饮茶型氟中毒大鼠骨组织及肾脏超微结构观察

目的 从亚细胞水平观察砖茶氟对骨组织及肾脏的损害。方法 以１００ｍｇ／ＬＦ－砖茶水喂养Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠３个月后，在透射电镜下观察软骨细胞及肾小管上皮细胞超微结构的变化。结果（１）砖茶型氟中毒大鼠骨组织的损害以骨硬化为主，表现为软骨细胞及软骨基质过早骨化，同时可见，软骨细胞粗面内质网肿胀、扩张。（２）肾脏损害表现为肾近曲小管上皮细胞之线粒体普遍肿胀、扩张，空泡变性，线粒体峪减少或消失。结论 砖茶氟可致骨组织和肾脏损伤，尤其是可损伤其亚细胞膜性结构。     

饮茶型氯中毒大鼠骨组织及肾脏超微结构观察

目的：从亚细胞水平观察砖茶氟对骨组织及肾脏的损害。方法：以100mg/LF^-砖茶水喂养Wistar大鼠3个月后,在透射电镜下观察软骨细胞及肾小管上皮细胞超微结构的变化。结果：（1）砖茶型氟中毒大鼠骨组织的损害以骨硬化为主,表现为软骨细胞及软骨基质过早硬化,同时可见,软骨细胞粗面内质网肿胀、扩张。（2)肾脏损害表现为肾近曲小管上皮细胞之线粒体普遍肿胀、扩张,空泡变性,线粒体嵴减少或消失。结论：砖茶氟可致骨组织和肾脏损伤,尤其是可损伤其亚细胞膜性结构。     

氧化樟脑注射液对心肺复苏后大鼠心、脑、肾细胞超微结构的保护作用

目的探讨腹腔注射氧化樟脑注射液对心脏骤停大鼠模型复苏后多器官组织细胞急性损伤的效果。方法将24只实验性大鼠随机分成3组,均通过实验造成心肺复苏动物模型,治疗组于心跳恢复时给予氧化樟脑腹腔注入,复苏后12 h再给同等剂量;常规组腹腔注射生理盐水;对照组仅进行插管等手术操作,不进行心跳骤停和心肺复苏。术后24 h采血,并取左心室心肌、左侧颞叶皮质区脑皮质、左肾上极髓质组织,通过透射电镜观察组织细胞超微结构的变化。结果心肌细胞透射电镜结果显示对照组心肌细胞结构正常;常规复苏组可见明显心肌细胞损伤;氧化樟脑治疗组心肌细胞核形态基本正常,少数细胞线粒体肿胀、部分心肌纤维断裂,排列尚规则有序。脑细胞透射电镜(TEM)结果显示对照组脑神经元结构正常;常规复苏组可见明显神经元损伤,正常形态消失;氧化樟脑治疗组神经元形态基本正常,仅见少数细胞线粒体胀。肾脏组织细胞透射电镜(TEM)结果显示对照组肾小管上皮细胞排列整齐;常规复苏组可见肾小管细胞损伤明显,正常形态消失;氧化樟脑治疗组肾小管细胞基本完整,少数细胞线粒体肿胀。结论氧化樟脑具有减轻心肺复苏后多器官组织细胞急性损伤、保护多器官组织细胞超微结构完整的作用。     

慢性间断性缺氧对小鼠肾组织结构、基质金属蛋白酶及其组织抑制因子表达的影响

目的 观察慢性间断性缺氧（chronic intermittent hypoxia，CIH）对小鼠肾脏结构，基质金属蛋白酶-1、9（matrixmetallo-proteinase-1、9，MMP-1、9）及其组织抑制因子-1（tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1，TIMP-1）表达变化的影响，探讨其在睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（sAs）肾损害中的作用。方法 将30只ICR小鼠随机分为4组，空气模拟对照组（10只）、CIH2周组（5只）、CIH4周组（5只）、CIH8周组（10只）。采用光镜下病理检查和免疫组织化学方法观察实验小鼠肾组织结构变化和MMP-1、MMP-9及TIMP-1在肾脏的表达。结果 ①CIH各组见肾小管上皮细胞肿胀、空泡、颗粒变性，随缺氧时间延长，变性范围扩大，主要表现为近曲小管的病理改变，其中8周组可见部分肾小管坏死。②MMP-1、MMP-9及TIMP-1主要表达于肾小管上皮细胞。③与对照组比较，CIH各组MMP-1表达均明显减少（P均d0．01），2周时降至最低，随后MMP-1表达略有回升；CIH组间两两比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。MMP-9在2周组的表达水平与对照组相比均显著升高（P〈0．01），而在4、8周两组则显著降低（P均d0．01）。CIH各组TIMP-1均呈高表达（P均〈0．01），其中高峰表达在2周缺氧组。CIH各组MMP-1／TIMP-1均显著降低（P均〈0．05），其中2周组达最低（P〈0．01），CIH各组间两两比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。MMP-9／TIMP-1随间断缺氧时间的延长呈下降趋势，CIH4周、8周两组均低于对照组（P〈0．05），最低表达在8周组（P〈0．01）。④随间断缺氧时间延长，TIMP-1与MMP-1之间存在负相关关系（r=-0．769，Pd0．01）；TIMP-1与MMP-9之间存在正相关关系（r=0．392，PdO．05）。结论 CIH可引起实验小鼠肾小管变性、坏死等病理变化；同时肾小管上皮细胞MMP-1、MMP-9、TIMP-1表达异常；MMP-1／TIMP-1与MMP-9／TIMP-1下降，这可能参与了SAS肾损害的发生发展过程。     

SOD模型配合物对过量摄氟大鼠的保护作用

目的 观察超氧化物岐化酶模型配合物（MSOD）对过量摄氟大量的保护作用。方法 Wister雄性大鼠40只，随机分为4组：对照组（A组）、氟中毒组（B组）、MSOD保护组（C组）和治疗对照组（D组）。饲养5个月后处死，取肾脏标本，在光镜和电镜下进行形态学观察。结果 光镜：A组肾小球结构完整清晰，肾小管上皮细胞无坏死及炎性细胞浸润。B组肾近曲小管上皮细胞浆中可见粉染颗粒，肾近曲小管上皮细胞浆疏松，可见大小不等空泡。C组同A组肾小管上皮细胞无空泡及坏死，亦无炎性细胞浸润，肾间质无血管扩张；电镜：A组肾近曲小管上皮细胞排列整齐，微细胞呈正常态。B组肾近曲小管上皮细胞排列紊乱，胞质的线粒体增多呈圆泡状，嵴膜不清，细胞坏死。C组肾小球结构清晰，肾近曲小管上皮细胞发育良好，线粒体嵴膜清楚与对照组基本相同。D组肾近曲小管上皮细胞排列整齐，腔面微绒毛疏松，基底褶平展，线粒体以小圆形为多，粗面内质网轻度扩张，部分脱颗粒，胞质基质密度降低。结论 从形态学角度证明了长期过量摄氟后，大鼠肾脏均发生细胞和亚细胞水平损害，而MSOD保护组的亚显微结构基本正常，证明MSOD可以阻断氟中毒的发生，进一步说明了氟中毒的发病与自由基密切相关。     

慢性间歇低氧激活载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠补体系统促进动脉粥样硬化进展的研究

目的:观察慢性间歇低氧(CIH)下载脂蛋白E(ApoE-/-)小鼠补体系统激活情况,探讨CIH激活补体系统的机制.方法:将18只ApoE-/-小鼠,随机分为常氧组(n=9)和低氧组(n=9),给予所有小鼠高脂饮食喂养,以电脑程序控制低氧舱内氧浓度在5％～21％内循环以建立CIH诱导的动脉粥样硬化模型.HE染色检测斑块面...     

HIF-1α、CTGF在肾脏疾病中的表达

随机选肾活检组织标本55例,免疫组化方法检测肾组织中缺氧诱导因子（HIF-1α ）、结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）在不同类型肾脏疾病中的表达。结果不同肾小球疾病中HIF-1α、CTGF的表达有差异,CTGF表达区在肿胀的近曲小管上皮细胞、新月体增生的壁及脏层上皮细胞内,而HIF-1α表达区在远曲小管上皮细胞及肾间质的成纤维细胞核上。近曲小管上皮细胞中CTGF强阳性,HIF-1α阴性;HIF-1α强阳性细胞中,CTGF阴性;二者重叠表达时均是弱阳性。轻度系膜增生性非IgAN和IgAN系膜细胞HIF-1α强阳性表达非常普遍。认为CTGF与HIF-1α表达在肾组织的部位有差异,二者表达呈负相关。     

山莨菪碱对毒蕈所致大鼠急性肾损伤的保护作用

随机将１７４只大鼠分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组，每组５８只动物。Ⅰ组：用等渗盐水灌胃；Ⅱ组：用毒蕈匀浆液灌胃；Ⅲ组：毒蕈匀浆液灌胃同时腹腔注射山莨菪碱注射液，观察肾脏生化和形态学改变。Ⅱ组灌胃后６ｈ肾皮质自由基有关指标出现明显变化，肾近曲和远曲小管出现超微结构病变，２４ｈ后出现光镜下病变，尿钠、钾排泄增加，尿渗透压降低。Ⅲ组灌胃后１２ｈ肾皮质匀浆自由基有关指标出现异常变化，肾近曲和远曲小管出现超微结构病变，晚     

模拟高原缺氧环境对大鼠小肠组织病理和肠黏膜通透性的影响

目的探讨模拟高原环境对大鼠小肠黏膜形态结构和超微结构的影响,并通过双糖吸收实验考察肠黏膜通透性的改变。方法利用减压舱模拟5 500 m海拔高度,缺氧处理3周后,光镜及透视电镜下观察小肠黏膜上皮细胞形态结构和超微结构的变化。采用HPLC法检测研究对象尿液标本中甘露醇和乳果糖排出率比值。结果与实验对照组比较,高海拔缺氧组大鼠小肠黏膜变薄、肠黏膜水肿、绒毛短缩;超微结构也显示线粒体肿胀、嵴稀疏或消失,微绒毛变短、倒伏和部分缺失,且肠黏膜细胞凋亡也较常见。高海拔缺氧组肠道的通透性显著高于实验对照组（P〈0.01）。结论高原缺氧环境可导致小肠黏膜损伤,肠黏膜通透性增加,肠黏膜屏障破坏。     

不同程度慢性间歇低氧对大鼠神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察不同程度、时限的间歇低氧大鼠神经细胞凋亡情况,探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者神经系统损伤的机制。方法将72只Wistar大鼠均分为3组：5%慢性间歇低氧组（CIH5%组）、10%慢性间歇性低氧组（CIH10%组）和空白对照组（UC组）。TUNEL法观察大鼠神经细胞凋亡情况,HE染色观察神经细胞形态变化。结果与UC组比较,CIH5%组和CIH10%组皮质和海马等部位神经细胞出现损伤,神经细胞凋亡指数升高,6周时达到高峰,CIH5%组较CIH10%组变化明显。结论慢性间歇低氧可引起神经细胞凋亡,其程度与间歇低氧程度有关,但延长间歇低氧时间未加重神经细胞凋亡。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.