１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,ＣＴＸ 冲击同时联合应用强的松方案常规治疗。结果　冲击治疗后,血浆总蛋白及白蛋白有不同程度的升高,２４ 小时尿蛋白定量有明显降低,冲击治疗前后有显著性差异（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。血肌酐（ＳＣｒ）及内生肌酐清除率（ＣＣｒ） 冲击治疗前后无显著性差异（ Ｐ＞ ０－０５） 。随着冲击次数增加,完全及部分缓解例数增多。结论　环磷酰胺冲击疗法对难治性肾病可获较好疗效,尤其对频繁复发和激素依赖的患儿治疗效果好。     

Childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in Turkey

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that there are racial and regional differences in peak incidence age, histopathological features and response to steroid therapy in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-eight patients with a diagnosis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, followed up in 1994-2000, were assessed retrospectively. The aim of this study was to assess the patients' response pattern to steroid therapy, to determine whether the duration of the initial steroid therapy alters the steroid response pattern of the disease and to assess renal biopsy results. RESULTS: One hundred and fourteen patients who initially received only steroid therapy and were followed up regularly were classified according to response pattern. Of the 114 patients, 30 children had an initial response, 25 children had infrequent relapse, 19 had frequent relapse, 25 had steroid dependence and 15 children had steroid resistance. The 99 patients with steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome were divided into two groups with respect to duration of the initial steroid therapy. There was no statistically significant difference between standard and short therapy groups with respect to the steroid response patterns. Percutaneous renal biopsy was performed in 43 of the 138 patients. Mesengioproliferative glomerulonephritis was the most common histopathological lesion, followed by membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. The proportions of membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change nephrotic syndrome were low in our group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study group is similar to one reported from Saudi Arabia with respect to the steroid response pattern and to Saudi Arabian and Nigerian reports with respect to the histopathology. Although it has been reported that short initial steroid therapy was followed by a higher rate of relapses, there was no statistically significant difference between standard and short therapy groups with respect to the relapse rate in our study group.     

糖皮质激素的基础及其在儿童肾病综合征中的临床应用

糖皮质激素是临床应用最广泛的药物之一,其在肾病综合征中更是得到了广泛应用.该文重点从糖皮质激素的基础如分类、临床剂量区分、作用机制、应用的基本原则、肾上腺轴被抑制与否的判断、注意事项及在肾病综合征中的临床应用等方面进行概述.     

Long-term low-dose cyclosporin A in steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome of childhood

Therapy of steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is often unsatisfactory. Since 1986 we have treated nine children (six male and three female), aged 3–16 years, with cyclosporin A (CsA) during 2.0–5.2 (median 3.1) years. All had minimal change disease on renal biopsy and had previously received cyclophosphamide. Mean daily dosage of CsA was 4.1 mg/kg (range 2.7–5.8) and mean whole blood trough level was 220ng/ml (range 141–271). The relapse rate decreased from 3.4/patient year before CsA to 0.55 on CsA. Discontinuation of CsA or reduction below 2 mg/kg daily was always followed by a relapse. The overall relapse rate, including the period with very low-dose CsA, was 0.95/patient year. Four patients required additional low-dose alternate-day prednisone. Repeat renal biopsy showed minimal change disease in eight patients and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in one; CsA-toxicity was mild in two and moderate in one. The latter was the only patient with slightly reduced glomerular filtration rate. Two boys with delayed puberty spontaneously matured and reached expected final height. We conclude that long-term low-dose CsA is very effective and steroid-sparing. Its use is justified in selected patients, particularly in those with numerous relapses and in male patients before and during puberty, as long as renal function and CsA-toxicity are carefully monitored.     

长春新碱对激素依赖型肾病综合征的治疗

目的：目前对于激素依赖型肾病综合征的治疗仍较困难,我们回顾性地评价了长春新碱对用过环磷酰胺治疗后而仍有复发的激素依赖型肾病综合征患儿的治疗效果。方法：14例口服过一个疗程以上环磷酰胺而仍有复发的激素依赖型肾病综合征患儿接受了长春新碱治疗。长春新碱的用法为每周静脉注射1次,连用4周,然后每月1次,连用4月,每次剂量为1~1.5 mg/m2。结果：13例完成了长春新碱的整个疗程。正处于肾病复发期的8例患儿,6例(75%)完全缓解,蛋白尿在用长春新碱治疗2~3剂后消失。在疗程结束后对处于肾病缓解状态的12例患儿随访,发现4例(33.3%)未再复发,持续保持缓解9~40月(中位数为13.5月);半年内的肾病复发次数由治疗前的1.67次降至0.67次(P<0.05);8例再复发者,7例再次注射长春新碱(1 mg/m2)1~2剂后蛋白尿均消失。除用1.5 mg/m2剂量时腹痛较显著外患儿未出现其他明显副作用。结论：长春新碱能诱导激素依赖型肾病综合征复发患儿的完全缓解,还有可能降低复发频率。对于再复发患儿,少数几次长春新碱的使用可能优于口服一个疗程的泼尼松龙或环孢素。[中国当代儿科杂志,2005,7(6):495-498]     

Persistent hypercholesterolaemia in frequently relapsing steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome

Objective: To investigate long-term changes of serum cholesterol levels in children with frequently relapsing steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome (NS).
Methodology: Serum cholesterol values just before and during or immediately after 'relapse' were reviewed and the incidence of hypercholesterolaemia (≥200 mg/dL) was determined in eight patients (M:F, 6:2).
Results: The patients with frequently relapsing NS usually showed hypercholesterolaemia (mean incidence, 81%) just before 'relapse' during clinical remission, as well as in relapse (mean incidence, 96%). A high incidence of steroid therapy was also found in each case (mean, 89%) just before relapse.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that children with frequently relapsing NS have prolonged periods of hypercholesterolaemia, even during clinical remission. It is suggested that serum lipid profiles be monitored carefully in such patients.     

激素敏感型单纯性肾病外周血白细胞乙酰肝素酶基因表达的研究

目的　研究激素敏感型单纯性肾病 (SRSNS)外周血白细胞中乙酰肝素酶 (Hpa)基因表达水平及其与尿蛋白定量之间的关系 ,探讨肾小球基底膜电荷屏障破坏的机制。方法　采用逆转录 聚合酶链反应的方法 ,分别对 4 3例SRSNS患儿 (活动期 2 3例、恢复期 10例、缓解期 10例 )、2 3例肾炎性肾病、15例紫癜性肾炎 (肾病型 )和 15例正常对照儿童外周血白细胞中Hpa基因表达水平进行半定量研究。结果　 (1)SRSNS活动期Hpa表达量 (1 2 7± 0 36 )高于肾炎性肾病、紫癜性肾炎 (肾病型 )和正常对照组 (0 36± 0 13) ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 0 1)。 (2 )不同阶段的SRSNS患者之间Hpa表达量活动期 >恢复期 >缓解期 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;缓解期 (0 34± 0 18)与正常对照组之间差异无显著意义。 (3)SRSNS组活动期、恢复期和缓解期Hpa表达水平与尿蛋白定量之间呈正相关 (rs=0 75 1,P <0 0 0 1)。结论　外周血白细胞Hpa表达的增高可能与SRSNS大量蛋白尿的产生有关。     

小儿肾病综合征的中长期随访研究

目的探讨小儿肾病综合征（ＮＳ）的预后及有关因素。方法对７２例小儿ＮＳ患儿作中、长期随访,其中１６例随访１０年,４９例随访５年,７２例随访３年。结果３组的完全缓解率分别为７５％、８４％及７９％。基本痊愈率在５年组为４９％,１０年组为６９％。死亡３例。结论肾小球的组织学改变与预后有关。小儿ＮＳ总的预后较好;微小病变、膜性肾病的预后较局灶硬化、弥漫性硬化及膜增殖型要好;轻、中度系膜增殖型预后好,严重增殖者预后较差。延长激素疗程,缓慢停药可增加缓解率,减少反复     

Treatment of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome

Childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a chronic glomerular disorder, and if untreated, is associated with increased risk of life-threatening infections, thromboembolism, lipid abnormalities, and malnutrition. The aim of the management of NS in children is to induce and maintain complete remission with resolution of proteinuria and edema without encountering serious adverse effects of therapy. Over 90% of cases in children are due to minimal change disease (MCD) and a majority of them will respond to corticosteroid therapy. Steroid sensitive NS is considered to be a relatively benign condition; progression to end stage renal failure is extremely rare and over 80% achieve spontaneous remission in later childhood. The early disease is characterized by a relapsing course, placing the child at risk of acute complications. The occurrence of frequent relapses necessitates clear therapeutic strategies in order to maintain sustained remission and minimize steroid toxicity. Numerous therapeutic regimens have been proposed utilizing steroid sparing agents such as alkylating agents, principally, cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, calcineurin inhibitors namely cyclosporin A and immunomodulatory drug levamisole with variable success and associated side-effects. It is therefore important that the benefits and risks of these agents are weighed before considering their use in the treatment of patients with NS.     

糖皮质激素对肾病综合征患儿成骨细胞功能的影响

目的　糖皮质激素是治疗肾病综合征的首选药物。但糖皮质激素可抑制成骨细胞功能,导致骨质疏松。该研究通过检测成骨细胞不同分化阶段的生化指标:I型前胶原羧基端前肽(PICP)、骨钙素(BGP)和总碱性磷酸酶(AKP),探讨糖皮质激素对肾病综合征(NS)患儿成骨细胞功能的影响。方法　测定正常对照组(n=30),未治NS患儿(n=30)和激素治疗后NS患儿(每日泼尼松2mg/kg治疗4 ~8周,n=30)血清PICP、BGP及AKP水平。结果　未治NS患儿血清PICP165 ±56μg/L,BGP15 ±9ng/L水平明显低于正常对照组205 ±81μg/L, 19 ±12ng/L(均P<0. 05),而血清总AKP198 ±71U/L与正常对照组202 ±46U/L比较差异无显著性。激素治疗后NS患儿血清PICP85 ±56μg/L、BGP8±5ng/L、AKP104 ±59 U/L均明显低于未治NS患儿(P<0. 01)。结论　NS患儿本身存在骨合成障碍,大剂量糖皮质激素治疗可进一步抑制NS患儿的成骨细胞合成功能。     

肾病综合征患儿血清铁与转铁蛋白的变化

目的：肾病综合征(NS)患儿尿中丢失白蛋白的同时也伴有转铁蛋白的丢失,测定血清铁及转铁蛋白等铁代谢相关指标以及尿转铁蛋白,了解其变化及其相互关系。方法：NS患儿37例,测定其治疗前和恢复期铁代谢相关指标(血清铁、铁蛋白、转铁蛋白、转铁蛋白饱和度、总铁结合力以及外周血红细胞参数)及尿转铁蛋白,并与正常对照组比较。结果：①在NS治疗前血清铁为18.8±3.8μmol/L,分别与恢复期的21.0±3.5μmol/L,及对照组的22.2±3.8μmol/L比较,差异有显著性(P<0.01);转铁蛋白为1.9±0.3g/L,分别与恢复期的2.9±0.6g/L和对照组的3.1±0.5g/L比较,差异有显著性(P<0.01);总铁结合力为56.4±9.2μmol/L,分别与恢复期的51.9±7.7μmol/L和对照组的50.7±6.8μmol/L比较,差异亦有显著性(均P<0.01);转铁蛋白饱和度为(55.7±9.2)%,与NS恢复期及对照组的(47.4±13.3)%,(46.4±8.2)%比较,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。②血清白蛋白与转铁蛋白呈正相关(r=0.609,P<0.01)。③血清转铁蛋白浓度与尿转铁蛋白呈负相关(r=-0.550,P<0.01)。结论：NS患儿血清铁及转铁蛋白明显降低,可能与转铁蛋白从尿中丢失有关。     

激素耐药型和激素依赖型肾病患儿肾脏病理计量分析

目的 探讨病理计量分析评价激素耐药型（SR）和激素依赖型（SD）肾病综合征患儿的肾脏病理损害及其临床应用意义。方法 采用自行研制的评分法,对73例SR型和SD型肾病患儿的肾脏病理从病理类型、肾小球病变、小管间质病变、肾脏总的病理损害4个方面计量分析,并以血尿素氮为应变量,临床表现和肾脏病理计分为自变量进行逐步回归分析。结果 （1）病理类型评分结果：微小病变、局灶节段肾小球硬化、膜性肾病、系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎和系膜增生性肾小球肾炎五组间的年龄、病程、复发次数、血尿素氮、胆固醇、白蛋白、尿蛋白定量、肾脏总的病理损害的差异均无显著意义,而五组患儿的肾小球病变计分分别为1,5,5,6,5,微小病变组与其他各组比较差异有显著意义（H＝19．278,P＜0．01）。（2）73例患儿肾小球病变计分结果：正常2例（3％）,轻度53例（73％）,中度17例（23％）,重度1例（1％）。且正常、轻度、中度三组间血尿素氮、小管间质病变的差异有显著意义（H＝8．40,P,0．01;H＝11．56,P＜0．05）。（3）肾小管间质病变计分结果：轻度23例（34％）,中度37例（18％）,且轻、中、重三组间病程、复发次数、血尿素氮、肾小球病变计分的差异均有显著意义。（H值分别为25．016,38．775,14．944,10．625,P值均＜0．01）。（4）肾脏损害的总分结果：轻度33例（45％）,中度34例（7％）,重度6例（8％）,轻、中、重三组间病程、复发次数、血尿素氮的差异有显著意义（H值分别为19．42,14．335,18．923,P值均＜0．01）。（5）以血尿素氮为应变量行逐步回归分析,小管间质及肾小球损害对血尿素氮均有显著影响,小管间质病变的回归系数为0．862（P＜0．01）;肾小球病变的回归系数为0．212（P＜0．05）。结论 采用评分法对肾脏病理进行主分评价其病变程度,具有临床实用性,尤其对小管间质病变的计分评价对判断肾功能受损更有价值。     

儿童原发性肾病综合征载脂蛋白E 基因检测及临床意义

目的　研究原发性肾病综合征 (INS)患儿血浆载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性分布及对血脂代谢的影响。方法　选择 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 9月潍坊市人民医院收治的 5 2例INS患儿 ,并选择 6 9名健康儿童作为对照组 ,测定其血清胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白 (HDL)、低密度脂蛋白 (LDL)、载脂蛋白AI及载脂蛋白B10 0 (ApoAI,ApoB10 0 )水平 ,用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性 (PCR RFLP)检测ApoE基因型。结果　与对照组相比 ,INS患儿血清TC、TG、LDL、HDL、ApoAI和ApoB10 0水平增高 (P <0 0 1) ;其Apoε等位基因频率分布不均 ,ε2、ε3、ε4等位基因携带者的TC、TG、ApoB10 0水平差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。与ε3等位基因携带者相比 ,ε2携带者TG水平较高 ,LDL水平较低 (P <0 0 5 ) ;ε4携带者TC水平较高 ,TG水平较低 (P <0 0 5 )。ε2、ε3、ε4等位基因与TC、LDL浓度呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 )。难治性肾病综合征 (RNS)患儿Apoε2等位基因频率较对照组显著增高 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　INS患儿Apoε等位基因频率分布与对照组无差异 ,RNS患儿Apoε2等位基因频率显著增高 ,脂质代谢紊乱持续存在 ,易发生肾脏损害 ,应及早加用降血脂药物治疗。     

利妥昔单抗对儿童难治性肾病综合征的治疗进展

难治性肾病综合征是导致儿童终末期肾脏病的主要原因之一,也是临床治疗的棘手问题.虽然包括免疫抑制剂在内的多种治疗方法已经对儿童难治性肾病综合征表现出了良好的治疗效果以及安全性,但是仍有很多患儿不能获得缓解.近年来,新型免疫抑制剂利妥昔单抗用于治疗难治性肾病综合征取得了较好效果,很多病例分析以及临床试验对利妥昔单抗治疗儿童难治性肾病综合征的有效性进行了报道.该文就该药治疗儿童难治性肾病的疗效和安全性等作一综述.