儿童1型糖尿病并甲状腺自身抗体异常的意义

目的 探讨儿童1型糖尿病(DM)并甲状腺自身抗体异常的临床意义。方法 应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)及放射免疫法(RIA)测定11例1型DM患儿血清谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)、胰岛素自身抗体(IAA)、胰岛细胞抗体(ICA)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)、甲状腺微粒体抗体(TMA)及甲状腺功能。结果 11例1型DM患儿中GADA、IAA、ICA阳性率分别为27.3％、63.6％、18.2％;TgAb、TMA阳性率分别为0％、27.3％,其中亚临床甲状腺功能低下(甲低)2例,发生率为18.2％。伴与不伴甲状腺自身抗体阳性两组1型DM患儿GADA、IAA、ICA阳性率分别为66.7％和12.5％、100％和50％、33.3％和12.5％,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 1型DM有相当高TMA阳性检出率和自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(AITD)发生率,并可能演变为自身免疫性多内分泌腺综合征(PAS),并甲状腺自身抗体异常的1型DM确实存在胰岛自身抗体高企。     

1型糖尿病患儿胰岛自身抗体与甲状腺自身免疫的关系

目的 研究1型糖尿病(T1DM)患儿甲状腺功能状态,并探讨胰岛自身抗体阳性是否可预测自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的发生.方法 选取2005年1月-2008年9月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院住院新发且资料完整的71例T1 DM患儿,进行2～4a的随访,对其年龄、性别、家族史及内分泌相关检查结果进行分析.对胰岛自身抗体[谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)、胰岛细胞抗体(ICA)、胰岛素自身抗体(IAA)、胰岛素瘤相关蛋白2抗体(IA-2)]及甲状腺自身抗体[甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)]检测结果进行分析.结果 胰岛自身抗体的检测阳性率:ICA为12.7％(9/71例),IAA为36.6％(26/71例),GADA为54.9％(39/71例),IA-2为46.5％(33/71例).甲状腺自身抗体检测阳性率:TPOAb阳性率为11.3％(8/71例),TGAb阳性率为8.5％(6/71例),APOAb、TGAb任一抗体阳性率为12.7％(9/71例).10岁以上患儿甲状腺抗体阳性率高(P =0.031).甲状腺抗体阳性患儿更易发生甲状腺功能异常(促甲状腺激素:5.6％ vs0,P＜0.05).GADA阳性组甲状腺功能异常率及抗体的阳性率较GADA阴性组偏高,但无统计学差异(TPOAb:8.5％vs2.8％,P＞0.05;TGAb:5.6％vs2.8％,P＞0.05),ICA、IAA阳性组与阴性组比较差异无统计学意义.IA-2阳性组TSH阳性率与IA-2阴性组比较有统计学差异(促甲状腺激素:5.6％ vs0,P＜0.05).71例患儿经过2～4a随访,无新发甲状腺疾病.结论 IA-2阳性的T1 DM患儿可能更易发生甲状腺功能异常.10岁以上T1 DM患儿有必要动态监测甲状腺功能.     

不同体重指数糖尿病患儿胰岛自身抗体检测意义初探

通过对儿童糖尿病患儿检测谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GADA）、胰岛素自身抗体（IAA）、胰岛细胞抗体（ICA），旨在了解其在不同体重指数（BMI）糖尿病患儿中的差异，并初步探讨其意义。应用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定32例糖尿病患儿血清GADA、IAA、ICA。结果显示，132例糖尿病儿童中肥胖占31．2％，正常体重占6．3％，体重减轻占62．5％；肥胖儿GADA、ICA阳性率与体重减轻儿比较差异有显著性（P＜0．05），而IAA差异不显著（P＞0．05）；病程1年内的初发糖尿病中，肥胖儿GADA、ICA阳性率明显低于体重减轻儿。提示肥胖儿童糖尿病具有2型糖尿病的免疫学特征，随儿童糖尿病中肥胖儿的增多，2型糖尿病有增多趋势；相对IAA，检测GADA、ICA更适用于1、2型糖尿病的分型。     

儿童及青少年1型糖尿病患者甲状腺抗体和功能的改变

1型糖尿病 (type 1diabetesmellitus ,T1DM)与自身免疫性甲状腺疾病 (autoimmunethyroiddiseases,AITD)均属于器官特异性自身免疫性疾病。许多文献报告二者存在一定的联系 ,T1DM患者常常出现甲状腺自身抗体 [甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体 (TPO Ab)和甲状腺球蛋白抗体 (TG Ab) ]及甲状腺功能的改变 ,而AITD患者胰岛细胞抗体 (IC Ab)及谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体 (GAD Ab)亦明显升高。国内外近几年关于儿童及青少年 1型糖尿病患者甲状腺自身免疫性改变的研究情况如下。1　儿童及青少年T1DM患者甲状腺自身免疫性改变的发生率1.1　血清甲状腺自身抗…     

儿童1型糖尿病的抗体检测及临床意义

目的　了解胰岛细胞抗体 (ICA)和谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体 (GADA)阳性率与患儿胰岛功能的关系 ,明确ICA和GADA检测对 1型糖尿病的临床意义。方法　儿童 1型糖尿病 31例均采用ELISA法测定GADA ,间接免疫荧光法测定ICA ,化学发光法测定血清C肽、胰岛素 (DPC -IMMULITE机器 )。结果　ICA和GADA的阳性率分别为 4 5 .2 %和 38.7% ,儿童 1型糖尿病患者ICA阳性率高于GADA。抗体阳性患儿空腹和餐后C肽(0 .99± 0 .36ng/ml和 2 .10± 0 .99ng/ml)及餐后胰岛素 (11.5 3± 7.11μIU/ml)明显低于抗体阴性患儿空腹C肽 (2 .19± 1.33)ng/ml,餐后C肽 (6 .18± 3.91)ng/ml和餐后胰岛素 (18.6 0± 10 .5 9) μIU/ml,P <0 .0 5。结论　青少年糖尿病患者中ICA阳性率高于GADA。自身抗体阳性患儿胰岛功能明显低于阴性患儿 ,提示自身抗体阳性患儿胰岛功能损伤更明显。由于ICA、GADA两种抗体的阳性结果常不一致 ,联合检测可提高诊断率     

1型糖尿病儿童甲状腺抗体的检测

目的：明确1型糖尿病（T1DM）儿童甲状腺抗体阳性的发生率及其相关因素。方法：回顾性分析我院2005年5月至2011年4月T1DM病例的临床资料,分析甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)与细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF、IFN-γ和CD3+、CD4+、CD8+淋巴细胞的关系。结果：经筛选后共获得甲状腺双抗体资料完整的T1DM患儿186例,其中甲状腺双抗体正常143例,甲状腺抗体阳性43例（23.1％）,其中双抗体阳性21例。诊断为自身免疫性多腺体综合征3型变异型患儿18例（9.7%）。甲状腺抗体阳性组有糖尿病家族史的比例显著高于甲状腺抗体正常组（27.9% vs 14.7%,P＜0.05）。甲状腺抗体阳性组患儿年龄大于甲状腺抗体正常组（10.1±3.2岁vs 8.1±4.0岁,P＜0.05）。甲状腺抗体阳性组IL-2水平显著高于甲状腺抗体正常组（4.48 ±1.27 pg/mL vs 2.82 ±0.84 pg/mL,P＜0.05）,而其CD3+细胞比例低于甲状腺抗体正常组［（61±11)% vs (66±11）%, P＜0.05）］。结论：儿童T1DM甲状腺抗体阳性率增高可能与遗传背景和T细胞免疫功能紊乱,尤其是IL-2异常升高有关。     

儿童初发1型糖尿病伴不同程度糖尿病酮症酸中毒与甲状腺功能相关性研究

目的 分析初发1型糖尿病（T1DM）患儿伴发糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）的严重程度与甲状腺功能状态的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年12月内分泌遗传代谢科收治的167例初发T1DM患儿临床资料,比较T1DM患儿中非DKA,轻度、中度、重度DKA四组临床特点、实验室指标、甲状腺功能状态差异,分析血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT₃）水平的影响因素。结果 167例初发T1DM患儿中,男81例、女86例,中位年龄6.5（4.0～9.9）岁,中位病程14.0（7.0～28.0）d,非DKA组104例、轻度DKA组20例、中度DKA组16例、重度DKA组27例。各DKA组（FT₃）、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸（TT₃）、总甲状腺素（TT₄）、pH值及HCO^-₃显著低于非DKA组,而阴离子间隙（AG）、血糖水平显著高于非DKA组;重度DKA组的白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比显著高于其他三组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。167例初发T1DM儿童中,甲状腺...     

1型糖尿病并低三碘甲状腺氨酸综合征201例

目的探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)及糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)患儿并低三碘甲状腺氨酸(T3)综合征的临床特点。方法采用放射免疫分析法检测91例T1DM并DKA患儿(DKA组)及110例单纯T1DM患儿(非DKA组)血清T3、甲状腺素(T4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平,观察2组T3、T4下降例数及水平,并将DKA组分为轻、中、重3个亚组,观察不同组别中甲状腺激素变化特点。结果 DKA组易发生T3、T4下降,DKA组T3[(0.54±0.51)μg.L-1]、T4[(5.65±2.80)μg.L-1]与非DKA组T3[(1.02±0.38)μg.L-1]、T4[(9.28±2.85)μg.L-1]比较,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.000 1)。中、重度DKA组与非DKA组T3比较,差异有统计学意义(Pa<0.000 1),轻、中、重度DKA组与非DKA组T4比较,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.000 4,0.000 1)。DKA组与非DKA组TSH比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 T1DM患儿甲状腺激素检测的结果主要表现为T3降低,部分伴T4降低,其疾病的严重程度与甲状腺激素降低程度一致,T1DM并DKA患儿的T3、T4水平均有明显下降,提示T1DM患儿需重视甲状腺激素的检测,利于早期防治。     

儿童青少年1型糖尿病患儿发生酮症酸中毒的危险因素分析及预测模型的建立

目的 研究儿童青少年1型糖尿病（type 1 diabetes mellitus, T1DM）发生糖尿病酮症酸中毒（diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA）的危险因素,并建立DKA风险预测模型,以期降低该类患儿DKA的发生率,提高患儿生存质量。方法 回顾性选择2018年1月—2021年12月宁夏医科大学总医院收治的217例T1DM患儿,其中169例发生DKA患儿为DKA组,48例未发生DKA患儿为非DKA组。分析T1DM患儿发生DKA的危险因素,并建立预测T1DM患儿发生DKA风险的列线图模型。结果 217例T1DM患儿中DKA发生率为77.9%(169/217)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,T1DM患儿入院随机血糖高、糖化血红蛋白高（hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c）、血酮高、甘油三酯高与发生DKA密切相关（分别OR=1.156、3.203×1015、20.131、9.519,P<0.05）。列线图预测模型C-统计量为0.95,列线图模型预测T1DM患儿发生DKA的风险与实际发生DKA的风险平均绝对误差为0.004,说明模型整体预测能力较好。结论...     

《中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒诊疗指南》(2009年版)解读

<正>1指南制定背景糖尿病酮症酸中毒(diabetic ketoacidosis,DKA)在1型糖尿病(T1DM)及2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者中均可发生,是儿童糖尿病患者发病和死亡的首要原因。DKA发生率存在地域差异,与糖尿病发生率并不相符。     

25-羟维生素D与儿童1型糖尿病及酮症酸中毒的相关性研究

目的探讨血清25-羟维生素D[25-(OH)D]水平与儿童1型糖尿病(T1DM)及酮症酸中毒(DKA)的相关性。方法选取2006年1月—2009年12月期间152例住院患儿,其中52例为首次发病的T1DM患儿,包括酮症酸中毒(DKA组)21例,以及非酮症酸中毒(非DKA组)31例,其余100例为非T1DM组。检测并比较三组患儿的血清25-(OH)D水平,分析血清25-(OH)D水平与儿童T1DM及DKA的相关性。结果 DKA组患儿的血清25-(OH)D平均为(53.6±27.8)nmol/L,显著低于非DKA组的(69.7±27.9)nmol/L和非T1DM组的(81.8±28.3)nmol/L(P<0.05);非DKA组患儿的血清25-(OH)D水平显著低于非T1DM组(P<0.05)。结论 T1DM患儿的血清25-(OH)D水平低,尤以DKA患儿最为明显,维生素D在儿童T1DM发病中的潜在保护效应值得关注。     

儿童 1型糖尿病 30年临床特征及随访观察

目的 分析儿童1型糖尿病（T1DM）的临床特征,探讨该病对儿童生长发育的影响程度及后期并发症发生的情况。方法 对发病年龄在13个月至14．7岁,经实验室检查确诊为T1DM的210例患儿的临床特征进行了回顾性分性,并对99例患儿进行了1～24年的并发症、生长发育、死因随访。结果 因单纯糖尿病人院者47例（22．4％）;伴酮血症入院者69例（32．9％）;伴酮症酸中毒入院者94例（44．7％）,其中农村患儿78例。起病时有诱因者43例,其中自停胰岛素15例。酮症酸中毒患儿住院时间明显比单纯糖尿病患儿长（P〈0．05）。随访的99例中出现各种并发症50例,其中以微血管病变发生率最高。病程长易并发各种并发症（P〈0．05）,病后的监测方法与并发症的发生也明显相关。患儿组身高明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 酮症酸中毒是儿童糖尿病的基本特征;病程长易并发各种并发症;加强对儿童糖尿病患者的血糖检测和病后教育,将对儿童糖尿病的治疗起重要作用。     

Pediatric stroke associated with new onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: case reports and review of the literature

Neurological deterioration in children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is commonly caused by cerebral edema. However, stroke should also be suspected when focal neurological deficits are apparent, because children with hyperglycemia and DKA are prone to thrombosis. We report three cases of pediatric stroke associated with new onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The first case presented with sinovenous thrombosis, and the other two cases presented in DKA and had a late diagnosis of ischemic stroke following neurological deterioration. Our recent experiences and review of the literature emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, investigation, and treatment for patients that present with new onset T1DM and stroke.     

Predicting diabetic ketoacidosis in children by measuring end-tidal CO2 via non-invasive nasal capnography

AIM: To determine if nasal capnography can be used as a screening tool to predict diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) presenting to the emergency department. METHODS: Cross-sectional, prospective, observational study of children with T1DM who presented to the Emergency Department of Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Western Australia, over a 12-month period from June 2003 to June 2004. Information on demographic data and T1DM was recorded. Nasal capnography, venous blood gases and urinary analysis were performed on patients. Data were analysed using chi(2) tests and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Sensitivities and specificities were calculated at different end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)) levels to predict presence of DKA. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients aged 1-18 years (mean 10.7, SD 4.7) were analysed. Thirty-three (57%) were male and 30 (52%) presented with new onset of T1DM. Of the 58 cases, 15 (26%) had DKA, and 11 of these were new T1DM patients. No patients with an ETCO(2) > 30 mmHg had DKA (sensitivity 1.0, specificity 0.86). Six patients with an ETCO(2) < 30 mmHg did not have DKA. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal capnography in conjunction with clinical assessment is predictive of DKA. Further research into this area with larger numbers could help validate ETCO(2) as a screening tool for DKA in the emergency department.     

Ketoacidosis at presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children: a retrospective 20-year experience from a tertiary care hospital in Serbia

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has significant morbidity and mortality and is common at diagnosis in children. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of DKA over a 20-year period among children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at University children's hospital in Belgrade, Serbia. The study population comprised of 720 patients (366 boys) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes aged <18 years between January 1992 and December 2011. Of all patients diagnosed with T1DM, 237 (32.9 %) presented with DKA. The majority had either mild (69.6 %) or moderate (22.8 %) DKA. Sixty (55.0 %) of all children under 5 years had DKA compared to sixty-two (20.9 %) in the 5- to 10-year-old group and one hundred fifteen (36.6 %) in the 11- to 18-year-old patients (p?<?0.01), while 2.5 % of the entire DKA cohort were in real coma. During the later 10-year period, children less often had DKA at diagnosis compared with the earlier 10-year period (28.0 vs. 37.4 %) (p?<?0.01), but the frequency of severe DKA was higher in the age group <5 year and in the age group >11 year during 2002–2011, compared with the earlier 10-year period (12.9 vs. 3.4 %, p?<?0.01 and 17.1 vs. 3.8 %, p?<?0.01). Conclusion: The overall frequency of DKA in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes decreased over a 20-year period at our hospital. However, children aged <5 years and adolescents are still at high risk for DKA at diagnosis.     

5岁以下1型糖尿病患儿21例

目的探讨5岁以下婴幼儿糖尿病的临床特点、诊断及酮症酸中毒(DKA)的抢救措施。方法回顾性分析21例5岁以下婴幼儿糖尿病患儿的发病情况、临床特点、误诊情况,并探讨急救治疗体会。结果婴幼儿糖尿病临床症状不典型,糖尿病自身抗体阳性率低,初诊误诊率达52.4%,DKA发生率也高达52.4%。感染是诱发DKA的常见原因,患儿无1例死亡,1例放弃治疗,出院后治疗依从性不一。结论婴幼儿糖尿病多为特发性,临床症状不典型,易误诊、漏诊。感染可能导致患儿糖尿病的进展和临床表现出现。小剂量胰岛素持续静滴、调节酸碱平衡和纠正电解质紊乱是急救的关键。     

Ketoacidosis at presentation of type 1 diabetes in children in Kuwait: frequency and clinical characteristics

Abdul‐Rasoul M, Al‐Mahdi M, Al‐Qattan H, Al‐Tarkait N, Alkhouly M, Al‐Safi R, Al‐Shawaf F, Mahmoud H. Ketoacidosis at presentation of type 1 diabetes in children in Kuwait: frequency and clinical characteristics. Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has significant morbidity and mortality, and is common at diagnosis in children. Objective: Describe the frequency and severity of DKA at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children in Kuwait. Methods: Hospital records of 677 diabetic children less than 12 yr of age, diagnosed during the period of 2000–2006 were reviewed. DKA was defined as blood glucose > 11 mmol/L, pH < 7.3, and/or bicarbonate < 15 mmol/L with ketonuria. Results: Of all patients diagnosed with T1DM, 255 (37.7%) presented with DKA. The frequency of DKA was constant between 2000 and 2002 (42.7–41.5%), but decreased in the following years to 30.7% in 2006 (p < 0.005). The majority had either mild or moderate DKA (74.1%). Fifty‐one (36.7%) of all children in the 0–4 yr had severe DKA compared to ten (2.9%) in the 5‐ to 8‐yr‐old group, and three (1.5%) in 9‐ to 12‐yr‐old patients (p < 0.0001). Moreover, 83% of children with severe DKA were in the 0–4 yr age group. One child (0.15%) died and twenty‐seven (4%) needed intensive care unit (ICU) care. Conclusion: Our study provides recent data on Middle Eastern population, for whom data are sparse. Although it has significantly decreased, the frequency of DKA at presentation of T1DM in children in Kuwait is still high, secondary to the high prevalence of diabetes in the community. Young children, especially those less than 2 yr old remain at high risk. Increasing the general awareness of the public as well as of pediatricians to the disease may lead to early diagnosis before the development of acidosis.     

Delayed diagnosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Children with suspected type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) should have same day referral to a paediatric diabetes team. 99 children (54 male; median age 10.5 years, range 0.9-15.9 years) were diagnosed with T1DM at our hospital between January 2004 and June 2007. 27 (27.2%) presented in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). 37 (37.3%) required hospital admission, while the rest had ambulatory management. In 21 (21.2%) children, diagnosis was delayed >24 h (median 3.0 days, range 1-14 days) due to missed diagnosis at the local hospital (four) or by the general practitioner (seven), arranging a fasting blood glucose test (nine) and outpatient appointment requested via fax (one). Children with delayed diagnosis presented more frequently in DKA (52.3% vs 20.5%, p<0.01), with a higher median presenting HbA1c (12.3% vs 10.9%, p<0.05). There were no differences in age and sex between the delayed diagnosis and immediate referral groups. Healthcare providers need to be aware of the importance of immediate referral of children newly diagnosed with T1DM.     

Difficulties or mistakes in diagnosing type 1 diabetes in children?—demographic factors influencing delayed diagnosis

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) development in children with new‐onset type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is often the main consequence of delayed diagnosis. The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of difficulties in T1DM diagnosis and to investigate if and how the demographic factors (gender, patient's age at presentation, family history of T1DM, level of maternal education, place of residence, and health service unit the patient called at) have any influence on diagnostic delays. Subjects and methods: Retrospective analysis of 474 children (243 boys—51.27% and 231 girls ?48.73%) with new‐onset T1DM aged below 17 yr and living in the Pomeranian region of Poland was carried out. The delay in diagnosis was recognized if the patient was not diagnosed on the first visit because of omission, wrong interpretation of main diabetic symptoms, exclusive treatment of additional signs, or concomitant diseases. Results: Difficulties in diagnosing T1DM were found in 67 cases (14.13%) and they are the main cause of DKA development in these children (p = 0.00). Among the examined demographic factors, mainly the patient's age at presentation has a significant influence on diagnostic delays (p = 0.01), especially in children below 2 yr (p = 0.00). Most frequently family doctors were responsible for wrong preliminary diagnosis. Conclusions: Difficulties in diagnosing T1DM are a significant cause of DKA development in children with new‐onset disease. Patient's age at presentation is the main risk factor of delayed diagnosis, especially in children below 2 yr. The increase in awareness among pediatricians concerning the possibility of T1DM development in children is needed.