Lavender and coriander essential oils and their main component linalool exert a protective effect against amyloid‐β neurotoxicity

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder leading to cognitive deficits and cognitive decline. Since no cure or preventing therapy is currently available to counteract AD, natural‐derived compounds are investigated to find new potential neuroprotective agents for its treatment. In the present study, we tested the neuroprotective effect of lavender and coriander essential oils (EOs) and their main active constituent linalool, against the neurotoxicity elicited by Aβ_1‐42 oligomers, a key molecular factor in the neurodegeneration of AD. Importantly, our findings on neuronally differentiated PC12 cells exposed to Aβ_1‐42 oligomers are in accordance with previous in vivo studies reporting the neuroprotective potential of lavender and coriander EOs and linalool. We found that lavender and coriander EOs at the concentration of 10 μg/mL as well as linalool at the same concentration were able to improve viability and to reduce nuclear morphological abnormalities in cells treated with Aβ_1‐42 oligomers for 24 hours. Lavender and coriander EOs and linalool also showed to counteract the increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species production and the activation of the pro‐apoptotic enzyme caspase‐3 induced by Aβ_1‐42 oligomers. Our findings provide further evidence that these EOs and their main constituent linalool could be natural agents of therapeutic interest against Aβ_1‐42‐induced neurotoxicity.     

The chemical composition of some Lauraceae essential oils and their antifungal activities

The antifungal activity of Aniba rosaeodora, Laurus nobilis, Sassafras albidum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils were investigated against 17 micromycetes. Among the tested fungal species were food poisoning, spoilage fungi, plant and animal pathogens. In order to determine fungistatic and fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MFC) macrodilution and microdilution tests were used. Linalool was the main component in the essential oil of A. rosaeodora, while 1.8-cineole was dominant in L. nobilis. In sassafras essential oil safrole was the major component and in the oil of C. zeylanicum the main component was trans-cinnamaldehyde. The essential oil of cinnamon showed the strongest antifungal activity.     

Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review

Essential oils and their volatile constituents are used widely to prevent and treat human disease. The possible role and mode of action of these natural products is discussed with regard to the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and thrombosis, as well as their bioactivity as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidants and antidiabetic agents. Their application as natural skin penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery and the therapeutic properties of essential oils in aroma and massage therapy will also be outlined.     

Chemical and biological evaluation of the essential oils of different Melaleuca species

The essential oils of the fresh leaves of M. ericifolia, M. leucadendron, M. armillaris and M. styphelioides were isolated by a hydrodistillation method and analysed by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. The essential oil of M. ericifolia contained methyl eugenol (96.84%) as a major constituent, whereas M. leucadendron was rich in 1,8-cineole (64.30%). The essential oil of M. armillaris was rich in 1,8-cineole (33.93%) followed by terpinen-4-ol (18.79%), whereas M. styphelioides was rich in caryophyllene oxide (43.78%) and (-) spathulenol (9.65%). The essential oils of these species possessed antimicrobial and antifungal activities. M. ericifolia exhibited the highest inhibitory effects against Bacillus subtiles and Aspergillus niger. The antiviral activities of the essential oils against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were studied in African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) by a plaque reduction assay. The volatile oil of M. armillaris was more effective as a virucidal (up to 99%) than that of M. leucadendron (92%) and M. ericifolia (91.5%). The effects of the essential oils on the antioxidant system status in carbon tetrachloride treated animals were studied. The essential oil of M. armillaris exhibited a marked antioxidant effect, it improved vitamin E, vitamin C and superoxide dismutase parameters so it can be used as a free radical suppressor.     

6种代表性沉香精油的化学成分及抗氧化、抗炎活性比较分析

目的 比较不同来源、不同提取方式的6种沉香精油化合物组成、抗氧化能力及抗炎活性的差异。方法 采用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用仪（gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry,GC-TOF MS）对6种沉香精油的化学成分进行分析,并测定其清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine,DPPH）与2,2-氮杂双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2-azabis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt,ABTS]自由基的能力,考察其对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导的小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7活力的影响。结果 从通体香水蒸气蒸馏精油（TTS）、通体香超临界萃取精油（TTC）、板头香水蒸气蒸馏精油（BTS）、板头香超临界萃取精油（BTC）、奇楠沉香水蒸气蒸馏精油（QNS）和奇楠沉香超临界萃取精油（QNC）中鉴定出的化合物数量分别为48、55、59、71、72和35种,所含香味物质小分子芳香物质及倍半萜类成分相对含量之和分别为81.42%、87.84%、89.03%、62.05%、63.83%和28.36%,所含2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物相对含量分别为0、0、0.25%、22.42%、17.48%、60.42%。6种沉香精油均具有清除DPPH和ABTS自由基能力,且质量浓度在0.5～5 mg/mL与自由基清除能力均呈正相关。3种水蒸气蒸馏沉香精油（BTS、TTS、QNS）对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞的半数抑制浓度（half inhibitory concentration,IC₅₀）分别为18.61、30.30、18.05 μg/mL,而3种超临界CO₂萃取沉香精油（BTC、TTC、QNC）的IC₅₀值分别为41.98、38.45、24.50 μg/mL。结论 超临界萃取沉香精油同水蒸气蒸馏沉香精油化合物组成相差较大,其能够提取出更多的脂肪酸类和色酮类化合物;板头香和通体香采用同一提取方法所得精油化学成分相似,而奇楠沉香中含有更多含量的香味物质和2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物。3种超临界萃取沉香精油清除DPPH自由基能力均强于水蒸气蒸馏沉香精油,而抗炎活性则相反,且3种沉香来源中,奇楠沉香精油抗炎能力最佳。     

Potential teratogenicity in mice of the essential oil of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl. Study of a fraction rich in sabinyl acetate

A fraction of the essential oil of Salvia lavandulifolia containing 50% sabinyl acetate was used to evaluate its fetotoxic potential in mice. Pregnant dams were injected s.c. (15, 45 and 135 mg of this fraction/kg body weight) on days 6 to 15 of gestation. They were killed and subjected to uterine examination on day 17 of pregnancy. The fetuses were removed for examination and the maternal hepatic and renal weights were recorded. A significant maternal toxicity, as indicated by a reduced weight gain, was observed among pregnant dams receiving 45 or 135 mg/kg of the test material. In addition, a reduced hepatic weight was observed in the three treated groups in the females that had a reduced litter—thus indicating a greater susceptibility to sabinyl acetate during pregnancy—and in the 135 mg/kg treated group, in most of the dams. In the three treated groups the drug had a dose-dependant abortifacient effect, but was not fetotoxic. This work underlines the potential risk induced by the uncontrolled use of such essential oils in aromatherapy.     

脐橙鲜果皮与干果皮挥发油化学成分的气相色谱-质谱分析

目的：分析和比较脐橙鲜果皮和干果皮挥发油的化学成分。方法：水蒸气蒸馏法提取脐橙鲜果皮和干果皮的挥发油,GC-MS法分析和鉴定其化学成分。结果：从鲜品和干品的挥发油中分别鉴定出28和25个成分,共鉴定出37个成分,其中26个成分是首次从脐橙果皮挥发油中被鉴定出。结论：鲜品和干品的挥发油化学成分基本相同,其主成分均为柠檬烯(90.16%和77.34%)。     

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of two Satureja species essential oils

The phytochemical GC[sol ]MS analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten., collected in Croatia were performed. The major compound of S. montana oil was the phenolic monoterpene carvacrol (45.7%). Other important compounds were the monoterpenic hydrocarbons p-cymene (12.6%), gamma-terpinene (8.1%) and the oxygen-containing compounds carvacrol methyl ether, borneol, thymol and thymol methyl ether. The volatile oil of S. cuneifolia was characterized as beta-cubebene (8.7%), limonene (8.3%), alpha-pinene (6.9%), spathulenol and beta-caryophyllene. The antimicrobial effects of S. montana and S. cuneifolia oils were found to have a broad spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens by the broth microdilution method. These oils were active against all the test strains, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compared with S. cuneifolia, savory oil exhibited greater antimicrobial activity. The maximum activity of savory oil was observed against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and against the yeast (Candida albicans). The essential oil of S. cuneifolia was also found to inhibit the growth of medically important pathogens such as S. aureus and E. coli. Fungicidal activity for both oils against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae was also observed.     

植物精油抑制真菌及真菌毒素的研究进展

真菌及真菌毒素极易污染食品、果蔬、中药材、农产品等基质使其霉败变质,这不仅造成巨大的资源浪费和经济损失,还会带来潜在的安全隐患,严重威胁人们的身体健康和生命安全,这一问题已引起全球性的广泛关注。研究者们竭力探索科学有效的策略和措施抑制或防止诸多基质的真菌和真菌毒素污染。化学合成抑菌剂备受欢迎,但是同时存在残毒、公害、抗性等问题,已被禁止使用。植物精油因具有抑菌活性强、抑菌谱广、高挥发性、生物降解性良好、在基质中低残留、无毒或低毒对人体相对安全、对环境友好等优点,可作为潜在的新型绿色防霉抑菌剂。针对植物精油的分布、抑制真菌生长及真菌毒素合成的作用、抑菌广谱性、安全性评价、抑菌机制进行综述,以期为研发天然、绿色抗真菌剂提供科学参考。     

五脉地椒挥发油化学成分的研究

 目的研究山东沂山产五脉地椒全草挥发油化学成分。方法采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对五脉地椒全草挥发油化学成分进行了分析鉴定。结果从分离出的72个峰中鉴定出61种化学成分，其含量占挥发油总量的98.83%。结论产于山东沂山的五脉地椒全草挥发油主要成分为对-伞花烃、芳樟醇、龙脑、a-松油醉。     

Insecticidal activity of essential oils on Triatoma infestans

Sixty-three essential oils isolated from Bolivian plants were tested on Triatoma infestans for ovicidal and larvicidal properties. Three types of test were used: topical application on insects, nymphs on impregnated paper and eggs on impregnated paper. Twenty oils showed an interesting activity on nymphs and eggs when the impregnated paper tests were used. These tests proved to be the most sensitive and were therefore chosen for studying the action of a dozen terpenes present in those active essential oils. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

当归挥发油化学成分分析

对当归采用水蒸气回流法提取挥发油 ,收油率为 0 .4 %。用毛细管气相色谱 -质谱联用程序升温方法对当归挥发油化学成分进行分析 ,共分离出 91种组分 ,鉴定了 5 9个化学成分 ,占挥发油相对含量的 94 %以上     

柱果绿绒蒿挥发油化学成分及其抗氧化活性的研究

目的:分析柱果绿绒蒿挥发油的化学成分并进行抗氧化活性研究.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法获得挥发油,运用气相色谱-质谱联用进行成分分析,同时运用紫外分光光度计测定其对羟基自由基的清除能力,用酶标仪测定其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基的清除能力,并与2,6--二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)比较.结果:从柱果绿绒蒿的挥发油中鉴定了47个化合物,占其总量的91.866％;挥发油对羟基自由基和DPPH自由基的清除能力均强于BHT.结论:柱果绿绒蒿挥发油的化学成分复杂,主要为十六烷酸(27.653％)和6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五烷酮(16.330％);其清除自由基的能力显示出良好的抗氧化活性.     

川芎挥发油的化学成分与药理活性研究进展

川芎挥发油是由中药川芎经蒸馏或萃取获得的低极性、挥发性组分,是川芎的主要药效成分。川芎挥发油主要含有苯酞、烯萜醇与脂肪酸类化合物,不同产地及提取工艺获得的川芎挥发油含量与成分不同,药效也有差异。研究发现,川芎挥发油具有镇痛镇静、改善血管功能、保护神经细胞、解热等药理作用,同时川芎挥发油毒性较低,在临床应用方面具有很好的开发利用价值。目前,川芎挥发油研究成果丰硕,但存在评价标准不统一,药理学与药物化学研究结合不够紧密的问题,建立权威的质量评价标准、对活性成分进行更加深入的研究,是解决其进一步开发利用的关键所在。该文综述近年来国内外对川芎挥发油化学成分与药理活性的研究进展,为进一步研究与开发川芎挥发油提供参考。     

Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination

In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) was tested alone and in combination. The compositions of the oils were analysed by GC/MS. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against three Gram-positive bacteria, three Gram-negative bacteria and two fungi were determined for the essential oils and their mixtures. Furthermore, time-kill dynamic processes of clove and rosemary essential oils against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were tested. Both essential oils possessed significant antimicrobial effects against all microorganisms tested. The MICs of clove oil ranged from 0.062% to 0.500% (v/v), while the MICs of rosemary oil ranged from 0.125% to 1.000% (v/v). The antimicrobial activity of combinations of the two essential oils indicated their additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects against individual microorganism tests. The time-kill curves of clove and rosemary essential oils towards three strains showed clearly bactericidal and fungicidal processes of (1)/(2) x MIC, MIC, MBC and 2 x MIC.     

荔枝草挥发油的化学成分分析

目的 分析荔枝草挥发油的化学成分.方法 采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取荔枝草挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析鉴定其化学成分.结果 从荔枝草挥发油中分离出103个离子峰,鉴定其中42个化合物,占挥发油总量的82.65%.结论 荔枝草挥发油的主要化学成分是β-按叶醇,γ-桉叶醇,(-)-去氢白菖蒲烯,沉香螺醇,β-杜松烯,为荔枝草资源的进一步开发利用提供了科学依据.     

Investigating wound healing, tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts of Salvia cryptantha and Salvia cyanescens using in vivo and in vitro experimental models

Ethnopharmacological Relevance

Salvia L. species are widely used against wounds and skin infections in Turkish folk medicine.

Aim of the study

The aim of the present study is to evaluate wound healing activity of the ethanol (EtOH) extracts of Salvia cryptantha and Salvia cyanescens.

Materials and methods

For the assessment of wound healing activity linear incision and circular excision wound models were employed on rats and mice. The wound healing effect was comparatively evaluated with the standard skin ointment Madecassol^®. Inhibition of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in skin aging, was achieved using ELISA microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radical scavenger effect, ferrous ion-chelating ability, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests.

Results and Conclusions

The EtOH extract of Salvia cryptantha treated groups of animals showed 56.5% contraction, whereas the reference drug Madecassol^® showed 100% contraction. On the other hand, the same extract on linear incision wound model demonstrated a significant increase (33.2%) in wound tensile strength as compared to other groups. The results of histopathological examination maintained the upshot of linear incision and circular excision wound models as well.These findings specify that Salvia cryptantha for wound healing activity can be appealed further phytochemical estimation for spotting its active components.     

Anti‐Schistosoma mansoni effects of essential oils and their components

Schistosoma mansoni is endemic in 55 countries around the world. S. mansoni is a water‐borne parasite of humans belonging to the group of blood flukes. Generally, schistosomiasis is treated with praziquantel, which results in frequent treatment failures and reinfections. Essential oils have diverse biological effects, including antimicrobial, antiprotozoal and antiparasitic. This review aimed at summarizing available in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials showing evidence and mechanisms of actions of essential oils and their derivatives acting against S. mansoni. The findings suggest that a number of essential oils and/or their components act against S. mansoni. Essential oils and/or their derivatives may be one of the potential sources of antischistosomal drugs.     

国产3种夏枯草挥发油的成分

 采用气相色谱－质谱－计算机联用系统，对国产3种夏枯草果穗部分挥发油成分进行了定性和定量的研究。结果鉴定出夏枯草（PrunellavulgarisL．）14个化合物，山菠菜（P．asiaticaNakai）17个化合物，硬毛夏枯草（P．hispidaBenth．）17个化合物。3种夏枯草挥发油成分中十六烷酸［CH₃（CH₂）₁₄COOH］含量分别达17．16％，51．52％和34．85％。     

Activity of essential oils of three Micromeria species (Lamiaceae) against micromycetes and bacteria

The chemical composition of essential oils from three Micromeria species: M. dalmatica Benth., M. albanica (Griceb. ex K. Mal) ?ili? and M. thymifolia (Scop.) Fritsch were investigated by GC and GC‐MS and their antibacterial and antifungal activities against seven fungal and six bacterial species were evaluated. Biological assays showed strong fungitoxicity of oils from all three Micromeria spp., particularly M. albanica, against all fungi tested. Essential oils of these species also exerted antibacterial effect against Streptococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus at low concentrations. Higher concentrations of essential oil of M. albanica and M. dalmatica were active against Gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which could be due to the high content of piperitenone oxide. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.