石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定中成药中雄黄含砷量

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定中成药中雄黄含砷量内蒙古自治区药品检验所呼和浩特０１００２０黄隽，靳建中，朱惠珍，齐曼丽雄黄具解毒杀虫、燥湿祛痰、截疟功能。因其主含二硫化二砷（Ａｓ２Ｓ２），有毒，内服宜慎，不可久用。中国药典（１９９０年版，一部）规定：雄...     

应用复合钼蓝法测定药品中的微量砷

药典中很多药品有含砷限度的规定。测定的方法,在中华人民共和国药典里,在英国、美国、日本与"国际"药典里(A 法)都是用 Gutzeit 氏法。Gutzeit 氏法虽然简单、灵敏,但是不够专一,可定量的范围很狭,并且条件复杂,不易控制,结果往往不能一致。用它来测定锑剂(如(月弟)波芬 Stibophenum 与葡萄糖酸锑钠)中的砷时,结果常会差异很大。在德国药典裹测定杂质砷时;在中国、美国、日本药典裹测定锑剂中砷时,是用氯化亚锡还原法。在苏联药典里与"国际"药典里(B 法)测定杂质砷是用次磷酸还原法。这两法的反应,虽然可不被锑所妨碍;但是氯化亚锡法可测定的砷量范围也很狭,误差也很大,虽经改进,也不能令人满意。次磷酸则除这两缺点外,还加上灵敏度很低。因此用这些方法来测定,都不能得到满意的结果。     

中国药典(1995年版)中砷盐检查项的考察

中国药典（１９９５年版）中砷盐检查项的考察河南省药品检验所４５０００３冯明霞中国药典１９９５年版二部的砷盐检查项下，一般规定直接加盐酸５ｍＬ进行检查，而需加氢氧化钙进行有机破坏的品种共有１１个。加入的氢氧化钙将中和部分盐酸，影响砷斑的生成。基于此，药...     

药物中砷盐检测方法的研究

药物中砷盐的检测方法,我国药典1985年版采用古蔡法,美国药典XXI版采用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银(Silver Diethyldithio Carbamate简称Ag-DDC)法,日本药局方第十一改正版则两法并用。以Ag-DDC-吡啶试液吸收砷化氢呈色,     

有机砷药物的测定法

本文用三种药典法和两种改良法进行了有机砷化合物中砷含量的比较试验,证明所得结果是一致的,而以第四法为最简捷。此法系用硝酸硫酸进行有机破坏,加硫酸铵,在酸性液中以碘化钾处理,再用硫代硫酸钠溶液直接滴定。     

关于英国药典安替比林含量测定问题

原料药安替比林，我国执行卫生部药品标准１９８９年版（以下简称部标准），规定含量９９－０％以上；出口产品对方要求执行英国药典１９９３年版，规定含量９９－０％～１００－５％。两标准均采用间接碘量法，加入碘液沉淀，以硫代硫酸钠滴定液回滴定，操作方法基本类似。主要不同之处，部标准在溶液中加入２ｇ结晶醋酸钠与１ｍｌ稀醋酸，再加入碘液；而英国药典则规定只加入２ｇ结晶醋酸钠，不加稀醋酸即加碘液。测定结果：部标准测定含量达到９９－０％以上，英国药典法只有９６％，本文通过对比实验，分析了原因，指出了安替比林产品出…     

中药材砷盐检查中常用预处理方法的比较

中药材砷盐检查中常用预处理方法的比较俞蓉宪（浙江医院中药房，杭州３１００１３）顾琳娜（湖州市药品检验所，湖州３１３０００）１９９０年中国药典（一部）收载了改良Ｇｅｔｚｅｉｔ砷斑法以控制砷盐的限量，该法的灵敏度为ＩｕｇＡｓ，一般制成２ｐｐｍ的标准砷斑。...     

氧瓶燃烧—双波长扫描法测定有机药物中微量砷

测定有些药物中的微量砷,需经破坏有机物的预处理过程,使之转化为可溶性砷盐再进行测定。目前常见的破坏方法有氢氧化钙碱熔法、硫酸—硝酸法、硫酸—过氧化氢法、氧瓶燃烧法。以上各法费时费事或称样量较少。本文采取电热点火、流通供氧的氧瓶燃烧法,将常量样品在几十秒钟内完全燃烧后,用碳酸钠溶液吸收,按中国药典方法制成砷斑,采用双波长扫描法测得砷的含量,与样品用碱熔法处理后以同法测得砷的结果,经t检验表明,两者平均值之间无显著性差异。     

药品溶液颜色检查法的研究

本文探讨了用分光光度法检查药品溶液颜色的方法。测定了标准比色液的吸收度,结果各色词色号间梯度明显,且呈线性,表明以吸收度控制药品中有色杂质限量是可行的。建议:中国药典(新版)收载药品溶液颜色检查法,一法标准比色液法、二法吸收度法。     

维药巴旦仁中重金属和砷盐的分析研究

目的建立控制维吾尔药食两用健康珍品巴旦仁中重金属、砷盐限量测定的检测方法。方法采用中国药典附录收载的重金属、砷盐检测方法,建立巴旦仁专有的检测方法。结果按中国药典2010年版一部附录ⅨE重金属检查法第二法,巴旦仁重金属未超过5ppm;按中国药典2010年版一部附录ⅨF砷盐检查法第一法,按本法样品处理方法,巴旦仁砷盐未超过1ppm。结论巴旦仁重金属限度可定为不得过5ppm,砷盐限度可定为不得过1ppm。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.