黄体生成素释放激素免疫反应神经元在五命脑中分布的研究

应用免疫组织化学方法，研究了环鸽（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｐｅｌｉａ ｒｉｓｏｒｉａ）脑中ＬＨＲＨ－ＩＲ细胞的分布，结果表明：黄体生成素释放激素（ＬＨＲＨ）免疫阳性细胞主要分布在前连合（ＣＡ）肯内和腹内侧、下丘脑外侧核（ＬＨｙ）、内侧隔核（ＳＭ）腹内侧、内视前核（ＰＯＭ）区和前有核ＰＯＡ区。ＬＨＲＨ免疫反庆细胞分布中心位于ＰＯＡ。由于下丘脑一些脑区与鸟类控制发声和听觉脑区存在直接神经纤维连系，这些鸟类听觉，     

P物质神经元在鸽旁听觉神经通路中的分布

目的　观察P物质 (SP)在鸽旁听觉神经通路中的分布。　方法　免疫组织化学ABC方法。　结果　SP免疫阳性神经元胞体及纤维集中分布在中脑外侧核背部 (MLd)周围的丘间核 (ICo)、脑桥外膝体腹侧核 (VLV)的周围、丘脑卵圆核 (Ov)的背侧和内侧、下丘脑腹内侧核 (VMN)周围、端脑带状核 (Tn)周边区及端脑的视前区前核(POA)。　结论　在鸽旁听觉神经通路和控制生殖脑区中存在大量SP免疫阳性结构 ,推测SP可能参与了鸟类的发声控制及生殖内分泌调制。     

鸽中脑半圆隆枕传出投射的研究

应用ＰＨＡ－Ｌ和Ｂｉｏｃｙｔｉｎ两种神经示踪物对非鸣禽环鸽（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｐｅｌｉａｒｉｓｏｒｉａ）中脑半圆隆枕（ｔｏｒｕｓｓｅｍｉｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｉｓ）的传出投射进行了分区研究。结果发现半圆隆枕丘间核内缘（ＩＣＭ）发出两束纤维分别向尾端投射至外侧丘系背核腹侧（ＬＬＤｖ）周围和向首端投射至丘脑卵形壳（Ｏｖ－ｓｈｅｌｌ）；丘间核（ＩＣｏ）发出的纤维直接投射至下丘脑前内侧核（ＡＭ）。从脑桥至听丘各级听神经核周围，均存在疏松网状神经纤维结构区，它们相互连接形成了一条与经典听觉神经通路相平行的旁听觉神经通路。这是首次关于鸟类发声、听觉和内分泌三维系统存在直接神经环路联系的较为完正的报道。     

大鼠下丘脑内侧区生长抑素神经元的生后发育

实验应用丙烯醛浸泡固定，ＰＡＰ免疫组化方法，对生后０－３０天大鼠下丘脑内侧区背，腹内侧核生长抑素（ｓｏｍａｔｏｓｔａｔｉｎ，ＳＳ）神经元的生后发育进行了观察。结果表明新生大鼠下丘脑背，腹内侧核ＳＳ神经元形态发育为成熟。生后阶段ＳＳ神经元数量呈增多趋势。二周达高峰，背内侧核ＳＳ神经元染色明显变浅。三周腹内侧核大多数ＳＳ神经元消失，仅见少数阳性神经元散在分布。但在背内侧核内仍可见到浅染的ＳＳ神经元胞体     

强啡肽B免疫反应阳性神经元在大鼠丘脑的分布及与精氨酸加压素的共存

实验应用免疫细胞化学ＰＡＰ法显示了强啡肽Ｂ免疫活性阳性神经元在大鼠下丘脑形态特征和分布特点。结果表明：强啡肽Ｂ正常条件下免疫活性阳性神经元仅在下丘脑的视上核、室旁核、环核、附属神经分泌核和室管膜．正中隆起处有强啡肽Ｂ免疫活性阳纤维分布。侧脑室注射秋水仙素后在下丘脑视前区、前区、室周核、前连合核、交叉上核、交叉后核、弓状核、背侧区、痛内侧核、穹隆周核、下丘脑外侧区、腹内侧核、室周大细胞区等核区显示了     

肾母细胞瘤过度表达基因mRNA在大鼠中枢神经系统的原位杂交定位

为了了解肾母细胞瘤过度表达基因（ＮＯＶ）ｍＲＮＡ在中枢神经系统的定位，用地高辛标记的ｃＲＮＡ探针原位杂交组织化学方法，研究了ＮＯＶ原癌基因ｍＲＮＡ在成年大鼠中枢神经系统的分布。结果显示，在颞叶、听区、梨状前皮质、纹状皮质、海马复合体、杏仁基内侧核、杏仁皮质核、杏仁内侧核、杏仁外侧核、丘脑腹后内侧核、丘脑腹后外侧核、丘脑外侧背核、下丘脑腹内侧核、下丘脑背侧核、下丘脑背内侧核、下丘脑弓状核、脑桥面神经核、脑桥网状结构、前庭神经外侧核、前庭神经上核、脊髓前角均有较多ＮＯＶｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元分布，提示ＮＯＶ原癌基因在大鼠中枢神经系统内可能起重要作用     

下丘脑室旁核神经元多重神经支配的电镜研究

为了探讨下丘脑神经内分泌的突触调控机制，本文用电镜细胞化学与免疫电镜双标技术相结合的方法，研究了大鼠下丘脑室旁核神经元的多重神经支配。即先用６－ＯＨＤＡ损毁ＣＡ能神经末梢，再于振动切片上用包埋前免疫电镜法，分别以ＤＡＢ和ＴＡＢ为呈色剂先后对肽能（ＯＴ或ＳＰ）神经元和ＧＡＢＡ神经元进行双重标记。电镜观察结果表明：在下丘脑室旁核内存在肽能（ＯＴ，ＳＰ）和氨基酸（ＧＡＢＡ）能神经元及ＣＡ神经末梢；ＯＴ神     

大鼠下丘脑向嗅球的传出纤维联系──WGA－HRP和HRP法研究

采用ＷＧＡ－ＨＲＰ和ＨＲＰ逆行追踪法，对２０只ＳＤ大鼠下丘脑向嗅球的投射进行了观察。在同侧下丘脑视前大细胞核均观察到较多的酶标记细胞；同侧下丘脑外侧核和室周核常出现少量酶标记细胞；偶见同侧下丘前核、乳头体外侧核、下丘脑腹内侧核前部、背内侧核腹侧部及弓状核出现少量酶标记细胞。     

雌三醇对胚胎小鼠脑发育的影响

用免疫吸附及免疫组织化学方法研究了在妊娠期给予雌三醇对小鼠胚胎脑发育的影响。免疫定量结果表明：在小鼠生后１４ ｄ,雌三醇可增加神经元特异性标记物 神经元特异性烯醇化酶及神经丝的表达,而神经胶质细胞特异性标记物 神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白不受影响。免疫组织化学反应结果表明：雌三醇增加了位于视束前区,下丘脑视交叉上核、腹内侧核以及杏仁核等结构神经元的神经元特异性烯醇化酶的阳性反应强度,也增加了位于视束前外侧核神经元的神经丝反应强度。雌三醇除了明显减少了海马神经胶质细胞的神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白的表达外,在脑的其它区域对该抗原的反应性未见影响。本研究结果表明：妊娠期给予雌三醇可影响胚胎脑“性中枢”（ＰＯＡ ＡＭ ＢＨ ＡＭ 功能复合体）的发育。     

白细胞介素6受体样免疫反应性细胞在大鼠脑内的分布

目的　研究白细胞介素６ 受体（ＩＬ－６Ｒ和ｇｐ１３０）免疫反应性细胞在大鼠脑内的分布。方法　采用ＡＢＣ免疫组织化学方法。结果　ＩＬ－６Ｒ免疫反应性细胞主要分布在下丘脑的视前区、腹内侧核、室旁核和弓状核;在海马,ＩＬ－６Ｒ阳性细胞呈强阳性,密集分布于齿状回颗粒细胞层和ＣＡ１ ～ＣＡ２ 锥体细胞层;在大脑皮层、嗅结节、丘脑腹内侧核、终纹床核等处也有ＩＬ－６Ｒ阳性细胞。ｇｐ１３０ 阳性细胞主要分布于下丘脑的室周核、室旁核的内侧小细胞部、弓状核及视上核,在大脑皮层也有ｇｐ１３０ 阳性大锥体细胞的分布。ｇｐ１３０ 阳性细胞亦见于尾壳核、杏仁核区、终纹床核,在海马结构内的ｇｐ１３０ 阳性细胞较ＩＬ－６Ｒ染色较浅。此外,ＩＬ－６ 两种受体亚单位的免疫反应性细胞也散在分布于小脑皮层、小脑外侧核以及延髓／脑干。结论　在大鼠脑内广泛分布着ＩＬ－６ 两种受体亚单位的免疫反应性细胞,提示ＩＬ－６ 及其受体可能具有重要的神经生物学意义。     

血管活性肠肽在环鸽旁听觉神经通路中的分布

为了解非鸣禽环鸽脑中血管活性太在旁神经通路中的分布，用免疫组织化和神经宗方法研究了５只成年环鸽 。     

Ascending and descending components of the medial forebrain bundle in the rat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase-blue reaction

Summary The ascending and descending components of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with a sensitive substrate. The HRP was injected iontophoretically into the MFB at various levels from the anterior commissure to the posterior hypothalamus. In order to prevent the diffusion of HRP to other brain areas, a double micropipette system was used. The descending components of the MFB are derived from (1) the anterior cingulate area, infra- or prelimbic area, and sulcal cortex, (2) the lateral septal nucleus and diagonal band, (3) the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, (4) the paraventricular nucleus (5) the substantia innominata, (6) the amygdaloid complex (AM), (7) the ventromedial (VM) and dorsomedial (DM) hypothalamic nuclei, (8) the entopeduncular nucleus and (9) nucleus periventricularis stellatocellularis. The ascending components of the MFB originate in: (1) the medial preoptic nucleus, (2) the nucleus periventricularis stellatocellularis and rotundocellularis, (3) the posterior hypothalamic nucleus, (4) the parafascicular nucleus, (5) the ventral premammillary nucleus, (6) the substantia grisea periventricularis, (7) the lateral habenular nucleus, (8) the VM and DM, (9) the paratenial nucleus, (10) the AM and (11) the arcuate nucleus.Abbreviations used in Figures and Tables a nucleus accumbens - abl nucleus amygdaloideus basalis, pars lateralis - abm nucleus amygdaloideus basalis, pars medialis - ac nucleus amygdaloideus centralis - AC anterior cingulate area - al nucleus amygdaloideus lateralis - am nucleus amygdaloideus medialis - ar nucleus arcuatus - CC tractus corporis callosi - CSDV commissura supraoptica dorsalis, pars ventralis - DB diagonal band - DM nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami - EP nucleus entopeduncularis - ha nucleus anterior hypothalami - hl nucleus lateralis hypothalami - hp nucleus posterior hypothalami - IL infralimbic area of frontal cortex - lh nucleus habenulae lateralis - LH₁ medial forebrain bundle (MFB) at the level of commissura anterior - LH₂ lateral preoptic area - LH₃ MFB at the level of the nucleus anterior hypothalami - LH₄ MFB at the level of the nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami - LH₅ MFB at the level of the nucleus posterior hypothalami - MFB medial forebrain bundle - pf nucleus parafascicularis - PL prelimbic area of frontal cortex - pol nucleus preopticus lateralis - pom nucleus preopticus medialis - posc nucleus preopticus, pars suprachiasmatica - pt nucleus parataenialis - pv nucleus premamillaris ventralis - PV nucleus paraventricularis - pvs nucleus periventricularis stellatocellularis - pvr nucleus periventricularis rotundocellularis - SC sulcal cortex - SGPV substantia grisea periventricularis - SI substantia innominata - SL lateral septal nucleus - ST bed nucleus of stria terminalis - sum nucleus supramamillaris - TO tractus opticus - tmm nucleus medialis thalami, pars medialis - VM nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami The nomenclature used in this paper is according to König and Klippel's Stereotaxic Atlas (1967).     

Afferent fiber connections from lower brain stem to hypothalamus studied by the horseradish peroxidase method with special reference to noradrenaline innervation

Summary Attempts were made to determine the afferent projections to the anterior hypothalamus including the preoptic area from the lower brain stem by means of the horseradish peroxidase method combined with monoamine oxidase staining to identify noradrenaline (NA) neurons. In addition to this technique, a histofluorescence analysis was performed. NA fibers in the medial part of the anterior hypothalamus were mainly supplied by A1 and A2 NA neuron groups, while the lateral part and periventricular zone received NA terminals from both pontine and medulla oblongata NA neuron groups. Furthermore, the present study indicated that there were direct projections to the anterior hypothalamus from non-noradrenergic neurons in the lower brain stem: nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, cells in the mesencephalic and pontine central gray matter, nuclei parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, cells around fasciculus longitudinalis medialis.Abbreviations CA Commissura anterior - CO Chiasma opticum - DP Decussatio pyramidum - DPCS Decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum - F Columna fornicis - FLM Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - FMT Fasciculus mamillothalamicus - GCM Griseum centrale mesencephali - GCP Griseum centrale pontis - LL Lemniscus lateralis - LM Lemniscus medialis - PCM Pedunculus cerebellaris medius - PCS Pedunculus cerebellaris superior - TO Tractus opticus - TS Tractus solitarius - TVme Tractus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini - V Ventriculus tertius - VTS Tractus spinalis nervi trigemini - am nucleus ambiguus - B Barrington nucleus - com nucleus commissuralis - cp nucleus caudatus putamen - cs nucleus centralis superior - ct nucleus corporis trapezoidei - cu nucleus cuneatus - dX nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi - Gd nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (von Gudden) - gr nucleus gracilis - Gv nucleus tegmentalis ventralis (von Gudden) - ha nucleus hypothalamicus anterior - hl nucleus hypothalamicus lateralis - hpe nucleus periventricularis (hypothalami) - hvm nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami - lc nucleus locus coeruleus - oi nucleus olivaris inferior - p nucleus pontis - pa nucleus paraventricularis - pbl nucleus parabrachialis lateralis - pbm nucleus parabrachialis medialis - ph nucleus praepositus hypoglossi - pol nucleus preopticus lateralis - pom nucleus preopticus medialis - pop nucleus preopticus periventricularis - rd nucleus raphe dorsalis - re nucleus reuniens - rl nucleus reticularis lateralis - rm nucleus raphe magnus - ro nucleus raphe obscrus - sc nucleus suprachiasmaticus - so nucleus supraopticus - st nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis - td nucleus tractus diagonalis (Broca) - ts nucleus tractus solitarii - Vme nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini - Vmo nucleus motorius nervi trigemini - Vts nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini - XII nucleus nervi hypoglossi     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactive neurons with access to fenestrated capillaries in mouse brain

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) producing neurons which have access to fenestrated capillaries were identified through a combination of indirect immunofluorescence for GnRH with a fluorescein-taged second antibody and histochemical demonstration of the localization of blood borne and retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase. In the mouse, GnRH positive neurons were present in the septum, which includes neurons originating from the nervus terminalis, the nucleus medialis and triangularis septi, and the nucleus of the diagonal band. Also, GnRH immunoreactive neurons could be seen in the lateral anterior hypothalamus, the nucleus preopticus medianus, the rostral nucleus periventricularis hypothalami and, to a lesser extent, the nucleus preopticus medialis. Single GnRH positive neurons were found in the nucleus supraopticus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the cingulate cortex. GnRH neurons which showed uptake of horseradish peroxidase were located in all of these regions and intermingled with unlabeled GnRH neurons. No preferential topographical concentration of GnRH neurons with access to the fenestrated vasculature was apparent. In animals in which GnRH secretion was stimulated by castration for 2 weeks, 65% of all GnRH neuronal perikarya contained horseradish peroxidase. This was reduced to 35% after a 2-week treatment of ovariectomized animals with 10 micrograms/day estradiol while the total number of immunoreactive GnRH cells remained unchanged. No differences in the number of GnRH-horseradish peroxidase positive cells was seen when the dose of horseradish peroxidase of the survival time were increased. While the presence of certain GnRH neurons with dual actions via collaterals cannot be excluded, the results suggest that there are two populations of GnRH neurons, one with access to fenestrated capillaries which is probably related to neurosecretory endocrine regulation of anterior pituitary gonadotropin secretion, and one without access to fenestrated capillaries which is probably related to intracerebral neurotransmission only.     

Sexual dimorphism of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of goldfish, Carassius auratus

A sexually dimorphic distribution of galanin (GAL)-like immunoreactive (ir) neurons and fibers was found in the brain and pituitary of goldfish. The rostralmost GAL-ir perikarya were found in the area ventralis telencephali pars supracommissuralis dorsal to the anterior commissure. In the diencephalon, there were several GAL-ir perikarya in the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP). Males had many GAL-ir perikarya in the nucleus preopticus pars parvocellularis (NPOpp) and isolated GAL-ir perikarya in the NPO pars magnocellularis, and lateral to the NPO; in females GAL-ir perikarya were not found in these sites. A large GAL-ir neuronal aggregation was observed in the nucleus lateralis tuberis pars posterioris (NLTp). Several ir perikarya were present in the nucleus posterioris tuberis; however, unlike in other regions the males revealed fewer neurons than females. Besides the established innervation of the pituitary gland by the NPP, NPO and NLT, the present study revealed GAL-ir perikarya of these nuclei apparently also innervating the telencephalon, thalamus, optic tectum, tegmentum and even some areas of the rhombencephalon. Isolated perikarya were found in the nucleus posterioris periventricularis, the dorsal vicinities of the nucleus recessus lateralis (NRL), nucleus recessus posteriosis, and nucleus saccus vasculosus, and in the medulla oblongata ventral to the vagal lobes. In the pituitary gland, GAL-ir fibers ramify and terminate among the pars distalis cells. A small percentage of growth hormone-secreting cells colocalize GAL. In males, most GAL-ir cells of the proximal pars distalis (PPD) showed granular ir product in the entire cell, and some had one or two large granules; in females the ir PPD cells showed clusters of a few fine ir granules of uniform size in each. Sexual dimorphism was also found in the olfactory bulb, telencephalin, infundibulum, mesencephalic tegmentum, optic tectum and medulla oblongata, the males having a more extensive GAL-ir fiber system than the females. Galanin may play a role in both hypophysiotropic and motor functions.     

Pharmacological characterization, anatomical distribution and sex differences of the non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in the quail brain as identified by CNQX binding

The distribution of non-N-methyl-d-aspartate binding sites was studied in coronal and sagittal sections through the brain of adult Japanese quail by quantitative autoradiography, using tritiated 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione as a radioligand. Saturation binding experiments were, in addition, carried out in areas showing high levels of binding (cerebellar molecular layer, nucleus anterior medialis and nucleus infundibularis) and demonstrated that the binding of tritiated ligand was specific and saturable. Competition studies with α-amino-3-hydroxy-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid and kainic acid indicated that kainic acid strongly inhibited ligand binding in all brain areas. α-Amino-3-hydroxy-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid was only a weak inhibitor in the hypothalamic nuclei whereas in the cerebellar molecular layer both high and low affinity inhibitions were detected. The highest binding levels of tritiated ligand were observed in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Very high levels of binding were detected in various preoptic/hypothalamic sites including the nucleus suprachiasmaticus pars medialis, nucleus anterior medialis hypothalami, nucleus infundibularis, nucleus mammillaris medialis, nucleus posteromediale hypothalami and nucleus hypothalami ventromedialis. High levels of binding were also detected in the bulbus olfactorius, bed nucleus commissuralis anterior, bed nucleus commissuralis pallii, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus striae terminalis and nucleus interpeduncularis. In the preoptic area/hypothalamus, high levels of binding were clearly present in all areas that contain gonadotropin releasing hormone cells or fibers. In the pons and mesencephalon, moderate levels of binding were associated with catecholaminergic areas such as the area ventralis tegmentalis (area ventralis of Tsai) and the locus coeruleus. Saturation analysis demonstrated the presence of a higher number of binding sites in females than in males in the cerebellar molecular layer, nucleus infundibularis and nucleus anterior medialis. This latter difference was confirmed in the one point assays that also identified higher levels of specific binding in the nucleus suprachiasmaticus pars medialis of males as compared with females. These anatomical data suggest a possible implication of non-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the synthesis and/or release of both gonadotropin releasing hormone and catecholaminergic neurotransmitters that should now be tested by pharmacological experiments.     

Neuronal fields containing luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in mouse brain.

Immunocytochemical localization of the hypothalamic neurohormone luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) was performed in mouse brain using the unlabeled peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. Antisera derived from serum albumin conjugates to the decapeptide (or its analog) achieved by four conjugation procedures were used to determine the antigenic form of LHRH which reveals the various neuronal compartments. Antisera derived from LHRH conjugated to bovine serum albumin at the 2-histidyl position revealed a population of LHRH-containing cell bodies in the retrochiasmatic area, tuberal area and arcuate nucleus (the LHRH Field I). LHRH-positive fibers and terminals were seen in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the median eminence. Fibers from the Field I neurons also coursed rostrally through the medial division of the hypothalamus and circumscribed the anterior commissure or projected dorsally into the thalamus. Antisera generated against conjugates to the N- or C-terminal of LHRH revealed a second population of LHRH perikarya. These were scattered throughout the medial preoptic, preoptic periventricular and medial septal areas (the LHRH Field II). A few neurons were found in the lateral arcuate nucleus. Fibers from septal and preoptic Field II neurons projected to the organum vasculosum. Immunoreactive fibers were found in the median eminence and thalamic regions in patterns similar to those previously described. Median eminence fibers appeared to arise in the regions of Field I neurons which did not stain with the end conjugate antisera. Antisera generated against a LHRH tyrosyl conjugate stained median eminence and organum vasculosum fibers but failed to stain perikarya in either field.The results of this study suggest the presence of two distinct immunoreactive populations of LHRH-containing perikarya, which are not contained within or restricted to any of the recognized hypothalamic nuclei.     

鸡脑桥内P物质样免疫反应物的分布

用免疫细胞化学ＡＢＣ法研究了鸡脑桥内Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）样免疫反应物的分布。ＳＰ样神经元胞体分布于尾侧线形核及其毗邻的网状结构，前庭内侧核，下网状核以及网状结构外侧部。ＳＰ样纤维和终末在三叉神经感觉主核，三叉神经脊束核，三叉神经运动核，上橄榄背核以及外神经副核分布密集，在尾侧线形核及前庭内侧核则分布稀疏。结果表明：三叉神经束核，三叉神经感主核，上橄榄背核以及前庭内侧核的ＳＰ样免疫反应物的鸡和哺乳类间存在