武汉市某大型水厂管网末梢水中雌激素活性及邻苯二甲酸酯的分布规律

[目的]了解武汉市某大型水厂供水区域内管网末梢水中雌激素活性和两种主要邻苯二甲酸酯（phthalic acid esters,PAEs）,即邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（di—n-butyl phthalate,DBP）和邻苯二甲酸（2．乙基己基）酯[di（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate,DEHP]的分布规律。[方法]2009年4月至2010年3月间,每月采集武汉市某大型水厂供水区域内管网末梢水为样本,水样经固相萃取后分别用重组基因酵母实验和气相色谱法检测雌激素活性和两种主要PAEs的含量。[结果]全年管网末梢水中雌激素活性[以雌二醇当量（estradiol equivalents,PgEEQs/L）计]的检出范围为35．17-1510．95PgEEQs／L;样本资料显示,雌激素活性在秋季最高,春夏两季次之,冬季最低,各季节之间雌激素活性差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。DBP和DEHP的检出范围分别为未检出～0．74州L和未检出一1．01pg／L;DBP含量夏、秋两季明显高于春、冬两季（P〈O．05）,DEHP含量春、秋、冬三季高于夏季（P〈0．05o随着管网末梢与水厂间距离的增加,雌激素活性和DEHP含量具有增高趋势,DBP含量具有降低趋势。管网末梢水中雌激素活性和PAEs含量之间无相关性（P〉0．05）。[结论]该水厂供水区域内管网末梢水中能检测出不同程度的雌激素活性和两种PAEs（DBP和DEHP）,水中雌激素活性和两种PAEs浓度具有明显的季节性差异,并随管网末梢与水厂间距离的增加而呈现不同变化趋势。     

气相色谱法测定人血清中的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和二异辛酯

[目的]了解2种最常见邻苯二甲酸酯类环境污染物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(di-n-butyl phthalate,DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯[di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate,DEHP]在人血清中的含量水平.[方法]采用有机溶剂提取,高速离心去蛋白和低温浓缩的前处理技术,用气相色谱法(GC-FID)测定,并对测定结果用SAS 8.0做统计分析.[结果]337份人血清中DBP、DEHP的检出率分别为88.4%和90.2%,含量为未检出(ND)～0.89 mg/L、ND～5.34 mg/L,且DEHP的含量高于DBP的含量(z=-248,P(0.01).[结论]测定结果提示邻苯二甲酸酯类环境污染物已进入人血清,部分人体内有一定的污染负荷,应引起重视.     

420名大学生血清酞酸酯水平及其与性激素的关系研究

[目的]观察大学生人群对常用增塑剂酞酸二异辛酯[di（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate,DEHP]及酞酸二丁酯（djn-butyl phthalate,DBP）的暴露情况,了解DEHP水平与男性血清雌二醇（estrogen,E2）、睾酮（testosterone,T）之间的关系。[方法]选择某大学沪籍新生420名为研究对象（18～19岁,男216人,女204人）,静脉采集血清样本,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定血清中酞酸酯水平。样品预处理采用正己烷液相提取,洗脱采用温度程序,标准曲线采用五点法。采用全自动酶联免疫吸附及化学发光反应测定激素水平。[结果]DEHP、DBP的检出限均为0．1μg/L;二者回收率分别为91．3％～94．0％和91．2％～94．1％;变异系数分别为0．49％～2．79％和0．61％-3．42％;线性范围1-10000μg/L;背景污染未检出。420份血清中有88份（男41份,女47份）DEHP浓度高于检出限;检出样品的平均浓度（M）为54．14μg/L,四分位数间距（Qr）为40．22μg/L。检出率及浓度在性别间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。DBP仅捡出7份（男1份,女6份）;检出样品平均浓度M为10．17μg/L,QR为9.30μg/L。高于检出限的41名男性（检出组）的DEHP浓度与T水平呈正相关关系（h=0．347,P=0．048）。与低于检出限的59名男性（未检出组）相比,检出组的E2水平较高（P=0．035）.随着E2浓度升高,DEHP也趋向于被检出（β=-0．017,OR=0．983,P=0．021）[结论]该人群DEHP检出率明显高于DBP,男性DEHP浓度与T水平呈正相关关系。E2浓度与男性DEHP检出与否有关,检出组E2浓度高于未检出组。     

塑料瓶装饮料中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸-（2-乙基己基）酯含量及其对大学生的潜在暴露风险

[目的]对大学生每日经由塑料瓶装饮料摄入邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸-（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）的暴露量进行风险评估。[方法]通过方便抽样的方法对196名大学生进行塑料瓶装饮料摄入情况在线问卷调查,结合114种市售塑料瓶装饮料中DBP及DEHP的检测数据,计算调查人群经塑料瓶装饮料摄入DBP和DEHP的慢性每日摄入值和安全限值分布,运用蒙特卡洛概率模型拟合大学生群体DBP和DEHP每日暴露情况并进行相应的敏感度分析。[结果]受访大学生不同种类饮料摄入量不同,但男、女生的塑料瓶装饮用水摄入量均居首位。DBP和DEHP含量亦因饮料种类而各异,其中咖啡类、乳类及果汁类相对较高。大学生经塑料瓶装饮料DBP和DEHP的暴露值均低于其每日允许摄入量,安全限值均小于1。蒙特卡洛概率模型显示99．90％的大学生经塑料瓶装饮料摄入DBP的暴露量是安全的,仅0．10％存在潜在生殖发育毒性风险,男、女生的生殖发育毒性风险分别为0．02％和0．09％;大学生经塑料瓶装饮料摄入DEHP的暴露量尚不存在健康风险。[结论]大学生经塑料瓶装饮料DBP的摄入水平可能存在一定的潜在生殖发育毒性风险,DEHP的摄入水平则处于安全范围。     

饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯的气相色谱-质谱测定法

目的探讨水中邻苯二甲酸酯的GC—MS测定法。方法采用Agilent6890GC-5973MS联用仪并选择离子检测方式测定了水中邻苯二甲酸酯[邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）,邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）,邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DOP）]浓度。结果DMP,DEP,DBP的检出限为0．3μg／L,DEHP和DOP的检出限为0．8μg／L。DMP,DEP,DBP,DEHP和DOP的加标回收率分别为71．7％,88．9％,96．0％,90．5％和76．2％。RSD分别为2．8％,9．0％,4．5％,4．3％,3．2％。结论GC．MS法适用于饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定。     

不同烹调油样品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯与邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯的分析

[目的]了解不同烹调油样品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（di-n—butyl phthalate,DBP）与邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯[di（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate,DEHP]的污染情况。[方法]采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪的选择离子检测（SIR）方式,测定取自居民家中未加热食用油、烹调剩油和厨房抽油烟机内油盒中的烹调油烟冷凝物,食堂中未加热食用油、烹调剩油和烹调油烟冷凝物;小摊贩所用的未加热食用油及其锅内剩油;快餐店未加热过的固体起酥油及烹调剩油等样品中DBP与DEHP的含量。[结果]9户居民家庭厨房和食堂不同烹调油样品中DBP和DEHP均为阳性,且烹调油烟冷凝物中的含量明显高于未加热食用油和烹调剩油中的含量;DBP和DEHP含量：前者分别为2．29～597．01μg／g和38．96～4774．72μg／g;后者分别为3．22～42．81μg／g和15．61～112．64μg／g。小摊贩和快餐店不同烹调油样品中,仅1例炸面食剩油检出DBP和DEHP。[结论]大部分烹调油样品被DBP、DEHP污染,且烹调油烟冷凝物中的含量大大增加。     

新生儿脐血中酞酸酯类化合物(PAEs)暴露水平及其与新生儿生长发育的相关性研究

目的了解上海市虹口区新生儿脐血中两种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的暴露水平,初步探讨脐血中PAEs水平与新生儿生长发育的关系。方法收集上海市虹口区某二级综合性医院新生儿脐带血清,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)测定血清中酞酸二丁酯(di-n-butyl phthalate,DBP)和酞酸二(2-乙基-己基)酯[di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]的含量。采用Pearson相关分析和多元线性回归分析新生儿脐血DBP、DEHP含量与新生儿身长和体重的相关性。结果 172份脐血样品中,DBP检出9例,浓度范围ND(超出检出限)~12.82μg/L,中位数为4.49μg/L,检出率为5.23%;DEHP检出84例,浓度范围ND~53.10μg/L,中位数为10.66μg/L,检出率为48.84%。Pearson相关分析发现:新生儿身长与DBP含量呈负相关。多元线性回归分析经多项因素调整后发现,新生儿体重、身长与脐血中两种PAEs水平间无统计学意义。结论本次研究中新生儿脐血中检出DBP和DEHP,其可能影响胎儿的生长发育,建议减少妇女孕期PAEs暴露。     

血清中邻苯二甲酸酯与子宫内膜异位症的相关性

[目的]了解育龄女性邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露水平,分析其与子宫内膜异位症的相关性. [方法] 176名对照和134名子宫内膜异位症患者的病例对照研究,收集研究对象的调查问卷,气相色谱法检测其血清中邻苯二甲酸酯含量. [结果] 310例女性血清中的邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基-己基)酯(DEHP)检出率分别为15.5％、95.2％和93.5％,几何均数分别为0.062、0.219和0.178 mg/L;病例组血清中DBP检出率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(98.5％ vs.92.6％,P＜0.05);病例组血清中DBP、DEHP水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义.其中,DBP为0.304mg/L vs.0.171mg/L,P＜0.05; DEHP为0.200 mg/L vs.0.163 mg/L,P＜0.05.多因素logistic回归分析显示,较高的文化程度、有流产史、避孕药服用史、妇科疾病家族史、较高的血清DBP含量可能是与子宫内膜异位症发病有关的危险因素(OR＞1,P＜0.05). [结论]邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的暴露可能与子宫内膜异位症的发病相关.     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质

[目的]建立一种测定饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯的气相色谱质谱方法。[方法]饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯被二氯甲烷萃取，萃取液浓缩后进行气相色谱-质谱分析，以选择离子监测方式分析，定量则以同位素内标法测定。[结果]邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯的线性范围分别为50-400μg／L、50～400μg／L、50-400μg／L、200～1600μg／L、200～1600μg／L，相关系数均在0．99以上，低、高2种浓度加标回收率均在78．2％～92．5％之间，相对标准偏差均小于10％，5种邻苯二甲酸酯的最低检出浓度分别为0．1μg／L、0．1μg／L、0．1μg／L、0．3μg／L、0．3μg／L。对20份饮用水进行了测定，20份水样均检出了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯，其中11份水样检出了邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯。[结论]方法适合于饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定。     

城乡儿童血清中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的浓度

目的了解10～12岁城市和农村儿童血清中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的含量。方法于2007年1月运用反相高效液相色谱分析法(RP-HPLC)测定36名10～12岁城市儿童和38名10～12岁农村儿童血清中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物[邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)]含量。结果城市儿童血清中DEP、DBP、DEHP含量(中位数)分别为0.0026、0.0359、0.10625mg/L,农村儿童血清中DEP、DBP、DEHP含量(中位数)分别为0.0000、0.0406、0.05245mg/L。城市儿童血清中DEP和DEHP的含量高于农村儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论该地区城市儿童血清中DEP和DEHP的含量水平高于农村儿童。     

烟台市售饮料及酒中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类污染水平调查

目的 通过对烟台市售饮料及酒中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质（PAEs）含量的检测分析,了解烟台市售饮料及酒中16种PAEs的污染状况。方法 按照GB /T 21911－2008,对烟台市售的190份酒和210份饮料中16种PAES进行检测。结果 175份白酒中,PAEs的检出率为76.00%（133/175）,超标率为 32.00%（56/175）。DMP、DIBP、DBP、BMPP、DPP、DEHP、DNP、DEP、DMEP均有检出,检出率分别为8.00%、54.29%、63.43%、2.86%、11.43%、12.00%、5.71%、2.86%、0.75%,其中DBP最高含量为4.11mg/kg,超标13.7倍,DEHP最高含量为3.29 mg/kg,超标2.19倍。其他PAEs均未检出。6份啤酒样品均未检出PAEs;5份葡萄酒样品中有3份检出PAEs;4份黄酒样品中有3份检出PAEs。210份饮料中,PAEs的检出率为11.43%,合格率为100.00%。结论 烟台市售饮料及酒中存在PAEs污染,尤其是白酒中普遍检出PAES,需要进一步进行风险评估。     

人体生物样品中邻苯二甲酸酯类的含量

目的　研究和探讨环境内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸酯类在人体生物样品中的含量水平。方法　运用反相高效液相色谱分析法测定了人体生物样品 (6 0份血清、36份精液、11份脂肪 )中 3种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质 (phthalates) [邻苯二甲酸二乙酯 (DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (DBP)和邻苯二甲酸 2 乙基己酯 (DEHP) ]的含量水平 ,同时测定了血清中有关激素水平和精液常规指标 ,并运用SPSS分析软件中的非参数统计方法对测定结果进行了相关性分析。结果　上述 3种人体生物样品中均可检测到 phthalates,脂肪中的phthalates含量范围在ND～ 2 19mg/kg ,血清中为ND～ 37 91mg/L ,精液中为 0 0 8～ 1 32mg/L ;Spearman相关分析显示 ,女性血清中DBP与E2 呈正相关 (r =0 4 4 2 ) ,DEP与T呈负相关 (r =- 0 4 86 ) ;精液中phthalates与液化时间呈显著正相关关系 (P <0 0 1) ,DBP与精液量、活力分级中的c级精子活力呈显著负相关 ,与b级精子活力呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,DEHP与精液量、活力分级中的c级精子活力呈显著负相关 ,与精子畸形率、b级精子活力呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　邻苯二甲酸酯类物质存在于人体组织中 ,并可影响人类的精液质量.     

Estimated daily phthalate exposures in a population of mothers of male infants exhibiting reduced anogenital distance

Phthalate diesters have been shown to be developmental and reproductive toxicants in animal studies. A recent epidemiologic study showed certain phthalates to be significantly associated with reduced anogenital distance in human male infants, the first evidence of subtle developmental effects in human male infants exposed prenatally to phthalates. We used two previously published methods to estimate the daily phthalate exposures for the four phthalates whose urinary metabolites were statistically significantly associated with developmental effects in the 214 mother-infant pairs [di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) , diethyl phthalate (DEP) , butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) , diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) ] and for another important phthalate [di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) ]. We estimated the median and 95th percentile of daily exposures to DBP to be 0.99 and 2.68 microg/kg/day, respectively ; for DEP, 6.64 and 112.3 microg/kg/day ; for BBzP, 0.50 and 2.47 microg/kg/day ; and for DEHP, 1.32 and 9.32 microg/kg/day. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference doses for these chemicals are 100 (DBP) , 800 (DEP) , 200 (BBzP) , and 20 (DEHP) microg/kg/day. The median and 95th percentile exposure estimates for the phthalates associated with reduced anogenital distance in the study population are substantially lower than current U.S. EPA reference doses for these chemicals and could be informative to any updates of the hazard assessments and risk assessments for these chemicals.     

Environmental risk limits for two phthalates, with special emphasis on endocrine disruptive properties

Environmental risk limits (ERLs) are derived for di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The ERLs are derived using data on (eco)toxicology and environmental chemistry. Endpoints used are survival, growth, and reproduction. The resulting ERLs in water are 10 and 0.19 microg/L for DBP and DEHP, respectively; in fresh soil and sediment with 10% organic matter the derived ERLs are respectively 0.7 and 1 mg/kg fresh wt. In The Netherlands, measured concentrations of DBP are seldom above the ERLs, while reported concentrations for DEHP are 3 to 20 times higher than the ERL. As phthalates as a group are commonly mentioned as chemicals with possible endocrine disruptive effects, in vivo and in vitro tests for a series of phthalates with endpoints related to endocrine disruption are reviewed. In vitro and in vivo tests give a similar distinction between phthalates that can or cannot act as endocrine disrupters. The significance of these tests for the derivation of ERLs is discussed. It is concluded that the ERLs derived will give sufficient protection against endocrine disruptive effects. There is no need to include additional data for DBP and DEHP, related to endpoints other than survival, growth, or reproduction, in the derivation of ERLs.     

性早熟女童血清中环境内分泌干扰物水平研究

[目的]了解女童血清中环境内分泌干扰物（EEDs）的水平及其与性早熟的关系。[方法]采用病例对照研究,以2011年杭州市某儿童医院内分泌科确诊为性早熟的女童219人为病例组,杭州市4所小学的健康女童271人为对照组,采用超高效液质联用技术测定女童血清中有机氯农药DDT的代谢产物DDE和20种邻苯二甲酸酯（DEHP、DBP、DIDP、DIBP、DNOP、DHXP、DEP、DAP等）,及其4种代谢产物（MEHP、MBP、MEP等）,以及2种洗涤剂的降解产物（4-OP、4-NP）和双酚A,共28种EEDs的含量。采用多元线性回归方法分析检出的EEDs与女童性早熟的相关性。[结果]病例组和对照组血清中检出14种EEDs,其中两组DDE、DEHP、DIBP、DBP、DIDP、MBP检出率均较高（50%～100%）。病例组DNOP（χ2=30.191,P〈0.001）和DIDP（χ2=71.100,P〈0.001）检出率显著高于对照组。病例组血清中DDE、DEHP、DNOP含量明显高于对照组（Z值分别为8.350、3.435、5.487,P〈0.001）;而DEP、DAP、DIBP、DBP、DHXP、MEHP、MBP、MEP含量则明显低于对照组（Z值分别为4.389、9.290、5.592、2.962、4.703、5.384、3.607、3.650,P〈0.01）;多元回归显示,DNOP（b=0.128,P〈0.001）和DDE（b=0.357,P〈0.001）的含量与性早熟呈正相关,而DAP（b=-0.183,P〈0.001）和MEP（b=-0.055,P〈0.01）的含量与性早熟呈负相关。[结论]两组女童血清都检出EEDs,DDE、DNOP的水平升高可能与女童性早熟的发生相关,DEP、DAP、DIBP、DBP、DHXP、MEHP、MBP、MEP存在低检出水平。     

合肥市水源水与出厂水中增塑剂污染特征及其水环境健康风险评估

[目的]调查合肥市主要水源水与出厂水中邻苯二甲酸酯类（phthalates,PAEs）及己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）等增塑剂污染特征,评估其对人体潜在健康风险。[方法]分别于平水期、丰水期和枯水期采集巢湖西半湖水、合肥市A、B水厂水源水及其出厂水,水样经固相萃取柱富集后由气相色谱一质谱法（GC／MS）检测PAEs和DEHA;采用美国环境保护署（EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,USEPA）推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,从饮水途径对致癌和非致癌风险进行定量评估。[结果]合肥市水源水与出厂水中均检出5种增塑剂[邻苯二甲酸二（2．乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）和己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）],但均未超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值。其中DEHP和DBP为主要污染物,平均贡献率分别为60．22％和21．43％。不同水期增塑剂污染种类未见明显变化,总污染浓度水平呈丰水期〉枯水期〉平水期。巢湖水,A、B水厂水源水及出厂水对人群致癌风险水平为0．80×10-6～2．72×10-6,非致癌风险水平为2．95×10-3～1．04×10-2。致癌和非致癌风险主要来自于DEHP,其贡献率分别为99．0％～99．4％和92．8％～93．8％。[结论]合肥市主要水源水及出厂水中可不同程度地检出PAEs和DEHA,初步评价其致癌风险和非致癌风险的风险值均小于美国环境保护署（USEPA）的推荐限值,为可接受水平。     

An assessment of the toxicity of phthalate esters to freshwater benthos. 2. Sediment exposures

Seven phthalate esters were evaluated for their 10-d toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans in sediment. The esters were diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and a commercial mixture of C7, C9, and C11 isophthalate esters (711P). All seven esters were tested in a sediment containing 4.80% total organic carbon (TOC), and DBP alone was tested in two additional sediments with 2.45 and 14.1% TOC. Sediment spiking concentrations for DEP and DBP were based on LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of the population) values from water-only toxicity tests, sediment organic carbon concentration, and equilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory. The five higher molecular weight phthalate esters (DHP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, 711P), two of which were tested and found to be nontoxic in water-only tests (i.e., DHP and DEHP), were tested at single concentrations between 2,100 and 3,200 mg/kg dry weight. Preliminary spiking studies were performed to assess phthalate ester stability under test conditions. The five higher molecular weight phthalate esters in sediment had no effect on survival or growth of either C. tentans or H. azteca, consistent with predictions based on water-only tests and EqP theory. The 10-d LC50 values for DBP and H. azteca were >17,400, >29,500, and >71,900 mg/kg dry weight for the low, medium, and high TOC sediments, respectively. These values are more than 30x greater than predicted by EqP theory and may reflect the fact that H. azteca is an epibenthic species and not an obligative burrower. The 10-d LC50 values for DBP and C. tentans were 826, 1,664, and 4.730 mg/kg dry weight for the low, medium, and high TOC sediments, respectively. These values are within a factor of two of the values predicted by EqP theory. Pore-water 10-d LC50 values for DBP (dissolved fraction) and C. tentans in the three sediments were 0.65, 0.89, and 0.66 of the water-only LC50 value of 2.64 mg/L, thereby agreeing with EqP theory predictions to within a factor of 1.5. The LC50 value for DEP and C. tentans was >3,100 mg/kg dry weight, which is approximately 10x that predicted by EqP theory. It is postulated that test chemical loss and reduced organism exposure to pore water may have accounted for the observed discrepancies with EqP calculations for DEP     

Bioavailability of phthalate congeners to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in artificially contaminated soils

Bioavailability of phthalate congeners, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dioctyl phthalate, to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were studied when earthworms were exposed to two artificially contaminated agricultural and forest soils. Only DBP and DEHP were detected in earthworms. The uptake kinetics of DBP and DEHP in earthworms was fast within the initial 10 days followed by a nearly steady state for the subsequent 20 days. An equilibrium partitioning model could be used to describe the uptake kinetics of DBP and DEHP by earthworm in two types of soils (r = 0.709-0.864). The average biota-to-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) of DBP and DEHP at 5 mg kg(-1) in soil were 0.27 +/- 0.07 and 0.17 +/- 0.03, respectively, in agricultural soil, while the BSAFs were 0.21 +/- 0.06 and 0.07 +/- 0.02, respectively, in forest soil. The concentrations of phthalates in earthworms increased with increasing concentrations of phthalates in soil. There was a significant correlation between logC(soil) and logC(worm), with r = 0.999-0.993, demonstrating a single linear partitioning of phthalates between soil and earthworms. The bioavailability of DBP and DEHP was assessed by Soxhlet, methanol, and methanol-water (1:1) extraction methods. Our results indicated that the extractable amounts of freshly added DBP and DEHP in soils by these extraction methods were significantly correlated with those in earthworms. It was observed that the extractable DBP and DEHP by the methanol and methanol-water (1:1) extraction methods decreased with their increasing residence time in soil. In contrast, the amount extracted by the Soxhlet extraction method did not show a similar decline. Therefore, Soxhlet extraction was a poor indicator of the bioavailability of DBP and DEHP to earthworms in soil, which could lead to overestimation of the risk of soil-associated DBP and DEHP. The extractable DBP and DEHP by methanol and methanol-water (1:1) significantly decreased over 440 days. Compared with the methanol-water (1:1) extraction method, the methanol extraction method was preferred for its ability to predict the bioavailability of DBP and DEHP in aged soils.     

低出生体重儿脐血及其母血中几种环境内分泌干扰物含量水平测定

目的 研究邻苯二甲酸酯类和表面活性剂类环境内分泌干扰物(EDs)在低出生体重儿脐血及其母血中的含量水平.方法 运用反相高效液相色谱分析法测定了21份母血和30份脐血中邻苯二甲酸酯类[邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己基酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己酯(DEHP)及其代谢物邻苯二甲酸单乙基己酯(MEHP)]和2种表面活性剂[辛基酚(OP)和壬基酚(4-NP)]的含量水平.结果 低出生体重儿的平均体重为(2158.48±125.06)g,出生身长为(45.36±2.52)cm.母血中DEP、MEHP、DBP、DEHP、4-NP和OP的浓度分别为18.90、11.8、7.67、8.84、1.51和2.86 mg/L;检出率分别为81.0%、81.0%、71.4%、81.0%、71.4%和57.1%.脐血中,DEP、MEHP、DBP、DEHP、4-NP和OP的浓度分别为11.92、9.94、5.71、5.20、1.12和1.19 mg/L;检出率分别为86.7%、63.3%、60.0%、63.3%、56.7%和66.7%.无论是在母血还是在脐血中,邻苯二甲酸酯类的含量和检出率均高于表面活性剂.代谢物MEHP含量高于原型DEHP.脐血中游离的各EDs含量分别占母血含量的47.82%～84.05%.结论 人从胚胎时期就暴露于环境内分泌干扰物.