亲属活体肾移植供肾多支动脉的重建

背景:近年来亲属活体肾移植在国内开展增多,供肾动脉血管变异较为常见,因此需重视动脉重建的方法,以保证手术的合理性和安全性。在临床实践中发现供肾多支动脉的情况较为常见,而亲属活体肾移植国内刚刚起步,相关经验尚少。目的:总结亲属活体供肾多支动脉的血管重建方式在肾移植中的应用经验。方法:2006-01/2008-12完成38例亲属活体肾移植,其中供肾单支动脉30例,多支动脉8例。术中证实多支动脉供肾中5例供者2支动脉变异,2例供者3支动脉变异,1例供者4支动脉变异。多支动脉供肾分别采用侧侧共干吻合或端侧吻合后分别与髂内动脉或髂外动脉吻合。观察肾移植手术结果及近期随访结果。结果与结论:8例多支动脉供肾者肾移植后7～10d出院,均未输血,未出现并发症。受者肾移植后随访6～36个月,平均13个月,未见急性肾小管坏死、肾血管栓塞、肾动脉狭窄、假性动脉瘤等并发症,彩色多普勒超声检查示移植肾血供均良好。多支动脉供肾组受者吻合血管开放后泌尿时间、血肌酐水平与单支动脉供肾组差异均无显著性意义(P0.05)。提示选择合适方法进行血管重建,不会影响肾移植效果,采用受者的髂内动脉及其分支进行血管重建安全可行。     

移植肾血管变异的临床处理

背景：血管吻合技术的好坏直接关系到肾移植的成败。 目的：提高肾移植变异血管吻合的技术方法。 方法：1999年9月至2010年12月广东省第二人民医院器官移植科共完成878例肾移植,对其中供肾存在的动静脉血管变异进行修整、合并、延长等重建处理后进行移植,副肾动脉采用改良支架支撑法同腹壁下动脉吻合。 结果与结论：878例肾移植中,55例供肾动脉变异,肾静脉变异22例,经血管修整重建后均成功与受者髂内或髂外血管吻合。23例直径大于1 mm副肾动脉与腹壁下动脉吻合均取得成功。移植后彩超显示肾动静脉吻合口血流及副肾动脉血流正常。提示移植肾血管变异及副肾动脉只要正确处理,吻合得当,可以安全有效地移植给受者并获良好效果。     

CT血管造影在后腹腔镜肾盂肾窦切开取石术中的应用

目的探讨在后腹腔镜肾盂肾窦切开取石术中应用CT血管造影(CTA)对于规避各种血管相关并发症的价值。方法回顾性分析我科2015年2月至2017年3月157例行后腹腔镜肾盂肾窦切开取石术治疗的病例;比较入院行肾CTA检查后再实施后腹腔镜肾盂肾窦切开取石术治疗的患者(术前CTA组)和入院后直接实施后腹腔镜肾盂肾窦切开取石术的患者(常规手术组)手术中转率、术中出血量、手术时间、术中术后血管相关并发症、术后漏尿率、术后住院时间的情况。结果术前CTA组患者,其手术中转率、术中出血量、手术时间、术中术后血管相关并发症、术后漏尿率、术后住院时间均优于常规手术组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后1周复查超声肾积水均有不同程度恢复,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后并发症、术后住院时间比较,术前CTA组优于常规手术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论行肾CTA检查后再实施后腹腔镜肾盂肾窦切开取石术治疗,可以明显减少术中血管相关并发症的发生、减少术中出血量、缩短手术及术后住院时间等,对于提高手术安全性及提高医疗资源应用效率具有较高的应用价值。     

副肾动脉定义商榷

<正>副肾动脉又称肾副动脉,为功能性终末血管,为血管介入及腹腔镜手术等领域涉及的重要结构。随着腹腔镜活体供肾切取术的增加,左肾因静脉较长和手术相对容易常被优选,但是左侧副肾动脉发生率高于右     

显微吻合技术在严重血管毁损肝、肾移植中的应用:4例报告

背景:肝、肾移植中,供者肝、肾切取和修复手术中可引起多种类型的肝、肾血管的损伤。同时在术中的分离、牵拉和解剖过程中容易造成损伤,影响供肝和供肾的质量。目前如何修复和处理供者肝、肾血管损伤,以提高供体器官的利用率还是临床难题。目的:探讨肝、肾移植供体严重血管毁损后进行显微血管重建的价值。方法:利用发生供体血管严重损伤的3例肝移植和1例肾移植供体,应用显微血管重建技术,对严重毁损的供肝、肾的重要移植血管进行重建,采用常规移植方法完成肝、肾移植,观察疗效。结果与结论:血管重建后移植物功能和血运良好,肝、肾移植患者术中尿管即引出清凉淡黄色尿液,术后每天尿量15002500mL,尿色清,颜色淡黄。肝移植患者术后血胆红素正常,引流管内液体胆红素定性未检出胆红素。术后4例患者均顺利恢复出院。在1.3～2年的随访时间内,4例患者均健康存活,未出现任何并发症。在各种原因造成的肝、肾供体血管严重毁损的情况下,可以利用精细的显微血管重建技术挽救血管严重毁损的供肝、肾,以达到较好的临床疗效。     

活体亲属供肾肾移植的临床分析

目的总结分析活体亲属供肾肾移植的手术和治疗经验,探讨其临床效果.方法回顾性分析33例活体亲属供肾肾移植的临床资料,包括手术方法和创新、免疫抑制药物的用药方案及临床效果.结果本组全部切取左肾,经腹手术,手术顺利,移植肾在开放血液循环后1～10分钟内分泌尿液.供体肾功能在1周内恢复正常,未出现严重并发症.受者仅2例出现急性排斥反应.全部受者至今存活,肾功能良好.结论活体亲属供肾,移植效果明显优于尸体供肾肾移植.排斥反应发生率低,恢复顺利.     

手辅助腹腔镜及开放手术在切取活体供肾中的应用

目的 探讨利用手辅助腹腔镜及开放手术切取亲属活体供肾两种不同手术方法的可行性及临床效果。方法 分别采用手辅助腹腔镜及开放手术进行亲属活体供肾切取，常规方法移植给受者，并对肾移植供、受者的恢复情况进行观察。结果 2例均成功切取左肾并移植给受者，热缺血时间分别为3min及30s，血管开放后5min及2rain供肾泌尿，无排斥反应及并发症。供者术后6d及7d出院，无并发症。结论 手辅助腹腔镜及开放手术行供肾切取在技术上均安全，对供肾功能无影响。手辅助腹腔镜对供者创伤相对小，恢复快；开放手术时供肾的热缺血时间更短。     

活体亲属供肾肾移植的临床分析

目的　总结分析活体亲属供肾肾移植的手术和治疗经验 ,探讨其临床效果 .方法　回顾性分析 33例活体亲属供肾肾移植的临床资料 ,包括手术方法和创新、免疫抑制药物的用药方案及临床效果 .结果　本组全部切取左肾 ,经腹手术 ,手术顺利 ,移植肾在开放血液循环后 1～ 10分钟内分泌尿液 .供体肾功能在 1周内恢复正常 ,未出现严重并发症 .受者仅 2例出现急性排斥反应 .全部受者至今存活 ,肾功能良好 .结论　活体亲属供肾 ,移植效果明显优于尸体供肾肾移植 .排斥反应发生率低 ,恢复顺利     

双源CT在活体肾移植供体术前评估中的应用价值

为了探讨双源CT在活体肾移植术前供体评估中的应用价值,收集55例肾移植供体候选者(男35例,女20例,平均年龄39岁)行双源CT扫描。采用平扫、动脉期及静脉期增强的三相扫描方案,扫描范围从胸11水平至髂嵴水平。对原始数据进行多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)及容积再现(VR)等后处理。两名放射科医师盲法分析图像,分析肾血管、肾实质及集合系统的解剖结构、有无变异及病变。55例供体均顺利完成检查且图像符合诊断要求。46例双肾血管无变异,6例有副肾动脉,2例肾动脉提前分支,1例肾静脉变异;2例有错构瘤,5例有肾囊肿;无集合系统先天变异和病变。与手术结果对照,CT显示肾血管的准确率为100%。结果证明双源CT能准确显示肾移植供体的肾血管系统、肾实质和集合系统,为活体肾移植供体的筛选及手术方案的制定提供可靠依据。     

螺旋CT三维成像评估活体供肾血管

背景：术前供肾血管的影像学评估对选择合适供肾及决定手术方式至关重要。 目的：评估16层螺旋CT血管显影对活体供肾血管的显示水平。 方法：术前对59例活体供肾者进行CT血管显影检查,三维重建肾脏动脉显像,由放射科医师评估血管情况,并与术中描述的血管情况对比。分析CT血管显影检查肾脏血管的敏感性和准确度。 结果与结论：螺旋CT血管显影检查肾动脉总的敏感性和准确度分别为96.6% ,90.5%。50例供肾为单支动脉,螺旋CT血管显影诊断的敏感性和准确度分别为96.1%,92.9%。在6例有两支肾动脉供肾中,螺旋CT血管显影敏感性和准确度均下降为83.3%。3例供肾有3支肾动脉,螺旋CT血管显影的敏感性和准确度为66.7%。螺旋CT血管显影对多支肾动脉总的诊断准确度为77.7%。说明无创、立体直观的螺旋CT血管显影检查可以准确地预测90.5%以上供肾动脉血管情况,是供肾术前血管评估的较好手段。     

An undetected common renal arterial trunk: surgical consequences and morbidity analysis

We present a patient with a recurrent precaval left renal artery, stemming from a right-sided common trunk renal artery. The patient was a 44-year male who presented with a post-traumatic grade IV renal injury. After 3 months without renal function improvement and repeated urinary tract infection, a laparoscopic nephrectomy of the affected right kidney was performed, without upfront identification of the vascular variation, resulting in ischemia of the remaining left kidney. An anastomosis of the common renal trunk and the distal left renal artery was created in between the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava. This case describes the importance of upfront detection of renal vascular variations using the appropriate imaging techniques.     

Anatomical variations of the renal artery: a computerized tomographic angiogram study in living kidney donors at a Nigerian Kidney Transplant Center

BackgroundUnderstanding of the renal vascular anatomy is key to a safe and successful donor nephrectomy, which ultimately impacts on the renal graft function and survival in kidney transplant recipients.ObjectiveTo report the various anatomical configurations of the renal artery identified in living kidney donors in a Nigerian kidney transplant institution.Materials and MethodsThe computerized tomography angiograms of 100 consecutive living kidney donors were prospectively reviewed over an 18-month period. Anatomical variations of the renal arteries including accessory arteries and early divisions were noted. Duration of surgery and ischemic time were recorded intra-operatively. Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS version 20.ResultsThere were variations in renal artery configuration in 50 (50%) cases, 32% were accessory renal arteries while 18% were early branches of the renal artery. The classical bilateral solitary renal arteries were found in 50 (50%) of potential donors. There was statistically significant longer operating and ischemic time in donors with multiple renal arteries as compared with solitary arteries (p<0.05).ConclusionThere are a wide variety of renal artery configurations seen in potential kidney donors. The classical solitary renal artery remains the commonest and most favourable configuration for donor nephrectomy and transplantation.     

The benefits of clamping the renal artery in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) with and without clamping of the renal artery and to evaluate the impact of clamping on postoperative renal function. A total of 20 patients underwent LPN, 13 without and 7 with clamping of the renal artery. The 2 groups were compared with respect to complications, blood loss, operative time, mean tumor size, and incidence of positive margins. Renal function was evaluated by pre- and postoperative renal scintigraphy using 99m Technetium-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3). Intraoperative blood loss was significantly higher in the group without clamping than in the group with clamping (p0.04). In the group with clamping, the median warm ischemic time was 35 min (range 25-40 min). The serum creatinine values and the renal scintigraphy showed no influence on postoperative renal function with or without clamping. In the group without clamping, 2 cases were showed positive surgical margins. The procedure performed with clamping of the renal artery is superior to the procedure performed without clamping as it provides the advantages of controlling hemorrhaging without injury to renal function and prolonging the surgical time and allowing for more accurate resection of renal tumors.     

Anatomy of renal arterial supply

A thorough knowledge of the variations of the renal artery has grown in importance with the increasing numbers of renal transplants, vascular reconstructions, and various surgical and radiologic techniques. The literature indicates that multiple renal arteries are found in 9- 76% of cadavers. The purpose of this study is to establish the incidence and characteristics of variations of renal arteries in Thais. A total of 267 Thai cadavers were dissected in the anatomy laboratory. The anatomical findings included: a single hilar artery in 82% of cases; double renal arteries in 17% of cases (one hilar artery with an upper polar artery occurred in 7%; two hilar arteries in 7%, and one hilar artery combined with one lower polar artery in 3%); and triple renal arteries occurred in 1% (two hilar arteries with one upper polar artery in 0.4% and two hilar arteries with one lower polar artery in 0.6%). In preparation for interventions, such as living renal donation, vascular reconstruction, renovascular hypertension, or radical nephrectomy, the results indicate that preoperative renal imaging is necessary and that operative techniques with attention to multiple renal arteries should be considered.     

Anatomic variations of the renal vessels: focus on the precaval right renal artery

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of precaval right renal artery and to investigate the distribution of renal arteries and veins. We discuss a theory of development of renal vascular variants. We retrospectively reviewed 120 arterial phase contrast material-enhanced spiral computerized tomography scans of the abdomen (1- to 2-mm section thickness) performed during a two-month period. Forty percent of the study group (48 patients) had one artery and one vein on each side, with typical course. There was a 9.17% prevalence of precaval right renal artery: 10 patients had a lower pole accessory artery in precaval position and one patient had the main and the accessory arteries that pass anterior to the inferior vena cava. In these cases, associated variations of renal vessels were higher than in the patients without precaval artery variant. There were multiple arteries in 28.3% of the right kidneys and in 26.7% of the left ones. Variants of the right renal vein consisted in multiple veins in 20% (24 cases). We detected no case of multiple left renal veins, but we described variations of its course (circum- or retroaortic vein) in 9.17% (11 cases). Twenty-six patients (21.7%) had associated variations of the renal pedicle. The current technical support allows for a minimally invasive study of vessels anatomy. In our study the prevalence of a precaval right renal artery appears to be higher than previously reported (9.17%). Knowledge on anatomical variations of right renal artery and associated renal vessels variations has major clinical implications.     

Bipolar supernumerary renal artery

The variations of renal arteries are considered critical issues that surgeons should have thorough envision and appreciation of the condition. Variations of these vessels may influences urological, renal transplantation and laparoscopic surgeries. We present a case of bilateral accessory renal artery with a striking pre-hilar branching pattern encountered upon digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for imaging of the renal arteries of a healthy 30-year-old man, renal transplant donor. The right kidney received two renal arteries from the aorta including a main hilar and one lower polar. However, the left accessory artery while originated from the aorta, simultaneously, supplied both upper and lower renal poles following its pre-hilar division that replaced upper/apical and lower segmental arteries of the single main renal artery, respectively. The left main renal artery divided into two anterior and posterior segmental arteries. Whether this should be categorized either as an accessory hilar artery or a unique variant of renal arterial supply, the so-called bipolar supernumerary renal artery, is a matter of debate. We discuss possible embryologic origin and clinical aspects of accessory renal artery.     

256层螺旋CT肾动脉成像观察副肾动脉解剖结构

目的　探讨256层螺旋CT血管成像技术（CTA）显示副肾动脉解剖结构的应用价值。 方法　收集115例行腹部动脉CT血管造影检查患者资料,记录每侧副肾动脉的有无、支数及其直径、长度和入肾部位,比较副肾动脉解剖特点的差异。 结果　副肾动脉有Ⅰ支型、Ⅱ支型及Ⅳ支型。左侧副肾动脉发现率＞右侧,有统计学差异。男性副肾动脉发现率＞女性,有统计学差异。副肾动脉的直径在性别及侧别的差异无统计学意义。在上下极不同部位入肾时差异有统计学意义,上极入肾者多见。 结论　256层螺旋CT可以清晰显示副肾动脉的解剖结构,为临床诊断提供更为简便、准确的辅助检查。     

256层螺旋CT肾动脉成像观察副肾动脉解剖结构

目的　探讨256层螺旋CT血管成像技术（CTA）显示副肾动脉解剖结构的应用价值。 方法　收集115例行腹部动脉CT血管造影检查患者资料,记录每侧副肾动脉的有无、支数及其直径、长度和入肾部位,比较副肾动脉解剖特点的差异。 结果　副肾动脉有Ⅰ支型、Ⅱ支型及Ⅳ支型。左侧副肾动脉发现率＞右侧,有统计学差异。男性副肾动脉发现率＞女性,有统计学差异。副肾动脉的直径在性别及侧别的差异无统计学意义。在上下极不同部位入肾时差异有统计学意义,上极入肾者多见。 结论　256层螺旋CT可以清晰显示副肾动脉的解剖结构,为临床诊断提供更为简便、准确的辅助检查。